Reactivity, Mechanism, and Assembly of the Alternative Nitrogenases

Jasniewski, Andrew J.; Lee, Chi Chung; Ribbe, Markus W.; Hu, Yilin

doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00704

Reactivity, Mechanism, and Assembly of the Alternative Nitrogenases

Journal Article · Tue Mar 03 23:00:00 EST 2020 · Chemical Reviews

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00704· OSTI ID:1802675

^[1]; Lee, Chi Chung ^[2]; ^[2]; ^[2]

Univ. of California, Irvine, CA (United States); OSTI
Univ. of California, Irvine, CA (United States)

Biological nitrogen fixation is catalyzed by the enzyme nitrogenase, which facilitates the cleavage of the relatively inert triple bond of N₂. Nitrogenase is most commonly associated with the molybdenum–iron cofactor called FeMoco or the M-cluster, and it has been the subject of extensive structural and spectroscopic characterization over the past 60 years. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, two “alternative nitrogenase” systems were discovered, isolated, and found to incorporate V or Fe in place of Mo. These systems are regulated by separate gene clusters; however, there is a high degree of structural and functional similarity between each nitrogenase. Limited studies with the V- and Fe-nitrogenases initially demonstrated that these enzymes were analogously active as the Mo-nitrogenase, but more recent investigations have found capabilities that are unique to the alternative systems. In this review, we will discuss the reactivity, biosynthetic, and mechanistic proposals for the alternative nitrogenases as well as their electronic and structural properties in comparison to the well-characterized Mo-dependent system. Studies over the past 10 years have been particularly fruitful, though key aspects about V- and Fe-nitrogenases remain unexplored.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: Univ. of California, Irvine, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES)

Grant/Contract Number:: SC0014470; SC0016510

OSTI ID:: 1802675

Journal Information:: Chemical Reviews, Journal Name: Chemical Reviews Journal Issue: 12 Vol. 120; ISSN 0009-2665

Publisher:: American Chemical SocietyCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

References (312)

Structure and Reactivity of an Asymmetric Synthetic Mimic of Nitrogenase Cofactor Tanifuji, Kazuki; Sickerman, Nathaniel; Lee, Chi Chung Angewandte Chemie, Vol. 128, Issue 50 https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.201608806	journal	November 2016
The Yandulov/Schrock Cycle and the Nitrogenase Reaction: Pathways of Nitrogen Fixation Studied by Density Functional Theory Neese, Frank Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 45, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200502667	journal	January 2006
Steric Control of the Hi-CO MoFe Nitrogenase Complex Revealed by Stopped-Flow Infrared Spectroscopy Yang, Zhi-Yong; Seefeldt, Lance C.; Dean, Dennis R. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 50, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201005145	journal	November 2010
Spectroscopic Characterization of the Isolated Iron-Molybdenum Cofactor (FeMoco) Precursor from the Protein NifEN Fay, Aaron W.; Blank, Michael A.; Lee, Chi Chung Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 50, Issue 34 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201102724	journal	July 2011
ATP-Independent Formation of Hydrocarbons Catalyzed by Isolated Nitrogenase Cofactors Lee, Chi Chung; Hu, Yilin; Ribbe, Markus W. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 51, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201108916	journal	January 2012
Differential Reduction of CO ₂ by Molybdenum and Vanadium Nitrogenases Rebelein, Johannes G.; Hu, Yilin; Ribbe, Markus W. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 53, Issue 43 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201406863	journal	September 2014
Catalytic Reduction of CN ⁻ , CO, and CO ₂ by Nitrogenase Cofactors in Lanthanide-Driven Reactions Lee, Chi Chung; Hu, Yilin; Ribbe, Markus W. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 54, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201410412	journal	November 2014
The Fe–V Cofactor of Vanadium Nitrogenase Contains an Interstitial Carbon Atom Rees, Julian A.; Bjornsson, Ragnar; Schlesier, Julia Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 54, Issue 45 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201505930	journal	November 2015
Evaluation of the Catalytic Relevance of the CO-Bound States of V-Nitrogenase Lee, Chi Chung; Wilcoxen, Jarett; Hiller, Caleb J. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 57, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201800189	journal	March 2018
X-ray Magnetic Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy Applied to Nitrogenase and Related Models: Experimental Evidence for a Spin-Coupled Molybdenum(III) Center Kowalska, Joanna K.; Henthorn, Justin T.; Van Stappen, Casey Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 58, Issue 28 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201901899	journal	June 2019
Spectroscopic Characterization of an Eight-Iron Nitrogenase Cofactor Precursor that Lacks the “9 ^th Sulfur” Jasniewski, Andrew J.; Wilcoxen, Jarett; Tanifuji, Kazuki Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 58, Issue 41 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201907593	journal	September 2019
Widening the Product Profile of Carbon Dioxide Reduction by Vanadium Nitrogenase Rebelein, Johannes G.; Hu, Yilin; Ribbe, Markus W. ChemBioChem, Vol. 16, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1002/cbic.201500305	journal	August 2015
A Comparative Analysis of the CO-Reducing Activities of MoFe Proteins Containing Mo- and V-Nitrogenase Cofactors Lee, Chi Chung; Tanifuji, Kazuki; Newcomb, Megan ChemBioChem, Vol. 19, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1002/cbic.201800035	journal	February 2018
Electrochemical Characterization of Isolated Nitrogenase Cofactors from Azotobacter vinelandii Lydon, Brian R.; Lee, Chi Chung; Tanifuji, Kazuki ChemBioChem, Vol. 21, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1002/cbic.201900425	journal	October 2019
First-Principles Calculations of Fischer-Tropsch Processes Catalyzed by Nitrogenase Enzymes Varley, Joel B.; Nørskov, Jens K. ChemCatChem, Vol. 5, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1002/cctc.201200635	journal	December 2012
Synergic Binding of Carbon Monoxide and Cyanide to the FeMo Cofactor of Nitrogenase: Relic Chemistry of an Ancient Enzyme? Pickett, Christopher J.; Vincent, Kylie A.; Ibrahim, Saad K. Chemistry - A European Journal, Vol. 10, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.200400382	journal	October 2004
IR-Monitored Photolysis of CO-Inhibited Nitrogenase: A Major EPR-Silent Species with Coupled Terminal CO Ligands Yan, Lifen; Pelmenschikov, Vladimir; Dapper, Christie H. Chemistry - A European Journal, Vol. 18, Issue 51 https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201202072	journal	November 2012
Tuning Electron Flux through Nitrogenase with Methanogen Iron Protein Homologues Hiller, Caleb J.; Stiebritz, Martin T.; Lee, Chi Chung Chemistry - A European Journal, Vol. 23, Issue 64 https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201704378	journal	October 2017
Strategies Towards Capturing Nitrogenase Substrates and Intermediates via Controlled Alteration of Electron Fluxes Hiller, Caleb J.; Lee, Chi Chung; Stiebritz, Martin T. Chemistry – A European Journal, Vol. 25, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201803735	journal	December 2018
Photolysis of Hi-CO Nitrogenase - Observation of a Plethora of Distinct CO Species Using Infrared Spectroscopy Yan, Lifen; Dapper, Christie H.; George, Simon J. European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 2011, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1002/ejic.201100029	journal	March 2011
Distantly related sequences in the alpha- and beta-subunits of ATP synthase, myosin, kinases and other ATP-requiring enzymes and a common nucleotide binding fold. Walker, J. E.; Saraste, M.; Runswick, M. J. The EMBO Journal, Vol. 1, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1460-2075.1982.tb01276.x	journal	August 1982
Structural genes for the vanadium nitrogenase from Azotobacter chroococcum. Robson, R. L.; Woodley, P. R.; Pau, R. N. The EMBO Journal, Vol. 8, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1460-2075.1989.tb03495.x	journal	April 1989
NifA is the master regulator of both nitrogenase systems in Rhodobacter capsulatus Demtröder, Lisa; Pfänder, Yvonne; Schäkermann, Sina MicrobiologyOpen, Vol. 8, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1002/mbo3.921	journal	August 2019
New insights into structure-function relationships in nitrogenase: a 1.6 Å resolution X-ray crystallographic study of Klebsiella pneumoniae MoFe-protein Mayer, Suzanne M.; Lawson, David M.; Gormal, Carol A. Journal of Molecular Biology, Vol. 292, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1006/jmbi.1999.3107	journal	October 1999
Protocols for Cofactor Isolation of Nitrogenase Fay, Aaron W.; Lee, Chi-Chung; Wiig, Jared A. Nitrogen Fixation https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-194-9_16	book	January 2011
The nifU, nifS and nifV gene products are required for activity of all three nitrogenases of Azotobacter vinelandii Kennedy, Christina; Dean, Dennis MGG Molecular & General Genetics, Vol. 231, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00292722	journal	February 1992
The acetylene reduction technique as an assay for nitrogenase activity in the methane oxidizing bacterium Methylococcus capsulatus strain bath Dalton, Howard; Whittenbury, Roger Archives of Microbiology, Vol. 109, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00425127	journal	January 1976
Nitrogen fixation in strains ofAzotobacter chroococcum bearing deletions of a cluster of genes coding for nitrogenase Robson, R. L. Archives of Microbiology, Vol. 146, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00690162	journal	October 1986
The rice field cyanobacteria Anabaena azotica and Anabaena sp. CH1 express vanadium-dependent nitrogenase Boison, Gudrun; Steingen, Caroline; Stal, Lucas J. Archives of Microbiology, Vol. 186, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-006-0150-4	journal	August 2006
Distribution of nitrogen-fixing microorganisms along the Neuse River Estuary, North Carolina Affourtit, J.; Zehr, J. P.; Paerl, H. W. Microbial Ecology, Vol. 41, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s002480000090	journal	February 2001
A substrate channel in the nitrogenase MoFe protein Barney, Brett M.; Yurth, Michael G.; Dos Santos, Patricia C. JBIC Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 14, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00775-009-0544-2	journal	May 2009
Insertion of heterometals into the NifEN-associated iron–molybdenum cofactor precursor Yoshizawa, Janice M.; Fay, Aaron W.; Lee, Chi Chung JBIC Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 15, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00775-009-0614-5	journal	December 2009
The discovery of Mo(III) in FeMoco: reuniting enzyme and model chemistry Bjornsson, Ragnar; Neese, Frank; Schrock, Richard R. JBIC Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 20, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00775-014-1230-6	journal	December 2014
Production and isolation of vanadium nitrogenase from Azotobacter vinelandii by molybdenum depletion Sippel, Daniel; Schlesier, Julia; Rohde, Michael JBIC Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 22, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00775-016-1423-2	journal	December 2016
Crystal structure of VnfH, the iron protein component of vanadium nitrogenase Rohde, Michael; Trncik, Christian; Sippel, Daniel JBIC Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 23, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00775-018-1602-4	journal	August 2018
The Fe-only nitrogenase from Rhodobacter capsulatus: identification of the cofactor, an unusual, high-nuclearity iron-sulfur cluster, by Fe K-edge EXAFS and 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy Krahn, E.; Weiss, B.; Kröckel, M. JBIC Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 7, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s007750100263	journal	July 2001
Alternative nitrogenase activity in the environment and nitrogen cycle implications Zhang, Xinning; McRose, Darcy L.; Darnajoux, Romain Biogeochemistry, Vol. 127, Issue 2-3 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-016-0188-6	journal	January 2016
Catalysis by Enzymes: The Biological Ammonia Synthesis Hinnemann, Berit; Nørskov, Jens K. Topics in Catalysis, Vol. 37, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11244-006-0002-0	journal	March 2006
Correction for creatine interference with the direct indophenol measurement of NH3 in steady-state nitrogenase assays Dilworth, Michael J.; Eldridge, Marie E.; Eady, Robert R. Analytical Biochemistry, Vol. 207, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(92)90491-O	journal	November 1992
Hydrazine as a substrate and inhibitor of Azotobacter vinelandii nitrogenase Davis, Lawrence C. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Vol. 204, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-9861(80)90033-8	journal	October 1980
ATP-dependent reduction of azide and HCN by N2-fixing enzymes of Azotobacter vinelandii and Clostridium pasteurianum Hardy, R. W. F.; Knight, E. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Enzymology, Vol. 139, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-2744(67)90114-3	journal	May 1967
Large-scale purification of high activity Azotobacter vinelandii nitrogenase Burgess, Barbara K.; Jacobs, Deloria B.; Stiefel, Edward I. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Enzymology, Vol. 614, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-2744(80)90180-1	journal	July 1980
Nitrogenase XII. Mössbauer studies of the MoFe protein from Clostridium pasteurianum W5 Huynh, B. H.; Henzl, M. T.; Christner, J. A. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Protein Structure, Vol. 623, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-2795(80)90015-X	journal	May 1980
Electron transport to nitrogenase in Azotobacter chroococcum : Azotobacter flavodoxin hydroquinone as an electron donor Yates, M. G. FEBS Letters, Vol. 27, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-5793(72)80410-1	journal	October 1972
Dissociation constants of hydropseudohalic acids Boughton, J. H.; Keller, R. N. Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry, Vol. 28, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1902(66)80011-8	journal	December 1966
Comparison of redox and EPR properties of the molybdenum iron proteins of Clostridium pasteurianum and Azotobacter vinelandii nitrogenases Morgan, T. V.; Mortenson, L. E.; McDonald, J. W. Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry, Vol. 33, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/0162-0134(88)80039-4	journal	June 1988
Formation of an all ferrous Fe4S4 cluster in the iron protein component of Azotobacter vinelandii nitrogenase Watt, Gerald D.; Reddy, K. R. N. Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry, Vol. 53, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1016/0162-0134(94)85115-8	journal	March 1994
Characterization of the “iron only” nitrogenase from Rhodobacter capsulatus Müller, A.; Schneider, K.; Gollan, U. Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry, Vol. 59, Issue 2-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/0162-0134(95)97646-8	journal	August 1995
Mössbauer characterization of the metal clusters in Azotobacter vinelandii nitrogenase VFe protein. Ravi, N.; Moore, V.; Lloyd, S. G. Journal of Biological Chemistry, Vol. 269, Issue 33 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(17)31909-9	journal	August 1994
Catalytic formation of a nitrogenase iron-sulfur cluster. Zheng, L.; Dean, D. R. Journal of Biological Chemistry, Vol. 269, Issue 29 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(17)32225-1	journal	July 1994
Novel metal cluster in the iron-molybdenum cofactor of nitrogenase. Spectroscopic evidence Rawlings, J.; Shah, V. K.; Chisnell, J. R. Journal of Biological Chemistry, Vol. 253, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(17)38102-4	journal	February 1978
Mössbauer, EPR, and magnetization studies of the Azotobacter vinelandii Fe protein. Evidence for a [4Fe-4S]1+ cluster with spin S = 3/2. Lindahl, P. A.; Day, E. P.; Kent, T. A. Journal of Biological Chemistry, Vol. 260, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(17)39160-3	journal	September 1985
MgATP-induced conformational changes in the iron protein from Azotobacter vinelandii, as studied by small-angle x-ray scattering. Chen, L.; Gavini, N.; Tsuruta, H. Journal of Biological Chemistry, Vol. 269, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(17)41861-8	journal	February 1994
Isotopic hybrids of nitrogenase. Mössbauer study of MoFe protein with selective 57Fe enrichment of the P-cluster. McLean, P. A.; Papaefthymiou, V.; Orme-Johnson, W. H. Journal of Biological Chemistry, Vol. 262, Issue 27 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(18)45141-1	journal	September 1987
Nitrogen fixation by Azotobacter vinelandii in tungsten-containing medium. Hales, B. J.; Case, E. E. Journal of Biological Chemistry, Vol. 262, Issue 33 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(18)47717-4	journal	November 1987
EPR and Mössbauer studies of nucleotide-bound nitrogenase iron protein from Azotobacter vinelandii. Lindahl, P. A.; Gorelick, N. J.; Münck, E. Journal of Biological Chemistry, Vol. 262, Issue 31 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(18)48120-3	journal	November 1987
Kinetics of MgATP-dependent Iron Chelation from the Fe-protein of the Azotobacter vinelandii Nitrogenase Complex Deits, T. L.; Howard, J. B. Journal of Biological Chemistry, Vol. 264, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(18)83473-1	journal	April 1989
Isolation, sequencing, and mutagenesis of the nifF gene encoding flavodoxin from Azotobacter vinelandii. Bennett, L. T.; Jacobson, M. R.; Dean, D. R. Journal of Biological Chemistry, Vol. 263, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(19)57311-2	journal	January 1988
Diazenido (iminonitrosyl) (N2H), Hydrazido(2-) (N2H2, and hydrazido(1-) (N2H3) ligands as intermediates in the reduction of ligating dinitrogen to ammonia Chatt, Joseph; Pearman, Alan J.; Richards, Raymond L. Journal of Organometallic Chemistry, Vol. 101, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-328X(00)92481-1	journal	November 1975
Photo-lability of CO bound to Mo-nitrogenase from Azotobacter vinelandii Maskos, Zofia; Hales, Brian J. Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry, Vol. 93, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0162-0134(02)00480-4	journal	January 2003
Riding the sulfur cycle – metabolism of sulfonates and sulfate esters in Gram-negative bacteria Kertesz, Michael A. FEMS Microbiology Reviews, Vol. 24, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-6445(99)00033-9	journal	April 2000
Biotin synthase: Insights into radical-mediated carbon–sulfur bond formation Fugate, Corey J.; Jarrett, Joseph T. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Proteins and Proteomics, Vol. 1824, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbapap.2012.01.010	journal	November 2012
Electrocatalytic CO2 reduction catalyzed by nitrogenase MoFe and FeFe proteins Hu, Bo; Harris, Derek F.; Dean, Dennis R. Bioelectrochemistry, Vol. 120 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioelechem.2017.12.002	journal	April 2018
Maturation of nitrogenase cofactor — the role of a class E radical SAM methyltransferase NifB Hu, Yilin; Ribbe, Markus W. Current Opinion in Chemical Biology, Vol. 31 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.02.016	journal	April 2016
Developing more sustainable processes for ammonia synthesis Tanabe, Yoshiaki; Nishibayashi, Yoshiaki Coordination Chemistry Reviews, Vol. 257, Issue 17-18 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2013.02.010	journal	September 2013
Substrate specificity and evolutionary implications of a NifDK enzyme carrying NifB-co at its active site Soboh, Basem; Boyd, Eric S.; Zhao, Dehua FEBS Letters, Vol. 584, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.febslet.2010.02.064	journal	February 2010
Geobiological feedbacks, oxygen, and the evolution of nitrogenase Mus, Florence; Colman, Daniel R.; Peters, John W. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, Vol. 140 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.01.050	journal	August 2019
Insights into the role of nucleotide-dependent conformational change in nitrogenase catalysis: Structural characterization of the nitrogenase Fe protein Leu127 deletion variant with bound MgATP Sen, Sanchayita; Krishnakumar, Arathi; McClead, Jammi Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry, Vol. 100, Issue 5-6 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2006.02.016	journal	May 2006
Possible contribution of alternative nitrogenases to nitrogen fixation by asymbiotic N2-fixing bacteria in soils Bellenger, J. P.; Xu, Y.; Zhang, X. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Vol. 69 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.11.015	journal	February 2014
Energy Transduction in Nitrogenase Seefeldt, Lance C.; Hoffman, Brian M.; Peters, John W. Accounts of Chemical Research, Vol. 51, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00112	journal	August 2018
Reactivity of [Fe ₄ S ₄ ] Clusters toward C1 Substrates: Mechanism, Implications, and Potential Applications Lee, Chi Chung; Stiebritz, Martin T.; Hu, Yilin Accounts of Chemical Research https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00063	journal	April 2019
Evidence That the P _i Release Event Is the Rate-Limiting Step in the Nitrogenase Catalytic Cycle Yang, Zhi-Yong; Ledbetter, Rhesa; Shaw, Sudipta Biochemistry, Vol. 55, Issue 26 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00421	journal	June 2016
Mechanism of N ₂ Reduction Catalyzed by Fe-Nitrogenase Involves Reductive Elimination of H ₂ Harris, Derek F.; Lukoyanov, Dmitriy A.; Shaw, Sudipta Biochemistry, Vol. 57, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.biochem.7b01142	journal	January 2018
Kinetic Understanding of N ₂ Reduction versus H ₂ Evolution at the E ₄ (4H) Janus State in the Three Nitrogenases Harris, Derek F.; Yang, Zhi-Yong; Dean, Dennis R. Biochemistry, Vol. 57, Issue 39 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00784	journal	September 2018
Mo-, V-, and Fe-Nitrogenases Use a Universal Eight-Electron Reductive-Elimination Mechanism To Achieve N ₂ Reduction Harris, Derek F.; Lukoyanov, Dmitriy A.; Kallas, Hayden Biochemistry, Vol. 58, Issue 30 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00468	journal	June 2019
Hydrogen and Dihydrogen Bonds in the Reactions of Metal Hydrides Belkova, Natalia V.; Epstein, Lina M.; Filippov, Oleg A. Chemical Reviews, Vol. 116, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00091	journal	June 2016
Thermodynamic Hydricity of Transition Metal Hydrides Wiedner, Eric S.; Chambers, Matthew B.; Pitman, Catherine L. Chemical Reviews, Vol. 116, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00168	journal	June 2016
Revisiting the Mössbauer Isomer Shifts of the FeMoco Cluster of Nitrogenase and the Cofactor Charge Bjornsson, Ragnar; Neese, Frank; DeBeer, Serena Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 56, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b02540	journal	January 2017
A Major Structural Change of the Homocitrate Ligand of Probable Importance for the Nitrogenase Mechanism Siegbahn, Per E. M. Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 57, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b02493	journal	January 2018
Reduction and Condensation of Aldehydes by the Isolated Cofactor of Nitrogenase Lee, Chi Chung; Hu, Yilin; Ribbe, Markus W. ACS Central Science, Vol. 4, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1021/acscentsci.8b00553	journal	October 2018
Catalytic Reduction of Dinitrogen to Ammonia at a Single Molybdenum Center Schrock, Richard R. Accounts of Chemical Research, Vol. 38, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1021/ar0501121	journal	December 2005
Role of the MoFe Protein .alpha.-Subunit Histidine-195 Residue in FeMo-cofactor Binding and Nitrogenase Catalysis Kim, Chul-Hwan; Newton, William E.; Dean, Dennis R. Biochemistry, Vol. 34, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00009a008	journal	March 1995
Azotobacter vinelandii Nitrogenases with Substitutions in the FeMo-Cofactor Environment of the MoFe Protein: Effects of Acetylene or Ethylene on Interactions with H ⁺ , HCN, and CN ^- ^† Fisher, Karl; Dilworth, Michael J.; Kim, Chul-Hwan Biochemistry, Vol. 39, Issue 35 https://doi.org/10.1021/bi0001628	journal	September 2000
Carbonyl sulfide and carbon dioxide as new substrates, and carbon disulfide as a new inhibitor, of nitrogenase Seefeldt, Lance C.; Rasche, Madeline E.; Ensign, Scott A. Biochemistry, Vol. 34, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00016a009	journal	April 1995
Nucleotide Hydrolysis and Protein Conformational Changes in Azotobacter vinelandii Nitrogenase Iron Protein: Defining the Function of Aspartate 129 Lanzilotta, William N.; Ryle, Matthew J.; Seefeldt, Lance C. Biochemistry, Vol. 34, Issue 34 https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00034a003	journal	August 1995
Crystal Structure of the All-Ferrous [4Fe-4S] ⁰ Form of the Nitrogenase Iron Protein from Azotobacter vinelandii ^† ^, ^‡ Strop, Pavel; Takahara, Patricia M.; Chiu, Hsiu-Ju Biochemistry, Vol. 40, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1021/bi0016467	journal	January 2001
Insights into Nucleotide Signal Transduction in Nitrogenase: Structure of an Iron Protein with MgADP Bound ^† ^, ^‡ Jang, Se Bok; Seefeldt, Lance C.; Peters, John W. Biochemistry, Vol. 39, Issue 48 https://doi.org/10.1021/bi001705g	journal	December 2000
Differential Effects on N ₂ Binding and Reduction, HD Formation, and Azide Reduction with α-195 ^His - and α-191 ^Gln -Substituted MoFe Proteins of Azotobacter vinelandii Nitrogenase ^† Fisher, Karl; Dilworth, Michael J.; Newton, William E. Biochemistry, Vol. 39, Issue 50 https://doi.org/10.1021/bi0017834	journal	December 2000
Mechanism for the Desulfurization of L-Cysteine Catalyzed by the nifS Gene Product Zheng, Limin; White, Robert H.; Cash, Valerie L. Biochemistry, Vol. 33, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00181a031	journal	April 1994
Nitrogenase reactivity: Effects of pH on substrate reduction and carbon monoxide inhibition Pham, David N.; Burgess, Barbara K. Biochemistry, Vol. 32, Issue 49 https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00212a043	journal	December 1993
Nitrogenase reactivity: cyanide as substrate and inhibitor Li, Jiage; Burgess, Barbara K.; Corbin, James L. Biochemistry, Vol. 21, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00261a031	journal	August 1982
Redox reactions of the nitrogenase complex from Azotobacter vinelandii Lough, S.; Burns, A.; Watt, G. D. Biochemistry, Vol. 22, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00286a011	journal	August 1983
Inhibition of nitrogenase-catalyzed ammonia formation by hydrogen Guth, Joseph H.; Burris, Robert H. Biochemistry, Vol. 22, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00291a010	journal	October 1983
Nitrogenase reactivity: azide reduction Rubinson, Judith F.; Burgess, Barbara K.; Corbin, James L. Biochemistry, Vol. 24, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00323a006	journal	January 1985
Effect of high pN2 and high pD2 on ammonia production, hydrogen evolution, and hydrogen deuteride formation by nitrogenases Jensen, Bent B.; Burris, Robert H. Biochemistry, Vol. 24, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00326a012	journal	February 1985
Isolation of a new vanadium-containing nitrogenase from Azotobacter vinelandii Hales, Brian J.; Case, Ellen E.; Morningstar, Joyce E. Biochemistry, Vol. 25, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00371a001	journal	November 1986
Redox reactions of and nucleotide binding to the iron protein of Azotobacter vinelandii Watt, G. D.; Wang, Z. C.; Knotts, R. R. Biochemistry, Vol. 25, Issue 25 https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00373a005	journal	December 1986
Characterization of the metal clusters in the nitrogenase molybdenum-iron and vanadium-iron proteins of Azotobacter vinelandii using magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopy Morningstar, Joyce E.; Johnson, Michael K.; Case, Ellen E. Biochemistry, Vol. 26, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00381a001	journal	April 1987
Substrate reduction properties of dinitrogenase activated in vitro are dependent upon the presence of homocitrate or its analogs during iron-molybdenum cofactor synthesis Imperial, Juan; Hoover, Timothy R.; Madden, Mark S. Biochemistry, Vol. 28, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00445a040	journal	September 1989
Nitrogenase reactivity: insight into the nitrogen-fixing process through hydrogen-inhibition and HD-forming reactions Burgess, Barbara K.; Wherland, Scot; Newton, William E. Biochemistry, Vol. 20, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00521a007	journal	September 1981
Stoichiometry and spectral properties of the molybdenum-iron (MoFe) cofactor and noncofactor redox centers in the molybdenum-iron (MoFe) protein of nitrogenase from Azotobacter vinelandii Watt, G. D.; Burns, A.; Tennent, D. L. Biochemistry, Vol. 20, Issue 25 https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00528a034	journal	December 1981
Redox and spectroscopic properties of oxidized MoFe protein from Azotobacter vinelandii Watt, G. D.; Burns, A.; Lough, S. Biochemistry, Vol. 19, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00562a035	journal	October 1980
Iron-sulfur clusters in the molybdenum-iron protein component of nitrogenase. Electron paramagnetic resonance of the carbon monoxide inhibited state Davis, Lawrence C.; Henzl, Michael T.; Burris, R. H. Biochemistry, Vol. 18, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00589a014	journal	October 1979
Nitrogenase: the reaction between iron protein and bathophenanthrolinedisulfonate as a probe for interactions with MgATP Ljones, Torbjorn; Burris, R. H. Biochemistry, Vol. 17, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00603a010	journal	May 1978
Kinetics of dithionite ion utilization and ATP hydrolysis for reactions catalyzed by the nitrogenase complex from Azotobacter vinelandii Watt, Gerald D.; Burns, Andrea Biochemistry, Vol. 16, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00621a017	journal	January 1977
Effect of magnesium adenosine 5'-triphosphate on the accessibility of the iron of clostridial azoferredoxin, a component of nitrogenase Walker, Gustavus A.; Mortenson, Leonard E. Biochemistry, Vol. 13, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00708a023	journal	May 1974
Characterization of a Tungsten-Substituted Nitrogenase Isolated from Rhodobacter capsulatus ^, Siemann, Stefan; Schneider, Klaus; Oley, Mareke Biochemistry, Vol. 42, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1021/bi0270790	journal	March 2003
Localization of a Substrate Binding Site on the FeMo-Cofactor in Nitrogenase: Trapping Propargyl Alcohol with an α-70-Substituted MoFe Protein ^† Benton, Paul M. C.; Laryukhin, Mikhail; Mayer, Suzanne M. Biochemistry, Vol. 42, Issue 30 https://doi.org/10.1021/bi034595x	journal	August 2003
Substrate Interactions with Nitrogenase: Fe versus Mo ^† Seefeldt, Lance C.; Dance, Ian G.; Dean, Dennis R. Biochemistry, Vol. 43, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1021/bi036038g	journal	February 2004
Azotobacter vinelandii Vanadium Nitrogenase: Formaldehyde Is a Product of Catalyzed HCN Reduction, and Excess Ammonia Arises Directly from Catalyzed Azide Reduction ^† Fisher, Karl; Dilworth, Michael J.; Newton, William E. Biochemistry, Vol. 45, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1021/bi0514109	journal	April 2006
Variable-Temperature, Variable-Field Magnetic Circular Dichroism Spectroscopic Study of the Metal Clusters in the Δ nifB and Δ nifH MoFe Proteins of Nitrogenase from Azotobacter vinelandii ^† Broach, Robyn B.; Rupnik, Kresimir; Hu, Yilin Biochemistry, Vol. 45, Issue 50 https://doi.org/10.1021/bi061697p	journal	December 2006
Diazene (HNNH) Is a Substrate for Nitrogenase: Insights into the Pathway of N ₂ Reduction ^† Barney, Brett M.; McClead, Jammi; Lukoyanov, Dmitriy Biochemistry, Vol. 46, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1021/bi062294s	journal	June 2007
Electron Transfer within Nitrogenase: Evidence for a Deficit-Spending Mechanism Danyal, Karamatullah; Dean, Dennis R.; Hoffman, Brian M. Biochemistry, Vol. 50, Issue 43 https://doi.org/10.1021/bi201003a	journal	November 2011
Substrate Pathways in the Nitrogenase MoFe Protein by Experimental Identification of Small Molecule Binding Sites Morrison, Christine N.; Hoy, Julie A.; Zhang, Limei Biochemistry, Vol. 54, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1021/bi501313k	journal	March 2015
Assembly of Nitrogenase MoFe Protein ^† Hu, Yilin; Fay, Aaron W.; Lee, Chi Chung Biochemistry, Vol. 47, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1021/bi7025003	journal	April 2008
Isolation of Two Forms of the Nitrogenase VFe Protein from Azotobacter vinelandii ^† Blanchard, Carol Z.; Hales, Brian J. Biochemistry, Vol. 35, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1021/bi951429j	journal	January 1996
Oxidative Titration of the Nitrogenase VFe Protein from Azotobacter vinelandii : An Example of Redox-Gated Electron Flow ^† Tittsworth, Roland C.; Hales, Brian J. Biochemistry, Vol. 35, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1021/bi951430i	journal	January 1996
Redox-Dependent Structural Changes in the Nitrogenase P-Cluster ^† ^, ^‡ Peters, John W.; Stowell, Michael H. B.; Soltis, S. Michael Biochemistry, Vol. 36, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1021/bi9626665	journal	February 1997
Nitrogenase of Azotobacter vinelandii : Kinetic Analysis of the Fe Protein Redox Cycle ^† Duyvis, Martina G.; Wassink, Hans; Haaker, Huub Biochemistry, Vol. 37, Issue 50 https://doi.org/10.1021/bi981509y	journal	December 1998
Spectroscopic Evidence for Changes in the Redox State of the Nitrogenase P-Cluster during Turnover ^† Chan, Jeannine M.; Christiansen, Jason; Dean, Dennis R. Biochemistry, Vol. 38, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1021/bi982866b	journal	May 1999
A comprehensive mechanism for the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis Rofer-DePoorter, Cheryl K. Chemical Reviews, Vol. 81, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1021/cr00045a002	journal	October 1981
The iron-molybdenum cofactor of nitrogenase Burgess, Barbara K. Chemical Reviews, Vol. 90, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1021/cr00106a002	journal	December 1990
Biosynthesis of Nitrogenase Metalloclusters Ribbe, Markus W.; Hu, Yilin; Hodgson, Keith O. Chemical Reviews, Vol. 114, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1021/cr400463x	journal	December 2013
Metalloproteins Containing Cytochrome, Iron–Sulfur, or Copper Redox Centers Liu, Jing; Chakraborty, Saumen; Hosseinzadeh, Parisa Chemical Reviews, Vol. 114, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1021/cr400479b	journal	March 2014
Hydrogenases Lubitz, Wolfgang; Ogata, Hideaki; Rüdiger, Olaf Chemical Reviews, Vol. 114, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1021/cr4005814	journal	March 2014
Mechanism of Nitrogen Fixation by Nitrogenase: The Next Stage Hoffman, Brian M.; Lukoyanov, Dmitriy; Yang, Zhi-Yong Chemical Reviews, Vol. 114, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1021/cr400641x	journal	January 2014
Structural Basis of Biological Nitrogen Fixation Howard, James B.; Rees, Douglas C. Chemical Reviews, Vol. 96, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1021/cr9500545	journal	January 1996
Mechanism of Molybdenum Nitrogenase Burgess, Barbara K.; Lowe, David J. Chemical Reviews, Vol. 96, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1021/cr950055x	journal	January 1996
Structure−Function Relationships of Alternative Nitrogenases Eady, Robert R. Chemical Reviews, Vol. 96, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1021/cr950057h	journal	January 1996
Density Functional Theory Study of an All Ferrous 4Fe-4S Cluster Chakrabarti, Mrinmoy; Münck, Eckard; Bominaar, Emile L. Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 50, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1021/ic102287j	journal	May 2011
Comparative Assessment of the Composition and Charge State of Nitrogenase FeMo-Cofactor Harris, Travis V.; Szilagyi, Robert K. Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 50, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1021/ic102446n	journal	June 2011
Structural Models of the [Fe ₄ S ₄ ] Clusters of Homologous Nitrogenase Fe Proteins Blank, Michael A.; Lee, Chi Chung; Hu, Yilin Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 50, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1021/ic200636k	journal	August 2011
Thermodynamics of Metal-Cyanide Coördination. I. pK, ΔH ⁰ , and ΔS ⁰ Values as a Function of Temperature for Hydrocyanic Acid Dissociation in Aqueous Solution Izatt, Reed M.; Christensen, James J.; Pack, Russell T. Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 1, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1021/ic50004a022	journal	November 1962
Mössbauer, Electron Paramagnetic Resonance, and Theoretical Studies of a Carbene-Based All-Ferrous Fe ₄ S ₄ Cluster: Electronic Origin and Structural Identification of the Unique Spectroscopic Site Chakrabarti, Mrinmoy; Deng, Liang; Holm, R. H. Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 48, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1021/ic802192w	journal	February 2009
Mössbauer Study of the MoFe Protein of Nitrogenase from Azotobacter vinelandii Using Selective ⁵⁷ Fe Enrichment of the M-Centers Yoo, Sun Jae; Angove, Hayley C.; Papaefthymiou, Vasilios Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 122, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja000254k	journal	May 2000
Moessbauer and integer-spin EPR of the oxidized P-clusters of nitrogenase: POX is a non-Kramers system with a nearly degenerate ground doublet Surerus, Kristene K.; Hendrich, Michael P.; Christie, Patricia D. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 114, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00048a034	journal	October 1992
Iron EXAFS of Azotobacter vinelandii nitrogenase molybdenum-iron and vanadium-iron proteins Chen, J.; Christiansen, J.; Tittsworth, R. C. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 115, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00066a019	journal	June 1993
Detection of EPR signals assigned to the 1-equiv-oxidized P-clusters of the nitrogenase MoFe-protein from Azotobacter vinelandii Tittsworth, Roland C.; Hales, Brian J. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 115, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00074a050	journal	October 1993
Construction and Characterization of Hybrid Component 1 from V-Nitrogenase Containing FeMo Cofactor Moore, Virginia G.; Tittsworth, Roland C.; Hales, Brian J. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 116, Issue 26 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00105a080	journal	December 1994
Investigation of CO bound to inhibited forms of nitrogenase MoFe protein by 13C ENDOR Pollock, Robert C.; Lee, Hong-In; Cameron, Linda M. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 117, Issue 33 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00138a033	journal	August 1995
X-ray absorption of Azotobacter vinelandii vanadium nitrogenase George, G. N.; Coyle, C. L.; Hales, B. J. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 110, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00220a066	journal	June 1988
Electron paramagnetic resonance study of the vanadium-iron protein of nitrogenase from Azotobacter vinelandii Morningstar, Joyce E.; Hales, Brian J. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 109, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00256a051	journal	October 1987
Electrochemical characterization of the iron-molybdenum cofactor from Azotobacter vinelandii nitrogenase Schultz, Franklin A.; Gheller, Stephen F.; Burgess, Barbara K. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 107, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00305a007	journal	September 1985
Reduction of Dinitrogen to Ammonia at a Well-Protected Reaction Site in a Molybdenum Triamidoamine Complex Yandulov, Dmitry V.; Schrock, Richard R. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 124, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja020186x	journal	June 2002
Direct Assessment of the Reduction Potential of the [4Fe−4S] ^1+/0 Couple of the Fe Protein from Azotobacter v inelandii Guo, Maolin; Sulc, Filip; Ribbe, Markus W. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 124, Issue 41 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja026478f	journal	October 2002
Trapping H ^- Bound to the Nitrogenase FeMo-Cofactor Active Site during H ₂ Evolution: Characterization by ENDOR Spectroscopy Igarashi, Robert Y.; Laryukhin, Mikhail; Dos Santos, Patricia C. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 127, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja043596p	journal	May 2005
Intermediates Trapped during Nitrogenase Reduction of N⋮N, CH ₃ −NNH, and H ₂ N−NH ₂ Barney, Brett M.; Yang, Tran-Chin; Igarashi, Robert Y. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 127, Issue 43 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja0539342	journal	November 2005
Electron Inventory, Kinetic Assignment (E _n ), Structure, and Bonding of Nitrogenase Turnover Intermediates with C ₂ H ₂ and CO Lee, Hong-In; Sørlie, Morten; Christiansen, Jason Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 127, Issue 45 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja054078x	journal	November 2005
Heterolytic H ₂ Activation Mediated by Low-Coordinate L ₃ Fe-(μ-N)-FeL ₃ Complexes to Generate Fe(μ-NH)(μ-H)Fe Species Brown, Steven D.; Mehn, Mark P.; Peters, Jonas C. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 127, Issue 38 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja0544509	journal	September 2005
Assignment of Individual Metal Redox States in a Metalloprotein by Crystallographic Refinement at Multiple X-ray Wavelengths Einsle, Oliver; Andrade, Susana L. A.; Dobbek, Holger Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 129, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja067562o	journal	February 2007
Conformational Gating of Electron Transfer from the Nitrogenase Fe Protein to MoFe Protein Danyal, Karamatullah; Mayweather, Diana; Dean, Dennis R. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 132, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja101737f	journal	May 2010
Characterization of Isolated Nitrogenase FeVco Fay, Aaron W.; Blank, Michael A.; Lee, Chi Chung Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 132, Issue 36 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja1019657	journal	September 2010
⁵⁷ Fe ENDOR Spectroscopy and ‘Electron Inventory’ Analysis of the Nitrogenase E ₄ Intermediate Suggest the Metal-Ion Core of FeMo-Cofactor Cycles Through Only One Redox Couple Doan, Peter E.; Telser, Joshua; Barney, Brett M. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 133, Issue 43 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja205304t	journal	November 2011
Modeling the Signatures of Hydrides in Metalloenzymes: ENDOR Analysis of a Di-iron Fe(μ-NH)(μ-H)Fe Core Kinney, R. Adam; Saouma, Caroline T.; Peters, Jonas C. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 134, Issue 30 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja303739g	journal	July 2012
P ⁺ State of Nitrogenase P-Cluster Exhibits Electronic Structure of a [Fe ₄ S ₄ ] ⁺ Cluster Rupnik, Kresimir; Hu, Yilin; Lee, Chi Chung Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 134, Issue 33 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja304077h	journal	August 2012
VTVH-MCD Study of the Δ nifB Δ nifZ MoFe Protein from Azotobacter vinelandii Cotton, Marcia S.; Rupnik, Kresimir; Broach, Robyn B. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 131, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja807525m	journal	April 2009
Optimization of FeMoco Maturation on NifEN Yoshizawa, Janice M.; Blank, Michael A.; Fay, Aaron W. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 131, Issue 26 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja9035225	journal	July 2009
Is Mo Involved in Hydride Binding by the Four-Electron Reduced (E ₄ ) Intermediate of the Nitrogenase MoFe Protein? Lukoyanov, Dmitriy; Yang, Zhi-Yong; Dean, Dennis R. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 132, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja910613m	journal	March 2010
Unusual Effect of CO on C ₂ H ₂ Reduction by V Nitrogenase from Azotobacter vinelandii Cameron, Linda M.; Hales, Brian J. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 118, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja953124y	journal	January 1996
Identification of the CO-Binding Cluster in Nitrogenase MoFe Protein by ENDOR of ⁵⁷ Fe Isotopomers Christie, Patricia D.; Lee, Hong-In; Cameron, Linda M. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 118, Issue 36 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja961289g	journal	January 1996
Time-Resolved Binding of Carbon Monoxide to Nitrogenase Monitored by Stopped-Flow Infrared Spectroscopy George, Simon J.; Ashby, Gillian A.; Wharton, Christopher W. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 119, Issue 27 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja971088s	journal	July 1997
Mössbauer and EPR Evidence for an All-Ferrous Fe ₄ S ₄ Cluster with S = 4 in the Fe Protein of Nitrogenase Angove, Hayley C.; Yoo, Sun Jae; Burgess, Barbara K. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 119, Issue 37 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja9712837	journal	September 1997
CO Binding to the FeMo Cofactor of CO-Inhibited Nitrogenase: ¹³ CO and ¹ H Q-Band ENDOR Investigation Lee, Hong-In; Cameron, Linda M.; Hales, Brian J. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 119, Issue 42 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja9715096	journal	October 1997
All-Ferrous Titanium(III) Citrate Reduced Fe Protein of Nitrogenase: An XAS Study of Electronic and Metrical Structure Musgrave, Kristin B.; Angove, Hayley C.; Burgess, Barbara K. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 120, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja980598z	journal	June 1998
Mössbauer and Integer-Spin EPR Studies and Spin-Coupling Analysis of the [4Fe-4S] ⁰ Cluster of the Fe Protein from Azotobacter vinelandii Nitrogenase Yoo, Sun Jae; Angove, Hayley C.; Burgess, Barbara K. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 121, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja9837405	journal	March 1999
An Fe-N ₂ Complex That Generates Hydrazine and Ammonia via Fe═NNH ₂ : Demonstrating a Hybrid Distal-to-Alternating Pathway for N ₂ Reduction Rittle, Jonathan; Peters, Jonas C. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 138, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.6b01230	journal	March 2016
Reductive Elimination of H ₂ Activates Nitrogenase to Reduce the N≡N Triple Bond: Characterization of the E ₄ (4H) Janus Intermediate in Wild-Type Enzyme Lukoyanov, Dmitriy; Khadka, Nimesh; Yang, Zhi-Yong Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 138, Issue 33 https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.6b06362	journal	August 2016
Reduction of C ₁ Substrates to Hydrocarbons by the Homometallic Precursor and Synthetic Mimic of the Nitrogenase Cofactor Sickerman, Nathaniel S.; Tanifuji, Kazuki; Lee, Chi Chung Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 139, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.6b11633	journal	January 2017
Electroenzymatic C–C Bond Formation from CO ₂ Cai, Rong; Milton, Ross D.; Abdellaoui, Sofiene Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 140, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.8b02319	journal	April 2018
Thermodynamic Hydricity of [FeFe]-Hydrogenases Wiedner, Eric S. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 141, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.8b13084	journal	April 2019
High-Resolution ENDOR Spectroscopy Combined with Quantum Chemical Calculations Reveals the Structure of Nitrogenase Janus Intermediate E ₄ (4H) Hoeke, Veronika; Tociu, Laura; Case, David A. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 141, Issue 30 https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.9b04474	journal	June 2019
Establishing a Thermodynamic Landscape for the Active Site of Mo-Dependent Nitrogenase Hickey, David P.; Cai, Rong; Yang, Zhi-Yong Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 141, Issue 43 https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.9b06546	journal	October 2019
Global patterns of terrestrial biological nitrogen (N ₂ ) fixation in natural ecosystems Cleveland, Cory C.; Townsend, Alan R.; Schimel, David S. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, Vol. 13, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1029/1999GB900014	journal	June 1999
Production of ¹⁵ N-depleted biomass during cyanobacterial N ₂ -fixation at high Fe concentrations Zerkle, Aubrey L.; Junium, Christopher K.; Canfield, Donald E. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 113, Issue G3 https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JG000651	journal	January 2008
The reduction of mono-coordinated molecular nitrogen to ammonia in a protic environment Chatt, J.; Pearman, A. J.; Richards, R. L. Nature, Vol. 253, Issue 5486 https://doi.org/10.1038/253039b0	journal	January 1975
Relevance of oxygen ligands to reduction of ligating dinitrogen Chatt, Joseph; Pearman, Alan J.; Richards, Raymond L. Nature, Vol. 259, Issue 5540 https://doi.org/10.1038/259204a0	journal	January 1976
Biological nitrogen fixation by way of an enzyme-bound dinitrogen-hydride intermediate Thorneley, Roger N. F.; Eady, Robert R.; Lowe, David J. Nature, Vol. 272, Issue 5653 https://doi.org/10.1038/272557a0	journal	April 1978
Vanadium K-edge X-ray absorption spectrum of the VFe protein of the vanadium nitrogenase of Azotobacter chroococcum Arber, Judith M.; Dobson, Barry R.; Eady, Robert R. Nature, Vol. 325, Issue 6102 https://doi.org/10.1038/325372a0	journal	January 1987
Ethane formation from acetylene as a potential test for vanadium nitrogenase in vivo Dilworth, Michael J.; Eady, Robert R.; Robson, Robert L. Nature, Vol. 327, Issue 6118 https://doi.org/10.1038/327167a0	journal	May 1987
Role for the nitrogenase MoFe protein α-subunit in FeMo-cofactor binding and catalysis Scott, Deborah J.; May, Harold D.; Newton, William E. Nature, Vol. 343, Issue 6254 https://doi.org/10.1038/343188a0	journal	January 1990
Crystallographic structure and functional implications of the nitrogenase molybdenum–iron protein from Azotobacter vinelandii Kirn, Jongsun; Rees, D. C. Nature, Vol. 360, Issue 6404 https://doi.org/10.1038/360553a0	journal	December 1992
Structure of ADP·AIF4–-stabilized nitrogenase complex and its implications for signal transduction Schindelin, Hermann; Kisker, Caroline; Schlessman, Jamie L. Nature, Vol. 387, Issue 6631 https://doi.org/10.1038/387370a0	journal	May 1997
Molybdenum cofactors, enzymes and pathways Schwarz, Günter; Mendel, Ralf R.; Ribbe, Markus W. Nature, Vol. 460, Issue 7257 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08302	journal	August 2009
Isotopic evidence for biological nitrogen fixation by molybdenum-nitrogenase from 3.2 Gyr Stüeken, Eva E.; Buick, Roger; Guy, Bradley M. Nature, Vol. 520, Issue 7549 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14180	journal	February 2015
Recent developments in the homogeneous reduction of dinitrogen by molybdenum and iron MacLeod, K. Cory; Holland, Patrick L. Nature Chemistry, Vol. 5, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1038/nchem.1620	journal	May 2013
Activation and reduction of carbon dioxide by nitrogenase iron proteins Rebelein, Johannes G.; Stiebritz, Martin T.; Lee, Chi Chung Nature Chemical Biology, Vol. 13, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1038/nchembio.2245	journal	November 2016
The structure of vanadium nitrogenase reveals an unusual bridging ligand Sippel, Daniel; Einsle, Oliver Nature Chemical Biology, Vol. 13, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1038/nchembio.2428	journal	July 2017
Nitrogenase FeMoco investigated by spatially resolved anomalous dispersion refinement Spatzal, Thomas; Schlesier, Julia; Burger, Eva-Maria Nature Communications, Vol. 7, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms10902	journal	March 2016
The in vivo hydrocarbon formation by vanadium nitrogenase follows a secondary metabolic pathway Rebelein, Johannes G.; Lee, Chi Chung; Hu, Yilin Nature Communications, Vol. 7, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms13641	journal	December 2016
Refining the pathway of carbide insertion into the nitrogenase M-cluster Wiig, Jared A.; Hu, Yilin; Ribbe, Markus W. Nature Communications, Vol. 6, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms9034	journal	August 2015
Probing the coordination and function of Fe4S4 modules in nitrogenase assembly protein NifB Rettberg, Lee A.; Wilcoxen, Jarett; Lee, Chi Chung Nature Communications, Vol. 9, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-05272-8	journal	July 2018
Tracing the ‘ninth sulfur’ of the nitrogenase cofactor via a semi-synthetic approach Tanifuji, Kazuki; Lee, Chi Chung; Sickerman, Nathaniel S. Nature Chemistry, Vol. 10, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41557-018-0029-4	journal	April 2018
A pathway for biological methane production using bacterial iron-only nitrogenase Zheng, Yanning; Harris, Derek F.; Yu, Zheng Nature Microbiology, Vol. 3, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-017-0091-5	journal	January 2018
Ambient conversion of CO2 to hydrocarbons by biogenic and synthetic [Fe4S4] clusters Stiebritz, Martin T.; Hiller, Caleb J.; Sickerman, Nathaniel S. Nature Catalysis, Vol. 1, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41929-018-0079-4	journal	May 2018
Vanadium( v ) is reduced by the ‘as isolated’ nitrogenase Fe-protein at neutral pH Fisher, Karl; Lowe, David J.; Petersen, Jan Chem. Commun., Issue 26 https://doi.org/10.1039/B605133B	journal	January 2006
Identification of a spin-coupled Mo( iii ) in the nitrogenase iron–molybdenum cofactor Bjornsson, Ragnar; Lima, Frederico A.; Spatzal, Thomas Chem. Sci., Vol. 5, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1039/C4SC00337C	journal	January 2014
Mechanistic insights into nitrogen fixation by nitrogenase enzymes Varley, J. B.; Wang, Y.; Chan, K. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, Vol. 17, Issue 44 https://doi.org/10.1039/C5CP04034E	journal	January 2015
The pathway for serial proton supply to the active site of nitrogenase: enhanced density functional modeling of the Grotthuss mechanism Dance, Ian Dalton Transactions, Vol. 44, Issue 41 https://doi.org/10.1039/C5DT03223G	journal	January 2015
Mechanisms of the S/CO/Se interchange reactions at FeMo-co, the active site cluster of nitrogenase Dance, Ian Dalton Transactions, Vol. 45, Issue 36 https://doi.org/10.1039/C6DT03159E	journal	January 2016
Comparative electronic structures of nitrogenase FeMoco and FeVco Rees, Julian A.; Bjornsson, Ragnar; Kowalska, Joanna K. Dalton Transactions, Vol. 46, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1039/C7DT00128B	journal	January 2017
QM/MM calculations reveal a bridging hydroxo group in a vanadium nitrogenase crystal structure Benediktsson, Bardi; Thorhallsson, Albert Th.; Bjornsson, Ragnar Chemical Communications, Vol. 54, Issue 53 https://doi.org/10.1039/C8CC03793K	journal	January 2018
How feasible is the reversible S-dissociation mechanism for the activation of FeMo-co, the catalytic site of nitrogenase? Dance, Ian Dalton Transactions, Vol. 48, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1039/C8DT04531C	journal	January 2019
Exploring the alternatives of biological nitrogen fixation Mus, Florence; Alleman, Alexander B.; Pence, Natasha Metallomics, Vol. 10, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1039/C8MT00038G	journal	January 2018
The mechanism for nitrogenase including all steps Siegbahn, Per E. M. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, Vol. 21, Issue 28 https://doi.org/10.1039/C9CP02073J	journal	January 2019
A model for dinitrogen binding in the E ₄ state of nitrogenase Thorhallsson, Albert Th.; Benediktsson, Bardi; Bjornsson, Ragnar Chemical Science, Vol. 10, Issue 48 https://doi.org/10.1039/C9SC03610E	journal	January 2019
Instantaneous, stoichiometric generation of powerfully reducing states of protein active sites using Eu(ii) and polyaminocarboxylate ligands Vincent, Kylie A.; Tilley, Gareth J.; Quammie, Nina C. Chemical Communications, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1039/b308188e	journal	January 2003
Formation of a homocitrate-free iron-molybdenum cluster on NifEN: Implications for the role of homocitrate in nitrogenase assembly Fay, Aaron Wolfe; Blank, Michael Aaron; Yoshizawa, Janice Mariko Dalton Transactions, Vol. 39, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1039/c000264j	journal	January 2010
How does vanadium nitrogenase reduce CO to hydrocarbons? Dance, Ian Dalton Transactions, Vol. 40, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1039/c1dt10240k	journal	January 2011
Conversion of dinitrogen in its molybdenum and tungsten complexes into ammonia and possible relevance to the nitrogenase reaction Chatt, Joseph; Pearman, Alan J.; Richards, Raymond L. Journal of the Chemical Society, Dalton Transactions, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1039/dt9770001852	journal	January 1977
Cluster assembly in nitrogenase Sickerman, Nathaniel S.; Rettberg, Lee A.; Lee, Chi Chung Essays in Biochemistry, Vol. 61, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1042/EBC20160071	journal	May 2017
Reduction of Cyanide and Isocyanide by Nitrogenase of Azotobacter chroococcum Kelly, M.; Postgate, J. R.; Richards, R. L. Biochemical Journal, Vol. 102, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1042/bj1020001C	journal	January 1967
Studies by electron paramagnetic resonance on the catalytic mechanism of nitrogenase of Klebsiella pneumoniae Smith, Barry E.; Lowe, David J.; Bray, Robert C. Biochemical Journal, Vol. 135, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1042/bj1350331	journal	October 1973
Nitrogenase of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Hydrazine is a product of azide reduction Dilworth, M. J.; Thorneley, R. N. F. Biochemical Journal, Vol. 193, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1042/bj1930971	journal	March 1981
The mechanism of Klebsiella pneumoniae nitrogenase action. Pre-steady-state kinetics of H2 formation Lowe, D. J.; Thorneley, R. N. Biochemical Journal, Vol. 224, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1042/bj2240877	journal	December 1984
The mechanism of Klebsiella pneumoniae nitrogenase action. Pre-steady-state kinetics of an enzyme-bound intermediate in N2 reduction and of NH3 formation Thorneley, R. N. F.; Lowe, D. J. Biochemical Journal, Vol. 224, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1042/bj2240887	journal	December 1984
The mechanism of Klebsiella pneumoniae nitrogenase action. The determination of rate constants required for the simulation of the kinetics of N2 reduction and H2 evolution Lowe, D. J.; Thorneley, R. N. F. Biochemical Journal, Vol. 224, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1042/bj2240895	journal	December 1984
The mechanism of Klebsiella pneumoniae nitrogenase action. Simulation of the dependences of H2-evolution rate on component-protein concentration and ratio and sodium dithionite concentration Thorneley, R. N. F.; Lowe, D. J. Biochemical Journal, Vol. 224, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1042/bj2240903	journal	December 1984
Nitrogen fixation in molybdenum-deficient continuous culture by a strain of Azotobacter vinelandii carrying a deletion of the structural genes for nitrogenase (nifHDK) Bishop, P. E.; Hawkins, M. E.; Eady, R. R. Biochemical Journal, Vol. 238, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1042/bj2380437	journal	September 1986
The vanadium nitrogenase of Azotobacter chroococcum. Purification and properties of the VFe protein Eady, R. R.; Robson, R. L.; Richardson, T. H. Biochemical Journal, Vol. 244, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1042/bj2440197	journal	May 1987
The vanadium nitrogenase of Azotobacter chroococcum. Reduction of acetylene and ethylene to ethane Dilworth, M. J.; Eady, R. R.; Eldridge, M. E. Biochemical Journal, Vol. 249, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1042/bj2490745	journal	February 1988
The vanadium-iron protein of vanadium nitrogenase from Azotobacter chroococcum contains an iron-vanadium cofactor Smith, B. E.; Eady, R. R.; Lowe, D. J. Biochemical Journal, Vol. 250, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1042/bj2500299	journal	February 1988
The vanadium- and molybdenum-containing nitrogenases of Azotobacter chroococcum. Comparison of mid-point potentials and kinetics of reduction by sodium dithionite of the iron proteins with bound magnesium adenosine 5′-diphosphate Bergström, J.; Eady, R. R.; Thorneley, R. N. F. Biochemical Journal, Vol. 251, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1042/bj2510165	journal	April 1988
Electron-transfer studies involving flavodoxin and a natural redox partner, the iron protein of nitrogenase. Conformational constraints on protein-protein interactions and the kinetics of electron transfer within the protein complex Thorneley, R. N.; Deistung, J. Biochemical Journal, Vol. 253, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1042/bj2530587	journal	July 1988
Molybdenum and vanadium nitrogenases of Azotobacter chroococcum. Low temperature favours N2 reduction by vanadium nitrogenase Miller, R. W.; Eady, R. R. Biochemical Journal, Vol. 256, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1042/bj2560429	journal	December 1988
Vanadium K-edge X-ray-absorption spectroscopy of the functioning and thionine-oxidized forms of the VFe-protein of the vanadium nitrogenase from Azotobacter chroococcum Arber, J. M.; Dobson, B. R.; Eady, R. R. Biochemical Journal, Vol. 258, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1042/bj2580733	journal	March 1989
Oxidation of nitrogenase iron protein by dioxygen without inactivation could contribute to high respiration rates of Azotobacter species and facilitate nitrogen fixation in other aerobic environments Thorneley, R. N. F.; Ashby, G. A. Biochemical Journal, Vol. 261, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1042/bj2610181	journal	July 1989
Klebsiella pneumoniae nitrogenase. Mechanism of acetylene reduction and its inhibition by carbon monoxide Lowe, D. J.; Fisher, K.; Thorneley, R. N. F. Biochemical Journal, Vol. 272, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1042/bj2720621	journal	December 1990
Hydrazine is a product of dinitrogen reduction by the vanadium-nitrogenase from Azotobacter chroococcum Dilworth, M. J.; Eady, R. R. Biochemical Journal, Vol. 277, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1042/bj2770465	journal	July 1991
The molybdenum and vanadium nitrogenases of Azotobacter chroococcum: effect of elevated temperature on N2 reduction Dilworth, M. J.; Eldridge, M. E.; Eady, R. R. Biochemical Journal, Vol. 289, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1042/bj2890395	journal	January 1993
Molybdenum-independent nitrogenases of Azotobacter vinelandii: a functional species of alternative nitrogenase-3 isolated from a molybdenum-tolerant strain contains an iron-molybdenum cofactor Pau, R. N.; Eldridge, M. E.; Lowe, D. J. Biochemical Journal, Vol. 293, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1042/bj2930101	journal	July 1993
Controlled protonation of iron–molybdenum cofactor by nitrogenase: a structural and theoretical analysis Durrant, Marcus C. Biochemical Journal, Vol. 355, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1042/bj3550569	journal	April 2001
The Fe-only nitrogenase and the Mo nitrogenase from Rhodobacter capsulatus: A comparative study on the redox properties of the metal clusters present in the dinitrogenase components Siemann, Stefan; Schneider, Klaus; Dröttboom, Melanie European Journal of Biochemistry, Vol. 269, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1432-1327.2002.02804.x	journal	March 2002
Nitrogenase reactivity with P-cluster variants Hu, Y.; Corbett, M. C.; Fay, A. W. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 102, Issue 39 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0506967102	journal	September 2005
Structural insights into a protein-bound iron-molybdenum cofactor precursor Corbett, M. C.; Hu, Y.; Fay, A. W. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 103, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0507853103	journal	January 2006
A methyldiazene (HNNCH3)-derived species bound to the nitrogenase active-site FeMo cofactor: Implications for mechanism Barney, B. M.; Lukoyanov, D.; Yang, T. -C. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 103, Issue 46 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0602130103	journal	November 2006
FeMo cofactor maturation on NifEN Hu, Y.; Corbett, M. C.; Fay, A. W. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 103, Issue 46 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0602647103	journal	October 2006
Nitrogenase Fe protein: A molybdate/homocitrate insertase Hu, Y.; Corbett, M. C.; Fay, A. W. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 103, Issue 46 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0602651103	journal	October 2006
Flavodoxin hydroquinone reduces Azotobacter vinelandii Fe protein to the all-ferrous redox state with a S = 0 spin state Lowery, T. J.; Wilson, P. E.; Zhang, B. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 103, Issue 46 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0603223103	journal	November 2006
Connecting nitrogenase intermediates with the kinetic scheme for N2 reduction by a relaxation protocol and identification of the N2 binding state Lukoyanov, D.; Barney, B. M.; Dean, D. R. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 104, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0610975104	journal	January 2007
Unique features of the nitrogenase VFe protein from Azotobacter vinelandii Lee, C. C.; Hu, Y.; Ribbe, M. W. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 106, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0904408106	journal	May 2009
NifEN-B complex of Azotobacter vinelandii is fully functional in nitrogenase FeMo cofactor assembly Wiig, J. A.; Hu, Y.; Ribbe, M. W. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 108, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1102773108	journal	May 2011
Carbon dioxide reduction to methane and coupling with acetylene to form propylene catalyzed by remodeled nitrogenase Yang, Z. -Y.; Moure, V. R.; Dean, D. R. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 109, Issue 48 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1213159109	journal	November 2012
Electron transfer precedes ATP hydrolysis during nitrogenase catalysis Duval, S.; Danyal, K.; Shaw, S. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 110, Issue 41 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1311218110	journal	September 2013
On reversible H2 loss upon N2 binding to FeMo-cofactor of nitrogenase Yang, Z. -Y.; Khadka, N.; Lukoyanov, D. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 110, Issue 41 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1315852110	journal	September 2013
Nitrogen isotope fractionation by alternative nitrogenases and past ocean anoxia Zhang, Xinning; Sigman, Daniel M.; Morel, François M. M. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 111, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1402976111	journal	March 2014
Identification and characterization of functional homologs of nitrogenase cofactor biosynthesis protein NifB from methanogens Fay, Aaron W.; Wiig, Jared A.; Lee, Chi Chung Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 112, Issue 48 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1510409112	journal	November 2015
Uncoupling binding of substrate CO from turnover by vanadium nitrogenase Lee, Chi Chung; Fay, Aaron W.; Weng, Tsu-Chien Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 112, Issue 45 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1519696112	journal	October 2015
Assembly scaffold NifEN: A structural and functional homolog of the nitrogenase catalytic component Fay, Aaron W.; Blank, Michael A.; Rebelein, Johannes G. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 113, Issue 34 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1609574113	journal	August 2016
Critical computational analysis illuminates the reductive-elimination mechanism that activates nitrogenase for N ₂ reduction Raugei, Simone; Seefeldt, Lance C.; Hoffman, Brian M. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 115, Issue 45 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1810211115	journal	October 2018
Reduction of azide by the N2-fixing enzyme system. Schollhorn, R.; Burris, R. H. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 57, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.57.5.1317	journal	May 1967
Electron Paramagnetic Resonance of Nitrogenase and Nitrogenase Components from Clostridium pasteurianum W5 and Azotobacter vinelandii OP Orme-Johnson, W. H.; Hamilton, W. D.; Jones, T. L. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 69, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.69.11.3142	journal	November 1972
Isolation of an iron-molybdenum cofactor from nitrogenase Shah, V. K.; Brill, W. J. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 74, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.74.8.3249	journal	August 1977
Molybdenum Nitrogenase Catalyzes the Reduction and Coupling of CO to Form Hydrocarbons Yang, Zhi-Yong; Dean, Dennis R.; Seefeldt, Lance C. Journal of Biological Chemistry, Vol. 286, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M111.229344	journal	March 2011
The Three-dimensional Structure of the Core Domain of Naf Y from Azotobacter vinelandii determined at 1.8-Å Resolution Dyer, David H.; Rubio, Luis M.; Thoden, James B. Journal of Biological Chemistry, Vol. 278, Issue 34 https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M304264200	journal	August 2003
Comparison of Iron-Molybdenum Cofactor-deficient Nitrogenase MoFe Proteins by X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy: IMPLICATIONS FOR P-CLUSTER BIOSYNTHESIS Corbett, Mary C.; Hu, Yilin; Naderi, Farzad Journal of Biological Chemistry, Vol. 279, Issue 27 https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M403156200	journal	April 2004
Characterization of Azotobacter vinelandii nifZ Deletion Strains : INDICATION OF STEPWISE MoFe PROTEIN ASSEMBLY Hu, Yilin; Fay, Aaron W.; Dos Santos, Patricia C. Journal of Biological Chemistry, Vol. 279, Issue 52 https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M408983200	journal	October 2004
Substrate Interaction at an Iron-Sulfur Face of the FeMo-cofactor during Nitrogenase Catalysis Barney, Brett M.; Igarashi, Robert Y.; Dos Santos, Patricia C. Journal of Biological Chemistry, Vol. 279, Issue 51 https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M410247200	journal	October 2004
Biosynthesis of the Iron-Molybdenum Cofactor of Nitrogenase Hu, Yilin; Ribbe, Markus W. Journal of Biological Chemistry, Vol. 288, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.R113.454041	journal	March 2013
The Natural History of Nitrogen Fixation Raymond, Jason; Siefert, Janet L.; Staples, Christopher R. Molecular Biology and Evolution, Vol. 21, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msh047	journal	March 2004
Completed sequence of the region encoding the structural genes for the vanadium nitrogenase of Azotobacter chroococcum Fallik, E.; Robson, R. L. Nucleic Acids Research, Vol. 18, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/18.15.4616	journal	August 1990
The Acetylene-Ethylene Assay for N ₂ Fixation: Laboratory and Field Evaluation Hardy, R. W. F.; Holsten, R. D.; Jackson, E. K. Plant Physiology, Vol. 43, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.43.8.1185	journal	August 1968
Nitrogenase from Azotobacter chroococcum. Purification and Properties of the Component Proteins Yates, M. Geoffrey; Planque, Kees European Journal of Biochemistry, Vol. 60, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1432-1033.1975.tb21025.x	journal	December 1975
Demonstration of a molybdenum- and vanadium-independent nitrogenase in a nifHDK-deletion mutant of Rhodobacter capsulatus Schneider, Klaus; Muller, Achim; Schramm, Uwe European Journal of Biochemistry, Vol. 195, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1432-1033.1991.tb15750.x	journal	February 1991
Redox properties and EPR spectroscopy of the P clusters of Azotobacter vinelandii MoFe protein Pierik, Antonio J.; Wassink, Hans; Haaker, Huub European Journal of Biochemistry, Vol. 212, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1432-1033.1993.tb17632.x	journal	February 1993
Comparative Biochemical Characterization of the Iron-Only Nitrogenase and the Molybdenum Nitrogenase from Rhodobacter Capsulatus Schneider, Klaus; Gollan, Ute; Drottboom, Melanie European Journal of Biochemistry, Vol. 244, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1432-1033.1997.t01-1-00789.x	journal	March 1997
A late methanogen origin for molybdenum-dependent nitrogenase: A late methanogen origin for Mo-nitrogenase Boyd, E. S.; Anbar, A. D.; Miller, S. Geobiology, Vol. 9, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-4669.2011.00278.x	journal	April 2011
Biological nitrogen fixation by alternative nitrogenases in boreal cyanolichens: importance of molybdenum availability and implications for current biological nitrogen fixation estimates Darnajoux, Romain; Zhang, Xinning; McRose, Darcy L. New Phytologist, Vol. 213, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.14166	journal	September 2016
Proterozoic Ocean Chemistry and Evolution: A Bioinorganic Bridge? Anbar, A. D. Science, Vol. 297, Issue 5584 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1069651	journal	August 2002
Structure of a Cofactor-Deficient Nitrogenase MoFe Protein Schmid, B. Science, Vol. 296, Issue 5566 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1070010	journal	April 2002
Nitrogenase MoFe-Protein at 1.16 A Resolution: A Central Ligand in the FeMo-Cofactor Einsle, O. Science, Vol. 297, Issue 5587 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1073877	journal	September 2002
Catalytic Reduction of Dinitrogen to Ammonia at a Single Molybdenum Center Yandulov, D. V. Science, Vol. 301, Issue 5629 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1085326	journal	July 2003
Nitrogenase Complexes: Multiple Docking Sites for a Nucleotide Switch Protein Tezcan, F. A. Science, Vol. 309, Issue 5739 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1115653	journal	August 2005
Vanadium Nitrogenase Reduces CO Lee, C. C.; Hu, Y.; Ribbe, M. W. Science, Vol. 329, Issue 5992 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1191455	journal	August 2010
Structure of Precursor-Bound NifEN: A Nitrogenase FeMo Cofactor Maturase/Insertase Kaiser, J. T.; Hu, Y.; Wiig, J. A. Science, Vol. 331, Issue 6013 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1196954	journal	January 2011
Structural Basis for Methyl Transfer by a Radical SAM Enzyme Boal, A. K.; Grove, T. L.; McLaughlin, M. I. Science, Vol. 332, Issue 6033 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1205358	journal	April 2011
X-ray Emission Spectroscopy Evidences a Central Carbon in the Nitrogenase Iron-Molybdenum Cofactor Lancaster, K. M.; Roemelt, M.; Ettenhuber, P. Science, Vol. 334, Issue 6058 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1206445	journal	November 2011
Extending the Carbon Chain: Hydrocarbon Formation Catalyzed by Vanadium/Molybdenum Nitrogenases Hu, Y.; Lee, C. C.; Ribbe, M. W. Science, Vol. 333, Issue 6043 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1206883	journal	August 2011
N2 Reduction and Hydrogenation to Ammonia by a Molecular Iron-Potassium Complex Rodriguez, M. M.; Bill, E.; Brennessel, W. W. Science, Vol. 334, Issue 6057 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1211906	journal	November 2011
Evidence for Interstitial Carbon in Nitrogenase FeMo Cofactor Spatzal, T.; Aksoyoglu, M.; Zhang, L. Science, Vol. 334, Issue 6058 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1214025	journal	November 2011
Radical SAM-Dependent Carbon Insertion into the Nitrogenase M-Cluster Wiig, J. A.; Hu, Y.; Lee, C. C. Science, Vol. 337, Issue 6102 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1224603	journal	September 2012
A Radical Route for Nitrogenase Carbide Insertion Boal, A. K.; Rosenzweig, A. C. Science, Vol. 337, Issue 6102 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1229088	journal	September 2012
Ligand binding to the FeMo-cofactor: Structures of CO-bound and reactivated nitrogenase Spatzal, T.; Perez, K. A.; Einsle, O. Science, Vol. 345, Issue 6204 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1256679	journal	September 2014
Crystallographic structure of the nitrogenase iron protein from Azotobacter vinelandii Georgiadis, M.; Komiya, H.; Chakrabarti, P. Science, Vol. 257, Issue 5077 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1529353	journal	September 1992
Structural models for the metal centers in the nitrogenase molybdenum-iron protein Kim, J.; Rees, D. Science, Vol. 257, Issue 5077 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1529354	journal	September 1992
A nitrogen pressure of 50 atmospheres does not prevent evolution of hydrogen by nitrogenase Simpson, F.; Burris, R. Science, Vol. 224, Issue 4653 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.6585956	journal	June 1984
The nitrogenase FeMo-cofactor and P-cluster pair: 2.2 A resolution structures Chan, M.; Kim, J.; Rees, D. Science, Vol. 260, Issue 5109 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.8484118	journal	May 1993
A bound reaction intermediate sheds light on the mechanism of nitrogenase Sippel, Daniel; Rohde, Michael; Netzer, Julia Science, Vol. 359, Issue 6383 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aar2765	journal	March 2018
Characterization of Diazotrophs Containing Mo-Independent Nitrogenases, Isolated from Diverse Natural Environments Betancourt, D. A.; Loveless, T. M.; Brown, J. W. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Vol. 74, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02694-07	journal	March 2008
Culture-Independent Characterization of a Gene Responsible for Nitrogen Fixation in the Symbiotic Microbial Community in the Gut of the Termite Neotermes koshunensis Noda, Satoko; Ohkuma, Moriya; Usami, Ron Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Vol. 65, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.65.11.4935-4942.1999	journal	November 1999
Transcriptional Profiling of Nitrogen Fixation in Azotobacter vinelandii Hamilton, T. L.; Ludwig, M.; Dixon, R. Journal of Bacteriology, Vol. 193, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.05099-11	journal	July 2011
Interactions among substrates and inhibitors of nitrogenase. Rivera-Ortiz, J. M.; Burris, R. H. Journal of Bacteriology, Vol. 123, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.123.2.537-545.1975	journal	January 1975
Purification of a second alternative nitrogenase from a nifHDK deletion strain of Azotobacter vinelandii. Chisnell, J. R.; Premakumar, R.; Bishop, P. E. Journal of Bacteriology, Vol. 170, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.170.1.27-33.1988	journal	January 1988
Nucleotide sequence and mutational analysis of the structural genes (anfHDGK) for the second alternative nitrogenase from Azotobacter vinelandii. Joerger, R. D.; Jacobson, M. R.; Premakumar, R. Journal of Bacteriology, Vol. 171, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.171.2.1075-1086.1989	journal	February 1989
Construction and characterization of an Azotobacter vinelandii strain with mutations in the genes encoding flavodoxin and ferredoxin I. Martin, A. E.; Burgess, B. K.; Iismaa, S. E. Journal of Bacteriology, Vol. 171, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.171.6.3162-3167.1989	journal	June 1989
Identification of an alternative nitrogenase system in Rhodospirillum rubrum. Lehman, L. J.; Roberts, G. P. Journal of Bacteriology, Vol. 173, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.173.18.5705-5711.1991	journal	September 1991
Nucleotide sequence and mutational analysis of the vnfENX region of Azotobacter vinelandii Wolfinger, E. D.; Bishop, P. E. Journal of Bacteriology, Vol. 173, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.173.23.7565-7572.1991	journal	December 1991
The nifY product of Klebsiella pneumoniae is associated with apodinitrogenase and dissociates upon activation with the iron-molybdenum cofactor. Homer, M. J.; Paustian, T. D.; Shah, V. K. Journal of Bacteriology, Vol. 175, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.175.15.4907-4910.1993	journal	January 1993
Purification and characterization of the alternative nitrogenase from the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodospirillum rubrum Davis, R.; Lehman, L.; Petrovich, R. Journal of Bacteriology, Vol. 178, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.178.5.1445-1450.1996	journal	March 1996
Functional Genomic Analysis of Three Nitrogenase Isozymes in the Photosynthetic Bacterium Rhodopseudomonas palustris Oda, Y.; Samanta, S. K.; Rey, F. E. Journal of Bacteriology, Vol. 187, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.187.22.7784-7794.2005	journal	November 2005
Insights into Hydrocarbon Formation by Nitrogenase Cofactor Homologs Lee, Chi Chung; Hu, Yilin; Ribbe, Markus W. mBio, Vol. 6, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.00307-15	journal	April 2015
Characterization of an M-Cluster-Substituted Nitrogenase VFe Protein Rebelein, Johannes G.; Lee, Chi Chung; Newcomb, Megan mBio, Vol. 9, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.00310-18	journal	March 2018
Biosynthesis of the Metalloclusters of Nitrogenases Hu, Yilin; Ribbe, Markus W. Annual Review of Biochemistry, Vol. 85, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-biochem-060614-034108	journal	June 2016
Mechanism of Mo-Dependent Nitrogenase Seefeldt, Lance C.; Hoffman, Brian M.; Dean, Dennis R. Annual Review of Biochemistry, Vol. 78, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biochem.78.070907.103812	journal	June 2009
Distribution of nitrogen fixation and nitrogenase-like sequences amongst microbial genomes Dos Santos, Patricia C.; Fang, Zhong; Mason, Steven W. BMC Genomics, Vol. 13, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-13-162	journal	January 2012
Genome-wide transcriptome profiling of nitrogen fixation in Paenibacillus sp. WLY78 Shi, Hao-wen; Wang, Li-ying; Li, Xin-xin BMC Microbiology, Vol. 16, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12866-016-0642-6	journal	March 2016
Bacterial Alternative Nitrogen Fixation Systems Joerger, Rolf D.; Bishop, Paul E.; Evans, Harold J. CRC Critical Reviews in Microbiology, Vol. 16, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3109/10408418809104465	journal	January 1988
An Alternative Path for the Evolution of Biological Nitrogen Fixation Boyd, Eric S.; Hamilton, Trinity L.; Peters, John W. Frontiers in Microbiology, Vol. 2 https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2011.00205	journal	January 2011
New insights into the evolutionary history of biological nitrogen fixation Boyd, Eric S.; Peters, John W. Frontiers in Microbiology, Vol. 4 https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2013.00201	journal	January 2013
Diversity and Activity of Alternative Nitrogenases in Sequenced Genomes and Coastal Environments McRose, Darcy L.; Zhang, Xinning; Kraepiel, Anne M. L. Frontiers in Microbiology, Vol. 8 https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2017.00267	journal	February 2017
The Fe Protein: An Unsung Hero of Nitrogenase Jasniewski, Andrew J.; Sickerman, Nathaniel S.; Hu, Yilin Inorganics, Vol. 6, Issue 1, p. 25 https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics6010025	journal	February 2018
Regulation of Three Nitrogenase Gene Clusters in the Cyanobacterium Anabaena variabilis ATCC 29413 Thiel, Teresa; Pratte, Brenda Life, Vol. 4, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.3390/life4040944	journal	December 2014
Catalysis-dependent selenium incorporation and migration in the nitrogenase active site iron-molybdenum cofactor Spatzal, Thomas; Perez, Kathryn A.; Howard, James B. eLife, Vol. 4 https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.11620	journal	December 2015

Similar Records

Selenol binds to iron in nitrogenase iron-molybdenum cofactor: An extended x-ray absorption fine structure study

Journal Article · Mon Feb 14 23:00:00 EST 1994 · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · OSTI ID:255158

AnfO controls fidelity of nitrogenase FeFe protein maturation by preventing misincorporation of FeV-cofactor

Journal Article · Sat Feb 26 23:00:00 EST 2022 · Molecular Microbiology · OSTI ID:1904478

X-ray absorption of Azotobacter vinelandii vanadium nitrogenase

Journal Article · Wed Jun 08 00:00:00 EDT 1988 · J. Am. Chem. Soc.; (United States) · OSTI ID:7200510

Related Subjects

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
Chemistry
Cluster chemistry
Crystal structure
Monomers
Nitrogen
Peptides and proteins

Reactivity, Mechanism, and Assembly of the Alternative Nitrogenases

Citation Formats

References (312)

Similar Records

Related Subjects