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Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate

Journal Article · · Advances in Optics and Photonics
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1364/AOP.411024· OSTI ID:1842391

Lithium niobate (LN), an outstanding and versatile material, has influenced our daily life for decades—from enabling high-speed optical communications that form the backbone of the Internet to realizing radio-frequency filtering used in our cell phones. This half-century-old material is currently embracing a revolution in thin-film LN integrated photonics. The successes of manufacturing wafer-scale, high-quality thin films of LN-on-insulator (LNOI) and breakthroughs in nanofabrication techniques have made high-performance integrated nanophotonic components possible. With rapid development in the past few years, some of these thin-film LN devices, such as optical modulators and nonlinear wavelength converters, have already outperformed their legacy counterparts realized in bulk LN crystals. Furthermore, the nanophotonic integration has enabled ultra-low-loss resonators in LN, which has unlocked many novel applications such as optical frequency combs and quantum transducers. In this review, we cover—from basic principles to the state of the art—the diverse aspects of integrated thin-film LN photonics, including the materials, basic passive components, and various active devices based on electro-optics, all-optical nonlinearities, and acousto-optics. We also identify challenges that this platform is currently facing and point out future opportunities. The field of integrated LNOI photonics is advancing rapidly and poised to make critical impacts on a broad range of applications in communication, signal processing, and quantum information.

Sponsoring Organization:
USDOE
OSTI ID:
1842391
Journal Information:
Advances in Optics and Photonics, Journal Name: Advances in Optics and Photonics Journal Issue: 2 Vol. 13; ISSN 1943-8206
Publisher:
Optical Society of AmericaCopyright Statement
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English

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Fundamental electro-optic limitations of thin-film lithium niobate microring modulators journal January 2020
Efficient light coupling between an ultra-low loss lithium niobate waveguide and an adiabatically tapered single mode optical fiber journal January 2020
Shallow-etched thin-film lithium niobate waveguides for highly-efficient second-harmonic generation journal January 2020
Foundry-compatible thin film lithium niobate modulator with RF electrodes buried inside the silicon oxide layer of the SOI wafer journal January 2020
Integrated microwave acousto-optic frequency shifter on thin-film lithium niobate journal January 2020
Athermal lithium niobate microresonator journal January 2020
Wafer-scale low-loss lithium niobate photonic integrated circuits journal January 2020
Mitigating photorefractive effect in thin-film lithium niobate microring resonators journal February 2021
Circuit effect in LiNbO_3 channel-waveguide modulators journal January 1985
Large nonlinear phase shift owing to cascaded χ^(2) in quasi-phase-matched bulk LiNbO_3 journal January 1997
Femtosecond Kerr-lens mode locking with negative nonlinear phase shifts journal January 1999
High-energy pulse compression by use of negative phase shifts produced by the cascade ?^(2):?^(2) nonlinearity journal January 1999
Femtosecond nonlinear polarization evolution based on cascade quadratic nonlinearities journal January 2000
Figure of merit for near-velocity-matched traveling-wave modulators journal January 2001
Tunable optical single-sideband modulator with complete sideband suppression journal January 2009
Generation of very flat optical frequency combs from continuous-wave lasers using cascaded intensity and phase modulators driven by tailored radio frequency waveforms journal January 2010
Hybrid Si-LiNbO_3 microring electro-optically tunable resonators for active photonic devices journal January 2011
Ultrabroadband supercontinuum generation in a CMOS-compatible platform journal January 2012
Generalized dispersive wave emission in nonlinear fiber optics journal January 2013
Bandwidth–length trade-off figures of merit for electro-optic traveling wave modulators journal January 2013
Subvolt electro-optical modulator on thin-film lithium niobate and silicon nitride hybrid platform journal January 2020
Sum-frequency generation in lithium-niobate-on-insulator microdisk via modal phase matching journal January 2020
Quadratic soliton mode-locked degenerate optical parametric oscillator journal January 2020
Fully etched apodized grating coupler on the SOI platform with −058  dB coupling efficiency journal January 2014
Dual-periodically poled lithium niobate microcavities supporting multiple coupled parametric processes journal January 2020
Fabrication of nanoscale lithium niobate waveguides for second-harmonic generation journal January 2015
Low-loss waveguides in a single-crystal lithium niobate thin film journal January 2015
Octave-spanning coherent supercontinuum generation in a silicon nitride waveguide journal January 2015
Photonic gauge potential in a system with a synthetic frequency dimension journal January 2016
Octave-spanning supercontinuum generation in a silicon-rich nitride waveguide journal January 2016
Strong forward-backward asymmetry of stimulated Raman scattering in lithium-niobate-based whispering gallery resonators journal January 2016
High-performance and linear thin-film lithium niobate Mach–Zehnder modulators on silicon up to 50  GHz journal January 2016
Stable tuning of photorefractive microcavities using an auxiliary laser journal January 2021
Heterogeneous integration of lithium niobate and silicon nitride waveguides for wafer-scale photonic integrated circuits on silicon journal January 2017
Broadband sum-frequency generation using d_33 in periodically poled LiNbO_3 thin film in the telecommunications band journal January 2017
Self-referenced frequency combs using high-efficiency silicon-nitride waveguides journal January 2017
Fast response of photorefraction in lithium niobate microresonators journal January 2017
Cascading second-order nonlinear processes in a lithium niobate-on-insulator microdisk journal January 2017
Coherent, directional supercontinuum generation journal January 2017
Extreme electro-optic tuning of Bragg mirrors integrated in lithium niobate nanowaveguides journal January 2018
High-Q chaotic lithium niobate microdisk cavity journal January 2018
Compact and electro-optic tunable interleaver in lithium niobate thin film journal January 2018
Lithium niobate micro-disk resonators of quality factors above 10 7 journal January 2018
Carrier envelope offset detection via simultaneous supercontinuum and second-harmonic generation in a silicon nitride waveguide journal January 2018
High-Q tellurium-oxide-coated silicon nitride microring resonators journal December 2018
Tunable hybrid silicon nitride and thin-film lithium niobate electro-optic microresonator journal January 2019
Real-time electrical tuning of an optical spring on a monolithically integrated ultrahigh Q lithium nibote microresonator journal January 2019
Coherent two-octave-spanning supercontinuum generation in lithium-niobate waveguides journal January 2019
High-extinction electro-optic modulation on lithium niobate thin film journal January 2019
Effective four-wave mixing in the lithium niobate on insulator microdisk by cascading quadratic processes journal January 2019
Octave-spanning supercontinuum generation in nanoscale lithium niobate waveguides journal January 2019
Low-loss fiber-to-chip interface for lithium niobate photonic integrated circuits journal January 2019
Soliton microcomb generation at 2  μm in z-cut lithium niobate microring resonators journal January 2019
Fabrication of a multifunctional photonic integrated chip on lithium niobate on insulator using femtosecond laser-assisted chemomechanical polish journal January 2019
Dual frequency comb assisted analog-to-digital conversion journal December 2019
A micro-Raman spectroscopic investigation of He^+-irradiation damage in LiNbO_3 journal January 2013
Micro-Raman spectroscopic visualization of lattice vibrations and strain in He^+- implanted single-crystal LiNbO_3 journal January 2014
Three-dimensional femtosecond laser fabrication of waveguide beam splitters in LiNbO_3 crystal journal January 2015
Effect of precursors on propagation loss for plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition of SiN_x:H waveguides journal January 2016
Grating coupler on lithium niobate thin film waveguide with a metal bottom reflector journal January 2017
Amorphous silicon-lithium niobate thin film strip-loaded waveguides journal January 2017
Atomically-thin quantum dots integrated with lithium niobate photonic chips [Invited] journal January 2019
Reducing leakage current during periodic poling of ion-sliced x-cut MgO doped lithium niobate thin films journal January 2019
Hybrid silicon and lithium niobate electro-optical ring modulator journal January 2014
Integrated waveguide coupled Si_3N_4 resonators in the ultrahigh-Q regime journal January 2014
Mid-infrared integrated waveguide modulators based on silicon-on-lithium-niobate photonics journal January 2014
Efficient fiber-optical interface for nanophotonic devices journal January 2015
Midinfrared supercontinuum generation from 2 to 6  μm in a silicon nanowire journal January 2015
Haldane quantum Hall effect for light in a dynamically modulated array of resonators journal January 2016
Thin film wavelength converters for photonic integrated circuits journal January 2016
Efficient microwave to optical photon conversion: an electro-optical realization journal January 2016
Bloch oscillation and unidirectional translation of frequency in a dynamically modulated ring resonator journal January 2016
Second-harmonic generation in aluminum nitride microrings with 2500%/W conversion efficiency journal January 2016
Linear isolators using wavelength conversion journal January 2020
Chip-based self-referencing using integrated lithium niobate waveguides journal January 2020
Realization of high-dimensional frequency crystals in electro-optic microcombs journal January 2020
Cryogenic microwave-to-optical conversion using a triply resonant lithium-niobate-on-sapphire transducer journal January 2020
Cavity electro-optics in thin-film lithium niobate for efficient microwave-to-optical transduction journal December 2020
Frequency-encoded photonic qubits for scalable quantum information processing journal December 2016
Octave-spanning dissipative Kerr soliton frequency combs in Si_3N_4 microresonators journal January 2017
High-quality lithium niobate photonic crystal nanocavities journal January 2017
Monolithic ultra-high-Q lithium niobate microring resonator journal January 2017
Near-octave lithium niobate soliton microcomb journal January 2020
Toward 1% single-photon anharmonicity with periodically poled lithium niobate microring resonators journal January 2020
Acousto-optic modulation of a wavelength-scale waveguide journal January 2021
Quasi-phase-matched nonlinear optical frequency conversion in on-chip whispering galleries journal January 2018
Highly tunable efficient second-harmonic generation in a lithium niobate nanophotonic waveguide journal January 2018
Synthetic dimension in photonics journal January 2018
Ultrahigh-efficiency wavelength conversion in nanophotonic periodically poled lithium niobate waveguides journal January 2018
Linear programmable nanophotonic processors journal January 2018
Ultra-low-loss integrated visible photonics using thin-film lithium niobate journal January 2019
Lithium niobate piezo-optomechanical crystals journal January 2019
Photon-level tuning of photonic nanocavities journal January 2019
Doubly resonant χ (2) nonlinear photonic crystal cavity based on a bound state in the continuum journal January 2019
Self-starting bi-chromatic LiNbO 3 soliton microcomb journal January 2019
Ultra-efficient frequency conversion in quasi-phase-matched lithium niobate microrings journal January 2019
Photonic integrated circuits with bound states in the continuum journal January 2019
Periodically poled thin-film lithium niobate microring resonators with a second-harmonic generation efficiency of 250,000%/W journal January 2019
Microwave-to-optical conversion using lithium niobate thin-film acoustic resonators journal January 2019
Ultrabroadband nonlinear optics in nanophotonic periodically poled lithium niobate waveguides journal January 2020
Modal phase matched lithium niobate nanocircuits for integrated nonlinear photonics journal January 2018
Efficient parametric frequency conversion in lithium niobate nanophotonic chips journal January 2019
Second-harmonic generation using d 33 in periodically poled lithium niobate microdisk resonators journal January 2020
Design of a micrometer-long superconducting nanowire perfect absorber for efficient high-speed single-photon detection journal January 2020
Bias-drift-free Mach–Zehnder modulators based on a heterogeneous silicon and lithium niobate platform journal January 2020
Sum-frequency generation in on-chip lithium niobate microdisk resonators journal January 2017
Broadband quasi-phase matching in a MgO:PPLN thin film journal January 2018
Coupling strategies for silicon photonics integrated chips [Invited] journal January 2019
Acousto-optical modulation of thin film lithium niobate waveguide devices journal January 2019
Highly integrated optical phased arrays: photonic integrated circuits for optical beam shaping and beam steering journal January 2017
Waveguide-integrated superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors journal September 2018
Emerging rare-earth doped material platforms for quantum nanophotonics journal September 2019
Integrated lithium niobate photonics journal April 2020
High-Precision Propagation-Loss Measurement of Single-Mode Optical Waveguides on Lithium Niobate on Insulator journal September 2019
Long Low-Loss-Litium Niobate on Insulator Waveguides with Sub-Nanometer Surface Roughness journal November 2018
Fabrication of Crystalline Microresonators of High Quality Factors with a Controllable Wedge Angle on Lithium Niobate on Insulator journal August 2019

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