Downscaling and bias-correction contribute considerable uncertainty to local climate projections in CMIP6

Lafferty, David C.; Sriver, Ryan L.

doi:10.1038/s41612-023-00486-0

Downscaling and bias-correction contribute considerable uncertainty to local climate projections in CMIP6

Journal Article · Sat Sep 30 00:00:00 EDT 2023 · npj Climate and Atmospheric Science

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-023-00486-0· OSTI ID:2007112

;

Abstract

Efforts to diagnose the risks of a changing climate often rely on downscaled and bias-corrected climate information, making it important to understand the uncertainties and potential biases of this approach. Here, we perform a variance decomposition to partition uncertainty in global climate projections and quantify the relative importance of downscaling and bias-correction. We analyze simple climate metrics such as annual temperature and precipitation averages, as well as several indices of climate extremes. We find that downscaling and bias-correction often contribute substantial uncertainty to local decision-relevant climate outcomes, though our results are strongly heterogeneous across space, time, and climate metrics. Our results can provide guidance to impact modelers and decision-makers regarding the uncertainties associated with downscaling and bias-correction when performing local-scale analyses, as neglecting to account for these uncertainties may risk overconfidence relative to the full range of possible climate futures.

View Journal Article

Research Organization:: Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE; USDOE Office of Science (SC), Biological and Environmental Research (BER). Earth And Environmental Systems Science (EESS)

Grant/Contract Number:: SC0022141

OSTI ID:: 2007112

Alternate ID(s):: OSTI ID: 2324980

Journal Information:: npj Climate and Atmospheric Science, Journal Name: npj Climate and Atmospheric Science Journal Issue: 1 Vol. 6; ISSN 2397-3722

Publisher:: Nature Publishing GroupCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United Kingdom

Language:: English

References (83)

An intercomparison of statistical downscaling methods used for water resource assessments in the United States Gutmann, Ethan; Pruitt, Tom; Clark, Martyn P. Water Resources Research, Vol. 50, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1002/2014WR015559	journal	September 2014
Defining Extreme Events: A Cross‐Disciplinary Review McPhillips, Lauren E.; Chang, Heejun; Chester, Mikhail V. Earth's Future, Vol. 6, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1002/2017EF000686	journal	March 2018
Challenges to link climate change data provision and user needs: Perspective from the COST‐action VALUE Rössler, O.; Fischer, A. M.; Huebener, H. International Journal of Climatology, Vol. 39, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.5060	journal	April 2017
Evaluation of some distributional downscaling methods as applied to daily maximum temperature with emphasis on extremes Lanzante, John R.; Adams‐Smith, Dennis; Dixon, Keith W. International Journal of Climatology, Vol. 40, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.6288	journal	September 2019
Statistically downscaled precipitation sensitivity to gridded observation data and downscaling technique Wootten, Adrienne M.; Dixon, Keith W.; Adams‐Smith, Dennis J. International Journal of Climatology, Vol. 41, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.6716	journal	August 2020
Evaluation of some distributional downscaling methods as applied to daily precipitation with an eye towards extremes Lanzante, John R.; Dixon, Keith W.; Adams‐Smith, Dennis International Journal of Climatology, Vol. 41, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.7013	journal	February 2021
The ERA5 global reanalysis Hersbach, Hans; Bell, Bill; Berrisford, Paul Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, Vol. 146, Issue 730 https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803	journal	June 2020
Uncertainties in Projections of Future Changes in Extremes Brekke, Levi D.; Barsugli, Joseph J. Extremes in a Changing Climate https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4479-0_11	book	September 2012
The potential to narrow uncertainty in projections of regional precipitation change Hawkins, Ed; Sutton, Rowan Climate Dynamics, Vol. 37, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-010-0810-6	journal	April 2010
Ensemble optimisation, multiple constraints and overconfidence: a case study with future Australian precipitation change Herger, Nadja; Abramowitz, Gab; Sherwood, Steven Climate Dynamics, Vol. 53, Issue 3-4 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04690-8	journal	April 2019
Internal variability plays a dominant role in global climate projections of temperature and precipitation extremes Blanusa, Mackenzie L.; López-Zurita, Carla J.; Rasp, Stephan Climate Dynamics, Vol. 61, Issue 3-4 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-023-06664-3	journal	January 2023
Interrogating empirical-statistical downscaling Hewitson, B. C.; Daron, J.; Crane, R. G. Climatic Change, Vol. 122, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-013-1021-z	journal	December 2013
Probabilistic projections of baseline twenty-first century CO2 emissions using a simple calibrated integrated assessment model Srikrishnan, Vivek; Guan, Yawen; Tol, Richard S. J. Climatic Change, Vol. 170, Issue 3-4 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-021-03279-7	journal	February 2022
Downscaling and uncertainty analysis of future concurrent long-duration dry and hot events in China Yang, Yi; Tang, Jianping Climatic Change, Vol. 176, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-023-03481-9	journal	January 2023
Bias Correcting Climate Change Simulations - a Critical Review Maraun, Douglas Current Climate Change Reports, Vol. 2, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40641-016-0050-x	journal	October 2016
Sensitivity analysis of environmental models: A systematic review with practical workflow Pianosi, Francesca; Beven, Keith; Freer, Jim Environmental Modelling & Software, Vol. 79 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2016.02.008	journal	May 2016
The Future of Sensitivity Analysis: An essential discipline for systems modeling and policy support Razavi, Saman; Jakeman, Anthony; Saltelli, Andrea Environmental Modelling & Software, Vol. 137 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2020.104954	journal	March 2021
The Shared Socioeconomic Pathways and their energy, land use, and greenhouse gas emissions implications: An overview Riahi, Keywan; van Vuuren, Detlef P.; Kriegler, Elmar Global Environmental Change, Vol. 42 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2016.05.009	journal	January 2017
Performance and uncertainty evaluation of empirical downscaling methods in quantifying the climate change impacts on hydrology over two North American river basins Chen, Jie; Brissette, François P.; Chaumont, Diane Journal of Hydrology, Vol. 479 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.11.062	journal	February 2013
Prospects and Caveats of Weighting Climate Models for Summer Maximum Temperature Projections Over North America Lorenz, Ruth; Herger, Nadja; Sedláček, Jan Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 123, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1029/2017JD027992	journal	May 2018
How Do Modeling Decisions Affect the Spread Among Hydrologic Climate Change Projections? Exploring a Large Ensemble of Simulations Across a Diversity of Hydroclimates Chegwidden, Oriana S.; Nijssen, Bart; Rupp, David E. Earth's Future, Vol. 7, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1029/2018EF001047	journal	June 2019
The Dependence of Hydroclimate Projections in Snow‐Dominated Regions of the Western United States on the Choice of Statistically Downscaled Climate Data Alder, Jay R.; Hostetler, Steven W. Water Resources Research, Vol. 55, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1029/2018WR023458	journal	March 2019
Causes of Higher Climate Sensitivity in CMIP6 Models Zelinka, Mark D.; Myers, Timothy A.; McCoy, Daniel T. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 47, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL085782	journal	January 2020
Uncertainties in Future U.S. Extreme Precipitation From Downscaled Climate Projections Lopez‐Cantu, Tania; Prein, Andreas F.; Samaras, Constantine Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 47, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL086797	journal	April 2020
A Framework to Quantify the Uncertainty Contribution of GCMs Over Multiple Sources in Hydrological Impacts of Climate Change Wang, Hui‐Min; Chen, Jie; Xu, Chong‐Yu Earth's Future, Vol. 8, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1029/2020EF001602	journal	August 2020
Uncertainty Analysis in Multi‐Sector Systems: Considerations for Risk Analysis, Projection, and Planning for Complex Systems Srikrishnan, Vivek; Lafferty, David C.; Wong, Tony E. Earth's Future, Vol. 10, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1029/2021EF002644	journal	August 2022
Diagnostic Framework for Evaluating How Parametric Uncertainty Influences Agro‐Hydrologic Model Projections of Crop Yields Under Climate Change Karimi, Tina; Reed, Patrick; Malek, Keyvan Water Resources Research, Vol. 58, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1029/2021WR031249	journal	May 2022
How May the Choice of Downscaling Techniques and Meteorological Reference Observations Affect Future Hydroclimate Projections? Rastogi, Deeksha; Kao, Shih‐Chieh; Ashfaq, Moetasim Earth's Future, Vol. 10, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1029/2022EF002734	journal	August 2022
Quantifying the Uncertainty Sources of Future Climate Projections and Narrowing Uncertainties With Bias Correction Techniques Wu, Yi; Miao, Chiyuan; Fan, Xuewei Earth's Future, Vol. 10, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1029/2022EF002963	journal	October 2022
A Subjective Bayesian Framework for Synthesizing Deep Uncertainties in Climate Risk Management Doss‐Gollin, James; Keller, Klaus Earth's Future, Vol. 11, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1029/2022EF003044	journal	January 2023
How Unexpected Was the 2021 Pacific Northwest Heatwave? McKinnon, Karen A.; Simpson, Isla R. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 49, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL100380	journal	September 2022
New Potential to Reduce Uncertainty in Regional Climate Projections by Combining Physical and Socio‐Economic Constraints Lehner, Flavio; Hawkins, Ed; Sutton, Rowan AGU Advances, Vol. 4, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1029/2023AV000887	journal	July 2023
Towards process-informed bias correction of climate change simulations Maraun, Douglas; Shepherd, Theodore G.; Widmann, Martin Nature Climate Change, Vol. 7, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3418	journal	November 2017
The unprecedented Pacific Northwest heatwave of June 2021 White, Rachel H.; Anderson, Sam; Booth, James F. Nature Communications, Vol. 14, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-36289-3	journal	February 2023
Climate damages and adaptation potential across diverse sectors of the United States Martinich, Jeremy; Crimmins, Allison Nature Climate Change, Vol. 9, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-019-0444-6	journal	April 2019
Business risk and the emergence of climate analytics Fiedler, Tanya; Pitman, Andy J.; Mackenzie, Kate Nature Climate Change, Vol. 11, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-00984-6	journal	February 2021
2021 North American heatwave amplified by climate change-driven nonlinear interactions Bartusek, Samuel; Kornhuber, Kai; Ting, Mingfang Nature Climate Change, Vol. 12, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-022-01520-4	journal	November 2022
Estimating a social cost of carbon for global energy consumption Rode, Ashwin; Carleton, Tamma; Delgado, Michael Nature, Vol. 598, Issue 7880 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03883-8	journal	October 2021
Determinants of emissions pathways in the coupled climate–social system Moore, Frances C.; Lacasse, Katherine; Mach, Katharine J. Nature, Vol. 603, Issue 7899 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04423-8	journal	February 2022
The missing risks of climate change Rising, James; Tedesco, Marco; Piontek, Franziska Nature, Vol. 610, Issue 7933 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05243-6	journal	October 2022
NASA Global Daily Downscaled Projections, CMIP6 Thrasher, Bridget; Wang, Weile; Michaelis, Andrew Scientific Data, Vol. 9, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-022-01393-4	journal	June 2022
Unprecedented 21st century heat across the Pacific Northwest of North America Heeter, Karen J.; Harley, Grant L.; Abatzoglou, John T. npj Climate and Atmospheric Science, Vol. 6, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-023-00340-3	journal	February 2023
A typology of compound weather and climate events Zscheischler, Jakob; Martius, Olivia; Westra, Seth Nature Reviews Earth & Environment, Vol. 1, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-020-0060-z	journal	June 2020
Statistically bias-corrected and downscaled climate models underestimate the adverse effects of extreme heat on U.S. maize yields Lafferty, David C.; Sriver, Ryan L.; Haqiqi, Iman Communications Earth & Environment, Vol. 2, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-021-00266-9	journal	September 2021
Inter-comparison of multiple statistically downscaled climate datasets for the Pacific Northwest, USA Jiang, Yueyang; Kim, John B.; Still, Christopher J. Scientific Data, Vol. 5, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2018.16	journal	February 2018
Framework for Incorporating Downscaled Climate Output into Existing Engineering Methods: Application to Precipitation Frequency Curves Cook, Lauren M.; Anderson, Christopher J.; Samaras, Constantine Journal of Infrastructure Systems, Vol. 23, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)IS.1943-555X.0000382	journal	December 2017
Bias Correction of Hydrologic Projections Strongly Impacts Inferred Climate Vulnerabilities in Institutionally Complex Water Systems Malek, Keyvan; Reed, Patrick; Zeff, Harrison Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, Vol. 148, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0001493	journal	January 2022
The importance of internal climate variability in climate impact projections Schwarzwald, Kevin; Lenssen, Nathan Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 119, Issue 42 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2208095119	journal	October 2022
Robust negative impacts of climate change on African agriculture Schlenker, Wolfram; Lobell, David B. Environmental Research Letters, Vol. 5, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/5/1/014010	journal	January 2010
Exploring uncertainties in global crop yield projections in a large ensemble of crop models and CMIP5 and CMIP6 climate scenarios Müller, Christoph; Franke, James; Jägermeyr, Jonas Environmental Research Letters, Vol. 16, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/abd8fc	journal	February 2021
Partitioning uncertainty in projections of Arctic sea ice Bonan, David B.; Lehner, Flavio; Holland, Marika M. Environmental Research Letters, Vol. 16, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/abe0ec	journal	March 2021
Incorporating uncertainty from downscaled rainfall projections into climate resilience planning in U.S. cities Lopez-Cantu, Tania; Webber, Marissa K.; Samaras, Constantine Environmental Research: Infrastructure and Sustainability, Vol. 2, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1088/2634-4505/ac8a6c	journal	November 2022
Valuing the Global Mortality Consequences of Climate Change Accounting for Adaptation Costs and Benefits Carleton, Tamma; Jina, Amir; Delgado, Michael The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 137, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjac020	journal	April 2022
The 2021 western North America heat wave among the most extreme events ever recorded globally Thompson, Vikki; Kennedy-Asser, Alan T.; Vosper, Emily Science Advances, Vol. 8, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abm6860	journal	May 2022
Reducing uncertainty in local temperature projections Qasmi, Saïd; Ribes, Aurélien Science Advances, Vol. 8, Issue 41 https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abo6872	journal	October 2022
DeepSD: Generating High Resolution Climate Change Projections through Single Image Super-Resolution Vandal, Thomas; Kodra, Evan; Ganguly, Sangram Proceedings of the 23rd ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining - KDD '17 https://doi.org/10.1145/3097983.3098004	conference	January 2017
Climate Extremes and Compound Hazards in a Warming World AghaKouchak, Amir; Chiang, Felicia; Huning, Laurie S. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Vol. 48, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-071719-055228	journal	May 2020
Climate Risk Management Keller, Klaus; Helgeson, Casey; Srikrishnan, Vivek Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Vol. 49, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-080320-055847	journal	May 2021
The Potential to Narrow Uncertainty in Regional Climate Predictions Hawkins, Ed; Sutton, Rowan Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Vol. 90, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1175/2009BAMS2607.1	journal	August 2009
A Simple, Coherent Framework for Partitioning Uncertainty in Climate Predictions Yip, Stan; Ferro, Christopher A. T.; Stephenson, David B. Journal of Climate, Vol. 24, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1175/2011JCLI4085.1	journal	September 2011
Some Pitfalls in Statistical Downscaling of Future Climate Lanzante, John R.; Dixon, Keith W.; Nath, Mary Jo Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Vol. 99, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-17-0046.1	journal	April 2018
Projected Changes to Streamflow and Stream Temperature in Central Texas: How Much Will the River Flow? Wootten, Adrienne M.; Martin, Elinor; Randklev, Charles R. Earth Interactions, Vol. 27, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1175/EI-D-22-0021.1	journal	January 2023
Characterizing Sources of Uncertainty from Global Climate Models and Downscaling Techniques Wootten, A.; Terando, A.; Reich, B. J. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, Vol. 56, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-17-0087.1	journal	December 2017
Downscaling Extremes—An Intercomparison of Multiple Statistical Methods for Present Climate Bürger, G.; Murdock, T. Q.; Werner, A. T. Journal of Climate, Vol. 25, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00408.1	journal	June 2012
Downscaling Extremes: An Intercomparison of Multiple Methods for Future Climate Bürger, G.; Sobie, S. R.; Cannon, A. J. Journal of Climate, Vol. 26, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00249.1	journal	May 2013
Uncovering the Forced Climate Response from a Single Ensemble Member Using Statistical Learning Sippel, Sebastian; Meinshausen, Nicolai; Merrifield, Anna Journal of Climate, Vol. 32, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0882.1	journal	August 2019
Development of a 50-Year High-Resolution Global Dataset of Meteorological Forcings for Land Surface Modeling Sheffield, Justin; Goteti, Gopi; Wood, Eric F. Journal of Climate, Vol. 19, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI3790.1	journal	July 2006
Effects of Hydrologic Model Choice and Calibration on the Portrayal of Climate Change Impacts Mendoza, Pablo A.; Clark, Martyn P.; Mizukami, Naoki Journal of Hydrometeorology, Vol. 16, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-14-0104.1	journal	April 2015
En-GARD: A Statistical Downscaling Framework to Produce and Test Large Ensembles of Climate Projections Gutmann, Ethan D.; Hamman, Joseph. J.; Clark, Martyn P. Journal of Hydrometeorology, Vol. 23, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-21-0142.1	journal	October 2022
Characterizing uncertain sea-level rise projections to support investment decisions Sriver, Ryan L.; Lempert, Robert J.; Wikman-Svahn, Per PLOS ONE, Vol. 13, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0190641	journal	February 2018
The effects of climate downscaling technique and observational data set on modeled ecological responses Pourmokhtarian, Afshin; Driscoll, Charles T.; Campbell, John L. Ecological Applications, Vol. 26, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1890/15-0745	journal	July 2016
The Effect of Statistical Downscaling on the Weighting of Multi-Model Ensembles of Precipitation Wootten, Adrienne; Massoud, Elias; Sengupta, Agniv Climate, Vol. 8, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.3390/cli8120138	journal	November 2020
WFDE5 over land merged with ERA5 over the ocean (W5E5 v2.0) Lange, Stefan; Menz, Christoph; Gleixner, Stephanie ISIMIP Repository https://doi.org/10.48364/ISIMIP.342217	dataset	January 2021
Partitioning climate projection uncertainty with multiple large ensembles and CMIP5/6 Lehner, Flavio; Deser, Clara; Maher, Nicola Earth System Dynamics, Vol. 11, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-11-491-2020	journal	January 2020
Reduced global warming from CMIP6 projections when weighting models by performance and independence Brunner, Lukas; Pendergrass, Angeline G.; Lehner, Flavio Earth System Dynamics, Vol. 11, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-11-995-2020	journal	January 2020
Large ensemble climate model simulations: introduction, overview, and future prospects for utilising multiple types of large ensemble Maher, Nicola; Milinski, Sebastian; Ludwig, Ralf Earth System Dynamics, Vol. 12, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-12-401-2021	journal	January 2021
Assessing sensitivities of climate model weighting to multiple methods, variables, and domains in the south-central United States Wootten, Adrienne M.; Massoud, Elias C.; Waliser, Duane E. Earth System Dynamics, Vol. 14, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-14-121-2023	journal	February 2023
Performance-based sub-selection of CMIP6 models for impact assessments in Europe Palmer, Tamzin E.; McSweeney, Carol F.; Booth, Ben B. B. Earth System Dynamics, Vol. 14, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-14-457-2023	journal	April 2023
WFDE5: bias-adjusted ERA5 reanalysis data for impact studies Cucchi, Marco; Weedon, Graham P.; Amici, Alessandro Earth System Science Data, Vol. 12, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2097-2020	journal	January 2020
Trend-preserving bias adjustment and statistical downscaling with ISIMIP3BASD (v1.0) Lange, Stefan Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 12, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-3055-2019	journal	January 2019
Overview of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) experimental design and organization Eyring, Veronika; Bony, Sandrine; Meehl, Gerald A. Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 9, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-1937-2016	journal	January 2016
Comparison of statistical downscaling methods for climate change impact analysis on precipitation-driven drought Tabari, Hossein; Paz, Santiago Mendoza; Buekenhout, Daan Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, Vol. 25, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-3493-2021	journal	June 2021
Global variance decomposition of downscaled and bias-corrected CMIP6 climate projections Lafferty, David; Sriver, Ryan MultiSector Dynamics - Living, Intuitive, Value-adding, Environment https://doi.org/10.57931/1994827	dataset	January 2023

Similar Records

Statistically bias-corrected and downscaled climate models underestimate the adverse effects of extreme heat on U.S. maize yields

Journal Article · Sun Sep 19 20:00:00 EDT 2021 · Communications Earth & Environment · OSTI ID:1821031

Global variance decomposition of downscaled and bias-corrected CMIP6 climate projections

Dataset · Mon Aug 14 00:00:00 EDT 2023 · OSTI ID:1994827

Related Subjects

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
58 GEOSCIENCES
atmospheric science
climate and earth system modelling
climate-change impacts
projection and prediction

Downscaling and bias-correction contribute considerable uncertainty to local climate projections in CMIP6

Citation Formats

References (83)

Similar Records

Related Subjects