On the Reversibility and Fragility of Sodium Metal Electrodes

Deng, Yue; Zheng, Jingxu; Warren, Alexander; Yin, Jiefu; Choudhury, Snehashis; Biswal, Prayag; Zhang, Duhan; Archer, Lynden A.

doi:10.1002/aenm.201901651

On the Reversibility and Fragility of Sodium Metal Electrodes

Journal Article · Tue Aug 27 00:00:00 EDT 2019 · Advanced Energy Materials

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201901651· OSTI ID:1767516

Deng, Yue ^[1]; Zheng, Jingxu ^[2]; Warren, Alexander ^[2]; Yin, Jiefu ^[3]; Choudhury, Snehashis ^[2]; Biswal, Prayag ^[2]; Zhang, Duhan ^[2]; ^[2]

Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY (United States); OSTI
Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY (United States)
Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY (United States). Cornell Energy Systems Inst.

Metallic sodium is receiving renewed interest as a battery anode material because the metal is earth-abundant, inexpensive, and offers a high specific storage capacity (1166 mAh g^-1 at -2.71 V vs the standard hydrogen potential). Unlike metallic lithium, the case for Na as the anode in rechargeable batteries has already been demonstrated on a commercial scale in high-temperature Na||S and Na||NiCl₂ secondary batteries, which increases interest. The reversibility of room temperature sodium anodes is investigated in galvanostatic plating/stripping reactions using in situ optical visualization and galvanostatic polarization measurements. It is discovered that electronic disconnection of mossy metallic Na deposits (“orphaning”) is a dominant source of anode irreversibility in liquid electrolytes. The disconnection is shown by means of direct visualization studies to be triggered by a root-breakage process during the stripping cycle. Additionally, as a further step toward electrode designs that are able to accommodate the fragile Na deposits, electrodeposition of Na is demonstrated in nonplanar electrode architectures, which provide continuous and morphology agnostic access to the metal at all stages of electrochemical cycling. On this basis, nonplanar Na electrodes are reported, which exhibit exceptionally high levels of reversibility (Coulombic efficiency >99.6% for 1 mAh cm^-2 Na throughput) in room-temperature, liquid electrolytes.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: Energy Frontier Research Centers (EFRC) (United States). Center for Mesoscale Transport Properties (m2mt)

Sponsoring Organization:: National Science Foundation (NSF); USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES)

Grant/Contract Number:: SC0012673

OSTI ID:: 1767516

Alternate ID(s):: OSTI ID: 1560271

Journal Information:: Advanced Energy Materials, Journal Name: Advanced Energy Materials Journal Issue: 39 Vol. 9; ISSN 1614-6832

Publisher:: WileyCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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