Plug-and-play polymer microfluidic chips for hydrated, room temperature, fixed-target serial crystallography

Gilbile, Deepshika; Shelby, Megan L.; Lyubimov, Artem Y.; Wierman, Jennifer L.; Monteiro, Diana F.; Cohen, Aina E.; Russi, Silvia; Coleman, Matthew A.; Frank, Matthias; Kuhl, Tonya L.

doi:10.1039/d1lc00810b

Title: Plug-and-play polymer microfluidic chips for hydrated, room temperature, fixed-target serial crystallography

Journal Article · Thu Nov 25 00:00:00 EST 2021 · Lab on a Chip

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1039/d1lc00810b· OSTI ID:1884644

^[1]; Shelby, Megan L. ^[2]; Lyubimov, Artem Y. ^[3]; Wierman, Jennifer L. ^[4];

^[5]; Cohen, Aina E. ^[3];

^[3]; Coleman, Matthew A. ^[6]; Frank, Matthias ^[6];

^[1]

Univ. of California, Davis, CA (United States)
Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)
SLAC National Accelerator Lab., Menlo Park, CA (United States)
Lumen Bioscience, Seattle, WA (United States)
Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research Institute, Buffalo, NY (United States)
Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States); Univ. of California, Davis, CA (United States)

The practice of serial X-ray crystallography (SX) depends on efficient, continuous delivery of hydrated protein crystals while minimizing background scattering. Of the two major types of sample delivery devices, fixed-target devices offer several advantages over widely adopted jet injectors, including: lower sample consumption, clog-free delivery, and the ability to control on-chip crystal density to improve hit rates. In this study we present our development of versatile, inexpensive, and robust polymer microfluidic chips for routine and reliable room temperature serial measurements at both synchrotrons and X-ray free electron lasers (XFELs). Our design includes highly X-ray-transparent enclosing thin film layers tuned to minimize scatter background, adaptable sample flow layers tuned to match crystal size, and a large sample area compatible with both raster scanning and rotation based serial data collection. The optically transparent chips can be used both for in situ protein crystallization (to eliminate crystal handling) or crystal slurry loading, with prepared samples stable for weeks in a humidified environment and for several hours in ambient conditions. Serial oscillation crystallography, using a multi-crystal rotational data collection approach, at a microfocus synchrotron beamline (SSRL, beamline 12-1) was used to benchmark the performance of the chips. Furthermore, high-resolution structures (1.3–2.7 Å) were collected from five different proteins – hen egg white lysozyme, thaumatin, bovine liver catalase, concanavalin-A (type VI), and SARS-CoV-2 nonstructural protein NSP5. Overall, our modular fabrication approach enables precise control over the cross-section of materials in the X-ray beam path and facilitates chip adaption to different sample and beamline requirements for user-friendly, straightforward diffraction measurements at room temperature.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Cite

Export

Save

Research Organization:: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA); National Science Foundation (NSF); National Institutes of Health (NIH); USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC52-07NA27344; 1231306; R01GM117342; U19 AI144184; AC02-76SF00515; P30GM133894

OSTI ID:: 1884644

Alternate ID(s):: OSTI ID: 1832617

Report Number(s):: LLNL-JRNL-829465; 1045356

Journal Information:: Lab on a Chip, Vol. 21, Issue 24; ISSN 1473-0197

Publisher:: Royal Society of ChemistryCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

References (75)

Cryocrystallography of biological macromolecules: a generally applicable method Hope, H. Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science, Vol. 44, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1107/S0108768187008632	journal	February 1988
High-Throughput Crystallization Screening Skarina, Tatiana; Xu, Xiaohui; Evdokimova, Elena Structural Genomics and Drug Discovery https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0354-2_12	book	January 2014
Small is beautiful: protein micro-crystallography Cusack, Stephen; Belrhali, Hassan; Bram, Andreas Nature Structural Biology, Vol. 5, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1038/1325	journal	August 1998
Micro-crystallography comes of age Smith, Janet L.; Fischetti, Robert F.; Yamamoto, Masaki Current Opinion in Structural Biology, Vol. 22, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbi.2012.09.001	journal	October 2012
Femtosecond X-ray protein nanocrystallography Chapman, Henry N.; Fromme, Petra; Barty, Anton Nature, Vol. 470, Issue 7332, p. 73-77 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09750	journal	February 2011
Emerging opportunities in structural biology with X-ray free-electron lasers Schlichting, Ilme; Miao, Jianwei Current Opinion in Structural Biology, Vol. 22, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbi.2012.07.015	journal	October 2012
Determination of damage-free crystal structure of an X-ray–sensitive protein using an XFEL Hirata, Kunio; Shinzawa-Itoh, Kyoko; Yano, Naomine Nature Methods, Vol. 11, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.2962	journal	May 2014
Macromolecular room temperature crystallography Fischer, Marcus Quarterly Reviews of Biophysics, Vol. 54 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033583520000128	journal	January 2021
Mix and Inject: Reaction Initiation by Diffusion for Time-Resolved Macromolecular Crystallography Schmidt, Marius Advances in Condensed Matter Physics, Vol. 2013 https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/167276	journal	January 2013
Time-resolved serial crystallography captures high-resolution intermediates of photoactive yellow protein Tenboer, Jason; Basu, Shibom; Zatsepin, Nadia Science, Vol. 346, Issue 6214 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1259357	journal	December 2014
Towards time-resolved serial crystallography in a microfluidic device Pawate, Ashtamurthy S.; Šrajer, Vukica; Schieferstein, Jeremy Acta Crystallographica Section F Structural Biology Communications, Vol. 71, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1107/S2053230X15009061	journal	June 2015
Recent results in time resolved serial femtosecond crystallography at XFELs Orville, Allen M. Current Opinion in Structural Biology, Vol. 65 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbi.2020.08.011	journal	December 2020
Serial synchrotron crystallography for time-resolved structural biology Pearson, Arwen R.; Mehrabi, Pedram Current Opinion in Structural Biology, Vol. 65 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbi.2020.06.019	journal	December 2020
High-Resolution Protein Structure Determination by Serial Femtosecond Crystallography Boutet, S.; Lomb, L.; Williams, G. J. Science, Vol. 337, Issue 6092 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1217737	journal	May 2012
Preparation of microcrystals in lipidic cubic phase for serial femtosecond crystallography Liu, Wei; Ishchenko, Andrii; Cherezov, Vadim Nature Protocols, Vol. 9, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2014.141	journal	August 2014
Capture and X-ray diffraction studies of protein microcrystals in a microfluidic trap array Lyubimov, Artem Y.; Murray, Thomas D.; Koehl, Antoine Acta Crystallographica Section D Biological Crystallography, Vol. 71, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1107/S1399004715002308	journal	March 2015
Strategies for sample delivery for femtosecond crystallography Martiel, Isabelle; Müller-Werkmeister, Henrike M.; Cohen, Aina E. Acta Crystallographica Section D Structural Biology, Vol. 75, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1107/S2059798318017953	journal	February 2019
Towards an Optimal Sample Delivery Method for Serial Crystallography at XFEL Cheng, Robert Crystals, Vol. 10, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst10030215	journal	March 2020
Gas dynamic virtual nozzle for generation of microscopic droplet streams DePonte, D. P.; Weierstall, U.; Schmidt, K. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, Vol. 41, Issue 19, Article No. 195505 https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/41/19/195505	journal	September 2008
Lipidic cubic phase injector facilitates membrane protein serial femtosecond crystallography Weierstall, Uwe; James, Daniel; Wang, Chong Nature Communications, Vol. 5, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms4309	journal	February 2014
Concentric-flow electrokinetic injector enables serial crystallography of ribosome and photosystem II Sierra, Raymond G.; Gati, Cornelius; Laksmono, Hartawan Nature Methods, Vol. 13, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.3667	journal	November 2015
Double-flow focused liquid injector for efficient serial femtosecond crystallography Oberthuer, Dominik; Knoška, Juraj; Wiedorn, Max O. Scientific Reports, Vol. 7, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/srep44628	journal	March 2017
Drop-on-demand sample delivery for studying biocatalysts in action at X-ray free-electron lasers Fuller, Franklin D.; Gul, Sheraz; Chatterjee, Ruchira Nature Methods, Vol. 14, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.4195	journal	February 2017
Mix-and-diffuse serial synchrotron crystallography Beyerlein, Kenneth R.; Dierksmeyer, Dennis; Mariani, Valerio IUCrJ, Vol. 4, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1107/S2052252517013124	journal	October 2017
Crystallography on a chip Zarrine-Afsar, Arash; Barends, Thomas R. M.; Müller, Christina Acta Crystallographica Section D Biological Crystallography, Vol. 68, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1107/S0907444911055296	journal	February 2012
Femtosecond X-ray diffraction from two-dimensional protein crystals Frank, Matthias; Carlson, David B.; Hunter, Mark S. IUCrJ, Vol. 1, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1107/S2052252514001444	journal	February 2014
Fixed-target protein serial microcrystallography with an x-ray free electron laser Hunter, Mark S.; Segelke, Brent; Messerschmidt, Marc Scientific Reports, Vol. 4, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/srep06026	journal	August 2014
Low- Z polymer sample supports for fixed-target serial femtosecond X-ray crystallography Feld, Geoffrey K.; Heymann, Michael; Benner, W. Henry Journal of Applied Crystallography, Vol. 48, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600576715010493	journal	June 2015
Goniometer-based femtosecond crystallography with X-ray free electron lasers Cohen, Aina E.; Soltis, S. Michael; González, Ana Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 111, Issue 48, p. 17122-17127 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1418733111	journal	October 2014
An unprecedented dioxygen species revealed by serial femtosecond rotation crystallography in copper nitrite reductase Halsted, Thomas P.; Yamashita, Keitaro; Hirata, Kunio IUCrJ, Vol. 5, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1107/S2052252517016128	journal	January 2018
High-density grids for efficient data collection from multiple crystals Baxter, Elizabeth L.; Aguila, Laura; Alonso-Mori, Roberto Acta Crystallographica Section D Structural Biology, Vol. 72, Issue 1, p. 2-11 https://doi.org/10.1107/S2059798315020847	journal	January 2016
A high-transparency, micro-patternable chip for X-ray diffraction analysis of microcrystals under native growth conditions Murray, Thomas D.; Lyubimov, Artem Y.; Ogata, Craig M. Acta Crystallographica Section D Biological Crystallography, Vol. 71, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1107/S1399004715015011	journal	September 2015
A micro-patterned silicon chip as sample holder for macromolecular crystallography experiments with minimal background scattering Roedig, P.; Vartiainen, I.; Duman, R. Scientific Reports, Vol. 5, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/srep10451	journal	May 2015
Raster-scanning serial protein crystallography using micro- and nano-focused synchrotron beams Coquelle, Nicolas; Brewster, Aaron S.; Kapp, Ulrike Acta Crystallographica Section D Biological Crystallography, Vol. 71, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1107/S1399004715004514	journal	April 2015
Applications of thin-film sandwich crystallization platforms Axford, Danny; Aller, Pierre; Sanchez-Weatherby, Juan Acta Crystallographica Section F Structural Biology Communications, Vol. 72, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1107/S2053230X16004386	journal	March 2016
Fixed target combined with spectral mapping: approaching 100% hit rates for serial crystallography Oghbaey, Saeed; Sarracini, Antoine; Ginn, Helen M. Acta Crystallographica Section D Structural Biology, Vol. 72, Issue 8, p. 944-955 https://doi.org/10.1107/S2059798316010834	journal	July 2016
High-speed fixed-target serial virus crystallography Roedig, Philip; Ginn, Helen M.; Pakendorf, Tim Nature Methods, Vol. 14, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.4335	journal	June 2017
Crystallography on a chip – without the chip: sheet-on-sheet sandwich Doak, R. Bruce; Nass Kovacs, Gabriela; Gorel, Alexander Acta Crystallographica Section D Structural Biology, Vol. 74, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1107/S2059798318011634	journal	October 2018
Crystal-on-crystal chips for in situ serial diffraction at room temperature Ren, Zhong; Ayhan, Medine; Bandara, Sepalika Lab on a Chip, Vol. 18, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1039/C8LC00489G	journal	January 2018
Femtosecond X-ray coherent diffraction of aligned amyloid fibrils on low background graphene Seuring, Carolin; Ayyer, Kartik; Filippaki, Eleftheria Nature Communications, Vol. 9, Article No. 1836 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-04116-9	journal	May 2018
Nylon mesh-based sample holder for fixed-target serial femtosecond crystallography Lee, Donghyeon; Baek, Sangwon; Park, Jaehyun Scientific Reports, Vol. 9, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-43485-z	journal	May 2019
Fabrication of ultrathin suspended polymer membranes as supports for serial protein crystallography Karpik, Agnieszka; Martiel, Isabelle; Kristiansen, Per Magnus Micro and Nano Engineering, Vol. 7 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mne.2020.100053	journal	June 2020
Crystallization of ApoA1 and ApoE4 Nanolipoprotein Particles and Initial XFEL-Based Structural Studies Shelby, Megan; Gilbile, Deepshika; Grant, Thomas Crystals, Vol. 10, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst10100886	journal	October 2020
A Microfluidic Device for Kinetic Optimization of Protein Crystallization and In Situ Structure Determination Hansen, Carl L.; Classen, Scott; Berger, James M. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 128, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja0576637	journal	March 2006
In situ X-ray analysis of protein crystals in low-birefringent and X-ray transmissive plastic microchannels Ng, Joseph D.; Clark, Peter J.; Stevens, Raymond C. Acta Crystallographica Section D Biological Crystallography, Vol. 64, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1107/S0907444907060064	journal	January 2008
Microfluidic chips for the crystallization of biomacromolecules by counter-diffusion and on-chip crystal X-ray analysis Dhouib, Kaouthar; Khan Malek, Chantal; Pfleging, Wilhelm Lab on a Chip, Vol. 9, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1039/b819362b	journal	January 2009
Comparison of different molds (epoxy, polymer and silicon) for microfabrication by hot embossing technique Jena, R. K.; Yue, C. Y.; Lam, Y. C. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, Vol. 163, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2012.01.043	journal	March 2012
ChipX: A Novel Microfluidic Chip for Counter-Diffusion Crystallization of Biomolecules and in Situ Crystal Analysis at Room Temperature Pinker, Franziska; Brun, Mathieu; Morin, Pierre Crystal Growth & Design, Vol. 13, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1021/cg301757g	journal	July 2013
Development of a Microfluidic Chip for Protein Crystallization by the Microbatch Method Popov, A. M.; Dorovatovskii, P. V.; Mamichev, D. A. Crystallography Reports, Vol. 64, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1134/S1063774519020226	journal	March 2019
A novel sample delivery system based on circular motion for in situ serial synchrotron crystallography Zhao, Feng-Zhu; Sun, Bo; Yu, Li Lab on a Chip, Vol. 20, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1039/D0LC00443J	journal	January 2020
Room-temperature crystallography using a microfluidic protein crystal array device and its application to protein–ligand complex structure analysis Maeki, Masatoshi; Ito, Sho; Takeda, Reo Chemical Science, Vol. 11, Issue 34 https://doi.org/10.1039/D0SC02117B	journal	January 2020
Attaining atomic resolution from in situ data collection at room temperature using counter-diffusion-based low-cost microchips Gavira, Jose A.; Rodriguez-Ruiz, Isaac; Martinez-Rodriguez, Sergio Acta Crystallographica Section D Structural Biology, Vol. 76, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1107/S2059798320008475	journal	July 2020
Fabrication of X-ray compatible microfluidic platforms for protein crystallization Guha, Sudipto; Perry, Sarah L.; Pawate, Ashtamurthy S. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, Vol. 174 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2012.08.048	journal	November 2012
Tacky cyclic olefin copolymer: a biocompatible bonding technique for the fabrication of microfluidic channels in COC Keller, Nico; Nargang, Tobias M.; Runck, Matthias Lab on a Chip, Vol. 16, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1039/C5LC01498K	journal	January 2016
Impermeable barrier films and protective coatings based on reduced graphene oxide Su, Y.; Kravets, V. G.; Wong, S. L. Nature Communications, Vol. 5, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms5843	journal	September 2014
Crystal structure of SARS-CoV-2 main protease provides a basis for design of improved α-ketoamide inhibitors Zhang, Linlin; Lin, Daizong; Sun, Xinyuanyuan Science https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abb3405	journal	March 2020
Effects of Protein Purity and Precipitant Stereochemistry on the Crystallization of Thaumatin ^† Asherie, Neer; Ginsberg, Charles; Greenbaum, Arieh Crystal Growth & Design, Vol. 8, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1021/cg800616q	journal	December 2008
Well-ordered self-assembled monolayer surfaces can be used to enhance the growth of protein crystals Pham, Tan; Lai, Denton; Ji, David Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, Vol. 34, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2004.01.003	journal	April 2004
Polymer-Induced Heteronucleation for Protein Single Crystal Growth: Structural Elucidation of Bovine Liver Catalase and Concanavalin A Forms Foroughi, Leila M.; Kang, You-Na; Matzger, Adam J. Crystal Growth & Design, Vol. 11, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1021/cg101518f	journal	February 2011
Blu-Ice and the Distributed Control System : software for data acquisition and instrument control at macromolecular crystallography beamlines McPhillips, Timothy M.; McPhillips, Scott E.; Chiu, Hsiu-Ju Journal of Synchrotron Radiation, Vol. 9, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1107/S0909049502015170	journal	November 2002
xia2 : an expert system for macromolecular crystallography data reduction Winter, G. Journal of Applied Crystallography, Vol. 43, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1107/S0021889809045701	journal	December 2009
Overview of the CCP 4 suite and current developments Winn, Martyn D.; Ballard, Charles C.; Cowtan, Kevin D. Acta Crystallographica Section D Biological Crystallography, Vol. 67, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1107/S0907444910045749	journal	March 2011
DIALS : implementation and evaluation of a new integration package Winter, Graeme; Waterman, David G.; Parkhurst, James M. Acta Crystallographica Section D Structural Biology, Vol. 74, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1107/S2059798317017235	journal	February 2018
Phaser crystallographic software McCoy, Airlie J.; Grosse-Kunstleve, Ralf W.; Adams, Paul D. Journal of Applied Crystallography, Vol. 40, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1107/S0021889807021206	journal	July 2007
PHENIX: a comprehensive Python-based system for macromolecular structure solution Adams, Paul D.; Afonine, Pavel V.; Bunkóczi, Gábor Acta Crystallographica Section D Biological Crystallography, Vol. 66, Issue 2, p. 213-221 https://doi.org/10.1107/S0907444909052925	journal	January 2010
Towards automated crystallographic structure refinement with phenix.refine Afonine, Pavel V.; Grosse-Kunstleve, Ralf W.; Echols, Nathaniel Acta Crystallographica Section D Biological Crystallography, Vol. 68, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1107/S0907444912001308	journal	March 2012
Coot model-building tools for molecular graphics Emsley, Paul; Cowtan, Kevin Acta Crystallographica Section D Biological Crystallography, Vol. 60, Issue 12, p. 2126-2132 https://doi.org/10.1107/S0907444904019158	journal	November 2004
Graphene-based microfluidics for serial crystallography Sui, Shuo; Wang, Yuxi; Kolewe, Kristopher W. Lab on a Chip, Vol. 16, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1039/C6LC00451B	journal	January 2016
Humidity fixed points of binary saturated aqueous solutions Greenspan, Lewis Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards Section A: Physics and Chemistry, Vol. 81A, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.6028/jres.081A.011	journal	January 1977
Microfluidics: Fluid physics at the nanoliter scale Squires, Todd M.; Quake, Stephen R. Reviews of Modern Physics, Vol. 77, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.77.977	journal	October 2005
A Microfluidic, High Throughput Protein Crystal Growth Method for Microgravity Carruthers Jr, Carl W.; Gerdts, Cory; Johnson, Michael D. PLoS ONE, Vol. 8, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0082298	journal	November 2013
Regularities in x-ray scattering patterns from amorphous polymers Miller, Robert L.; Boyer, Raymond F. Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition, Vol. 22, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1002/pol.1984.180221204	journal	December 1984
Structure of orthorhombic crystals of beef liver catalase Ko, Tzu-Ping; Day, John; Malkin, Alexander J. Acta Crystallographica Section D Biological Crystallography, Vol. 55, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1107/S0907444999007052	journal	August 1999
CrystFEL : a software suite for snapshot serial crystallography White, Thomas A.; Kirian, Richard A.; Martin, Andrew V. Journal of Applied Crystallography, Vol. 45, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1107/S0021889812002312	journal	March 2012
Enabling X-ray free electron laser crystallography for challenging biological systems from a limited number of crystals Uervirojnangkoorn, Monarin; Zeldin, Oliver B.; Lyubimov, Artem Y. eLife, Vol. 4 https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.05421	journal	March 2015

Similar Records

A user-friendly plug-and-play cyclic olefin copolymer-based microfluidic chip for room-temperature, fixed-target serial crystallography

Journal Article · Mon Sep 25 00:00:00 EDT 2023 · Acta Crystallographica. Section D. Structural Biology · OSTI ID:1884644

Liu, Zhongrui; Gu, Kevin K.; Shelby, Megan L.; +14 more

All polymer microfluidic chips—A fixed target sample delivery workhorse for serial crystallography

Journal Article · Fri Oct 13 00:00:00 EDT 2023 · Biomicrofluidics · OSTI ID:1884644

Gu, Kevin K.; Liu, Zhongrui; Narayanasamy, Sankar Raju; +5 more

Serial millisecond crystallography of membrane and soluble protein microcrystals using synchrotron radiation

Journal Article · Wed May 24 00:00:00 EDT 2017 · IUCrJ · OSTI ID:1884644

Martin-Garcia, Jose M.; Conrad, Chelsie E.; Nelson, Garrett; +27 more

Related Subjects

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
Biological and medical sciences

Title: Plug-and-play polymer microfluidic chips for hydrated, room temperature, fixed-target serial crystallography

Citation Formats

References (75)

Similar Records

Related Subjects