Structural and electrochemical investigation of crystallite size controlled zinc ferrite (ZnFe2O4)

Tallman, Killian R.; West, Patrick J.; Yan, Shan; Yao, Shanshan; Quilty, Calvin D.; Wang, Feng; Marschilok, Amy C.; Bock, David C.; Takeuchi, Kenneth J.; Takeuchi, Esther S.

doi:10.1088/1361-6528/ac09a9

Structural and electrochemical investigation of crystallite size controlled zinc ferrite (ZnFe₂O₄)

Journal Article · Fri Jun 25 00:00:00 EDT 2021 · Nanotechnology

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/ac09a9· OSTI ID:1809063

^[1]; ^[1]; Yan, Shan ^[2]; Yao, Shanshan ^[3]; Quilty, Calvin D. ^[1]; Wang, Feng ^[3]; Marschilok, Amy C. ^[2]; Bock, David C. ^[2]; Takeuchi, Kenneth J. ^[2]; ^[2]

Stony Brook Univ., NY (United States)
Stony Brook Univ., NY (United States); Brookhaven National Lab. (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)
Brookhaven National Lab. (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)

Zinc ferrite, ZnFe₂O₄ (ZFO), is a promising electrode material for next generation Li-ion batteries because of its high theoretical capacity and low environmental impact. In this report, synthetic control of crystallite size from the nanometer to submicron scale enabled probing of the relationships between ZFO size and electrochemical behavior. Here, a facile two-step coprecipitation and annealing preparation method was used to prepare ZFO with controlled sizes ranging ~9 to >200 nm. Complementary synchrotron and electron microscopy techniques were used to characterize the series of materials. Increasing the annealing temperature increased crystallinity and decreased microstrain, while local structural ordering was maintained independent of crystallite size. Electrochemical characterization revealed that the smaller sized materials delivered higher capacities during initial lithiation. Larger sized particles exhibited a lack of distinct electrochemical signatures above 1.0 V, suggesting that the longer diffusion length associated with greater crystallite size causes the lithiation process to proceed via non discrete lithium insertion, cation migration, and conversion processes. Notably, larger particles exhibited enhanced electrochemical reversibility over 50 cycles, with capacity retention improving from <20% to >40% at C/2 cycling rate. This intriguing result was probed through x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements of the cycled electrodes. XAS revealed that the larger crystallite size materials do not completely convert to Fe⁰ during the first lithiation and that independent of size, delithiation results in the formation of nanocrystalline FeO and ZnO phases rather than ZnFe₂O₄. After 20 cycles, the larger crystallites showed reversibility between partially oxidized FeO in the charged state and Fe⁰ in the discharged state, while the smaller crystallite size material was electrochemically inactive as Fe⁰. XPS analysis revealed more significant solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation on the cycled electrodes utilizing ZFO with smaller crystallite size. This finding suggests that excessive SEI buildup on the smaller sized, higher surface area ZFO particles contributes to their reduced electrochemical reversibility relative to the larger crystallite size materials.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY (United States). National Synchrotron Light Source II (NSLS-II); Energy Frontier Research Centers (EFRC) (United States). Center for Mesoscale Transport Properties

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES)

Grant/Contract Number:: SC0012673; SC0012704

OSTI ID:: 1809063

Alternate ID(s):: OSTI ID: 1809014
OSTI ID: 23143658

Report Number(s):: BNL--221838-2021-JAAM

Journal Information:: Nanotechnology, Journal Name: Nanotechnology Journal Issue: 37 Vol. 32; ISSN 0957-4484

Publisher:: IOP PublishingCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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An Overview on Nanocrystalline ZnFe ₂ O ₄ , MnFe ₂ O ₄ , and CoFe ₂ O ₄ Synthesized by a Thermal Treatment Method Goodarz Naseri, Mahmoud; Saion, Elias B.; Kamali, Ahmad ISRN Nanotechnology, Vol. 2012 https://doi.org/10.5402/2012/604241	journal	July 2012

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Structural and electrochemical investigation of crystallite size controlled zinc ferrite (ZnFe2O4)

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Structural and electrochemical investigation of crystallite size controlled zinc ferrite (ZnFe₂O₄)