Evaluating ZEBRA Battery Module under the Peak-Shaving Duty Cycles

Shamim, Nimat; Thomsen, Edwin C.; Viswanathan, Vilayanur V.; Reed, David M.; Sprenkle, Vincent L.; Li, Guosheng

doi:10.3390/ma14092280

Evaluating ZEBRA Battery Module under the Peak-Shaving Duty Cycles

Journal Article · Wed Apr 28 00:00:00 EDT 2021 · Materials

DOI:https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14092280· OSTI ID:1780398

Shamim, Nimat; Thomsen, Edwin C.; Viswanathan, Vilayanur V.; Reed, David M.; Sprenkle, Vincent L.; Li, Guosheng

With the recent rapid increase in demand for reliable, long-cycle life, and safe battery technologies for large-scale energy-storage applications, a battery module based on ZEBRA battery chemistry is extensively evaluated for its application in peak shaving duty cycles. First, this module is tested with a full capacity cycle consisting of a charging process (factory default) and a discharging process with a current of 40 A. The battery energy efficiency (discharge vs. charge) is about 90%, and the overall energy efficiency is 80.9%, which includes the auxiliary power used to run the battery management system electronics and self-heating to maintain the module operating temperature (265 °C). Generally, because of the increased self-heating during the holding times that exist for the peak shaving duty cycles, the overall module efficiency decreases slightly for the peak-shaving duty cycles (70.7–71.8%) compared to the full-capacity duty cycle. With a 6 h, peak-shaving duty cycle, the overall energy efficiency increases from 71.8% for 7.5 kWh energy utilization to 74.1% for 8.5 kWh. We conducted long-term cycling tests of the module at a 6 h, peak-shaving duty cycle with 7.5 kWh energy utilization, and the module exhibited a capacity degradation rate of 0.0046%/cycle over 150 cycles (>150 days).

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Research Organization:: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Electricity (OE)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC05-76RL01830

OSTI ID:: 1780398

Alternate ID(s):: OSTI ID: 1811265

Report Number(s):: PNNL-SA--160793; PII: ma14092280

Journal Information:: Materials, Journal Name: Materials Journal Issue: 9 Vol. 14; ISSN 1996-1944; ISSN MATEG9

Publisher:: MDPI AGCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: Switzerland

Language:: English

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25 ENERGY STORAGE
ZEBRA battery
grid energy storage
long-term cycling
peak shaving duty cycle
sodium nickel chloride battery

Evaluating ZEBRA Battery Module under the Peak-Shaving Duty Cycles

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