A full-ring variable-aperture cadmium zinc telluride system for whole-body single photon emission computed tomography: realistic simulations with phantoms
[3];
- Univ. of California, San Francisco, CA (United States)
- Univ. Health Network, Toronto, ON (Canada)
- Brookhaven National Lab. (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)
- Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ. (China)
- Univ. of California, San Francisco, CA (United States); Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)
- Univ. of California, San Francisco, CA (United States); Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States); Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States)
Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is an imaging modality that has demonstrated its utility in a number of clinical indications. Despite this progress, a high sensitivity, high spatial resolution, multi-tracer SPECT with a large field of view suitable for whole-body imaging of a broad range of radiotracers for theranostics is not available. Purpose We have designed a cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) variable-aperture full-ring SPECT scanner instrumented with a broad-energy tungsten collimator intended to fill this technological gap. The final purpose is to provide a multi-tracer solution for brain and whole-body imaging. Our static SPECT scanner breaks the paradigm of the standard dual- and triple-head rotational SPECT systems, utilizing a larger detector area in each scan increasing the sensitivity. We provide a demonstration of the performance of our design using a realistic model of our detector with simulated body-sized 99mTc phantoms. Methods We developed a realistic model of our detector by using a combination of a Geant4 Monte Carlo simulation and a CZT detector response model based on a finite element model. Our approach models the characteristic low-energy tail effect in CZT that noticeably affects the sensitivity and the quality of the scatter correction in CZT detectors. We implement a modified dual energy window scatter correction adapted to include the CZT low-energy tail effect. A dedicated correction is also developed to eliminate the undesirable truncation observed in images given the presence of detector edges and gaps between detectors, due to the non-rotational nature of our device. Corrections for the attenuation, detector response and the presence of collimators are also included. The images are reconstructed using the maximum-likelihood expectation-maximization algorithm implemented in the reconstruction open software STIR. Detector and reconstruction performance are characterized with a Derenzo phantom and a body-sized National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) Image Quality (IQ) phantom containing 99mTc. Results Our SPECT design can resolve 6.4mm rods in a Derenzo phantom and obtain a good image contrast with the IQ phantom. Explicit testing of the gap and edge correction is provided, showing an excellent performance in eliminating the image truncation artifacts. Our modified scatter correction shows no overestimation of the contrast-recovery ratio for our realistic CZT detector model, as opposed to the cases without correction and with a standard dual-energy window scatter correction. Conclusions In this paper, we further demonstrate the performance of our design for whole-body imaging purposes. This adds to our previous demonstration of improved qualitative and quantitative 99mTc imaging for brain perfusion and 123I imaging for dopamine transport with respect to state-of-the-art NaI dual-head cameras. We show that our design performs similarly to the VERITON SPECT from Spectrum Dynamics, a commercial full-ring CZT SPECT camera, with the potential advantage of the broader energy range of application given by our custom-design tungsten collimators. Here, our device combines high sensitivity and image resolution with a broad-energy imaging application for the purpose of clinical imaging and theranostics of emerging radionuclides.
- Research Organization:
- Brookhaven National Lab. (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)
- Sponsoring Organization:
- National Institute of Health
- DOE Contract Number:
- SC0012704
- OSTI ID:
- 1841125
- Report Number(s):
- BNL-222579-2022-JAAM; TRN: US2301239
- Journal Information:
- Medical Physics, Journal Name: Medical Physics; ISSN 0094-2405
- Publisher:
- American Association of Physicists in Medicine
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
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