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Highly Reversible Sodium Metal Battery Anodes via Alloying Heterointerfaces

Journal Article · · Small
 [1];  [2];  [3];  [3];  [3];  [3];  [3];  [3]
  1. Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY (United States); OSTI
  2. Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY (United States); Massachusetts Inst. of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA (United States)
  3. Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY (United States)
+ Show Author Affiliations
As a promising pathway toward low-cost, long-duration energy storage, rechargeable sodium batteries are of increasing interest. Batteries that incorporate metallic sodium as anode promise a high theoretical specific capacity of 1166 mAh g–1, and low reduction potential of –2.71 V. The high reactivity and poor electrochemical reversibility of sodium anodes render sodium metal anode (SMA) cells among the most challenging for practical implementation. Here, the failure mechanisms of Na anodes are investigated and the authors report that loss of morphological control is not the fundamental cause of failure. Rather, it is the inherently poor anchoring/root structure of electrodeposited Na to the electrode substrate that leads to poor reversibility and cell failure. Poorly anchored Na deposits are prone to break away from the current collector, producing orphaning and poor anode utilization. Thin metallic coatings in a range of chemistries are proposed and evaluated as SMA substrates. Based on thermodynamic and ion transport considerations, such substrates undergo reversible alloying reactions with Na and are hypothesized to promote good root growth—regardless of the morphology. Among the various options, Au stands out for its ability to support long Na anode lifetime and high reversibility (Coulombic Efficiency > 98%), for coating thicknesses in the range of 10–1000 nm. Finally, as a first step toward evaluating practical utility of the anodes, their performance in Na||SPAN cells with N:P ratio close to 1:1 is evaluated.
Research Organization:
Energy Frontier Research Centers (EFRC) (United States). Center for Mesoscale Transport Properties (m2m#S); State Univ. of New York (SUNY), Albany, NY (United States)
Sponsoring Organization:
USDOE; USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES)
Grant/Contract Number:
SC0012673
OSTI ID:
1976408
Alternate ID(s):
OSTI ID: 1881363
Journal Information:
Small, Journal Name: Small Journal Issue: 37 Vol. 18; ISSN 1613-6810
Publisher:
WileyCopyright Statement
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English

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Figures / Tables (7)

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Related Subjects

25 ENERGY STORAGE
Chemistry
Dendrites
Electrochemical deposition
Electrochemical energy storage
Materials Science
Physics
Rechargeable batteries
Science & Technology - Other Topics
Sodium batteries
Sodium metal anodes