Evidence of high-temperature exciton condensation in two-dimensional atomic double layers

Wang, Zefang; Rhodes, Daniel A.; Watanabe, Kenji; Taniguchi, Takashi; Hone, James C.; Shan, Jie; Mak, Kin Fai

doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1591-7

Evidence of high-temperature exciton condensation in two-dimensional atomic double layers

Journal Article · Wed Oct 02 00:00:00 EDT 2019 · Nature (London)

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1591-7· OSTI ID:1656860

Wang, Zefang ^[1]; Rhodes, Daniel A. ^[2]; Watanabe, Kenji ^[3]; Taniguchi, Takashi ^[3]; Hone, James C. ^[2]; Shan, Jie ^[4]; Mak, Kin Fai ^[4]

Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (United States); Cornell University
Columbia University, New York, NY (United States)
National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba (Japan)
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (United States); Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Ithaca, NY (United States)

A Bose–Einstein condensate is the ground state of a dilute gas of bosons, such as atoms cooled to temperatures close to absolute zero. With much smaller mass, excitons (bound electron–hole pairs) are expected to condense at considerably higher temperatures. Two-dimensional van der Waals semiconductors with very strong exciton binding are ideal systems for the study of high-temperature exciton condensation. Here we study electrically generated interlayer excitons in MoSe₂–WSe₂ atomic double layers with a density of up to 10¹² excitons per square centimetre. The interlayer tunnelling current depends only on the exciton density, which is indicative of correlated electron–hole pair tunnelling8. Strong electroluminescence arises when a hole tunnels from WSe₂ to recombine with an electron in MoSe₂. We observe a critical threshold dependence of the electroluminescence intensity on exciton density, accompanied by super-Poissonian photon statistics near the threshold, and a large electroluminescence enhancement with a narrow peak at equal electron and hole densities. The phenomenon persists above 100 kelvin, which is consistent with the predicted critical condensation temperature. Here, our study provides evidence for interlayer exciton condensation in two-dimensional atomic double layers and opens up opportunities for exploring condensate-based optoelectronics and exciton-mediated high-temperature superconductivity.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES). Materials Sciences & Engineering Division

Grant/Contract Number:: SC0019481

OSTI ID:: 1656860

Journal Information:: Nature (London), Journal Name: Nature (London) Journal Issue: 7776 Vol. 574; ISSN 0028-0836

Publisher:: Nature Publishing GroupCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

References (46)

Superradiance from p-n Junction of Hole- and Electron-Superconductors Hanamura, Eiichi physica status solidi (b), Vol. 234, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1002/1521-3951(200211)234:1<166::AID-PSSB166>3.0.CO;2-J	journal	November 2002
Bose?Einstein Condensation of Excitons in Bilayer Electron Systems Eisenstein, J. P.; MacDonald, A. H. ChemInform, Vol. 36, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1002/chin.200509248	journal	March 2005
Laserlight ? first example of a second-order phase transition far away from thermal equilibrium Graham, R.; Haken, H. Zeitschrift f�r Physik, Vol. 237, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01400474	journal	February 1970
Bose–Einstein condensation of excitons in bilayer electron systems Eisenstein, J. P.; MacDonald, A. H. Nature, Vol. 432, Issue 7018 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03081	journal	December 2004
Spontaneous coherence in a cold exciton gas High, A. A.; Leonard, J. R.; Hammack, A. T. Nature, Vol. 483, Issue 7391 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10903	journal	March 2012
High-temperature superfluidity with indirect excitons in van der Waals heterostructures Fogler, M. M.; Butov, L. V.; Novoselov, K. S. Nature Communications, Vol. 5, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms5555	journal	July 2014
Valley- and spin-polarized Landau levels in monolayer WSe2 Wang, Zefang; Shan, Jie; Mak, Kin Fai Nature Nanotechnology, Vol. 12, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2016.213	journal	October 2016
Photonics and optoelectronics of 2D semiconductor transition metal dichalcogenides Mak, Kin Fai; Shan, Jie Nature Photonics, Vol. 10, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2015.282	journal	March 2016
Quantum Hall drag of exciton condensate in graphene Liu, Xiaomeng; Watanabe, Kenji; Taniguchi, Takashi Nature Physics, Vol. 13, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1038/nphys4116	journal	May 2017
Excitonic superfluid phase in double bilayer graphene Li, J. I. A.; Taniguchi, T.; Watanabe, K. Nature Physics, Vol. 13, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1038/nphys4140	journal	May 2017
Ambipolar Landau levels and strong band-selective carrier interactions in monolayer WSe2 Gustafsson, Martin V.; Yankowitz, Matthew; Forsythe, Carlos Nature Materials, Vol. 17, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41563-018-0036-2	journal	March 2018
Interlayer valley excitons in heterobilayers of transition metal dichalcogenides Rivera, Pasqual; Yu, Hongyi; Seyler, Kyle L. Nature Nanotechnology, Vol. 13, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41565-018-0193-0	journal	August 2018
Isospin Pomeranchuk effect in twisted bilayer graphene Saito, Yu; Yang, Fangyuan; Ge, Jingyuan Nature, Vol. 592, Issue 7853 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03409-2	journal	April 2021
Polariton condensates Snoke, David; Littlewood, Peter Physics Today, Vol. 63, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3480075	journal	August 2010
Strong interlayer coupling in van der Waals heterostructures built from single-layer chalcogenides Fang, H.; Battaglia, C.; Carraro, C. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 111, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1405435111	journal	April 2014
The electron-hole liquid in semiconductors Keldysh, L. V. Contemporary Physics, Vol. 27, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1080/00107518608211022	journal	September 1986
Condensation and pattern formation in cold exciton gases in coupled quantum wells Butov, L. V. Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, Vol. 16, Issue 50 https://doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/16/50/R02	journal	December 2004
Cold exciton gases in coupled quantum well structures Butov, L. V. Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, Vol. 19, Issue 29 https://doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/19/29/295202	journal	June 2007
Analogy between the Laser Threshold Region and a Second-Order Phase Transition DeGiorgio, V.; Scully, Marlan O. Physical Review A, Vol. 2, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.2.1170	journal	October 1970
Density imbalance effect on the Coulomb drag upturn in an undoped electron-hole bilayer Morath, Christian P.; Seamons, John A.; Reno, John L. Physical Review B, Vol. 79, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.79.041305	journal	January 2009
Theory of two-dimensional spatially indirect equilibrium exciton condensates Wu, Feng-Cheng; Xue, Fei; MacDonald, A. H. Physical Review B, Vol. 92, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.92.165121	journal	October 2015
High-temperature superfluidity of the two-component Bose gas in a transition metal dichalcogenide bilayer Berman, Oleg L.; Kezerashvili, Roman Ya. Physical Review B, Vol. 93, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.93.245410	journal	June 2016
Exciton condensate in bilayer transition metal dichalcogenides: Strong coupling regime Debnath, Bishwajit; Barlas, Yafis; Wickramaratne, Darshana Physical Review B, Vol. 96, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.96.174504	journal	November 2017
Interlayer excitons in transition metal dichalcogenide heterostructures Van der Donck, M.; Peeters, F. M. Physical Review B, Vol. 98, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.98.115104	journal	September 2018
Anomalous Coulomb Drag in Electron-Hole Bilayers due to the Formation of Excitons Efimkin, Dmitry K.; Galitski, Victor Physical Review Letters, Vol. 116, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.046801	journal	January 2016
Quantized Vortices and Four-Component Superfluidity of Semiconductor Excitons Anankine, Romain; Beian, Mussie; Dang, Suzanne Physical Review Letters, Vol. 118, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.118.127402	journal	March 2017
Strongly Enhanced Tunneling at Total Charge Neutrality in Double-Bilayer Graphene- WSe 2 Heterostructures Burg, G. William; Prasad, Nitin; Kim, Kyounghwan Physical Review Letters, Vol. 120, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.120.177702	journal	April 2018
Electrical Reservoirs for Bilayer Excitons Xie, Ming; MacDonald, A. H. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 121, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.067702	journal	August 2018
Defect Proliferation at the Quasicondensate Crossover of Two-Dimensional Dipolar Excitons Trapped in Coupled GaAs Quantum Wells Dang, Suzanne; Anankine, Romain; Gomez, Carmen Physical Review Letters, Vol. 122, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.117402	journal	March 2019
Prospecting for the Superfluid Transition in Electron-Hole Coupled Quantum Wells Using Coulomb Drag Hu, Ben Yu-Kuang Physical Review Letters, Vol. 85, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.85.820	journal	July 2000
Nobel Lecture: Bose-Einstein condensation in a dilute gas, the first 70 years and some recent experiments Cornell, E. A.; Wieman, C. E. Reviews of Modern Physics, Vol. 74, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.74.875	journal	August 2002
Exciton-polariton Bose-Einstein condensation Deng, Hui; Haug, Hartmut; Yamamoto, Yoshihisa Reviews of Modern Physics, Vol. 82, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.82.1489	journal	May 2010
Spontaneous Bose Coherence of Excitons and Polaritons Snoke, D. Science, Vol. 298, Issue 5597 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1078082	journal	November 2002
One-Dimensional Electrical Contact to a Two-Dimensional Material Wang, L.; Meric, I.; Huang, P. Y. Science, Vol. 342, Issue 6158 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1244358	journal	October 2013
Signatures of exciton condensation in a transition metal dichalcogenide Kogar, Anshul; Rak, Melinda S.; Vig, Sean Science, Vol. 358, Issue 6368 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aam6432	journal	December 2017
Superconductor-based Light Emitting Diode: Demonstration of Role of Cooper Pairs in Radiative Recombination Processes Hayashi, Yujiro; Tanaka, Kazunori; Akazaki, Tatsushi Applied Physics Express, Vol. 1, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1143/APEX.1.011701	journal	January 2008
Spontaneous coherence in a cold exciton gas High, Alexander A.; Leonard, Jason R.; Hammack, Aaron T. Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference, Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics 2012 https://doi.org/10.1364/qels.2012.qth4e.4	conference	January 2012
High-temperature superfluidity with indirect excitons in van der Waals heterostructures Fogler, M. M.; Butov, L. V.; Novoselov, K. S. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1404.1418	text	January 2014
Theory of Two-Dimensional Spatially Indirect Equilibrium Exciton Condensates Wu, Feng-Cheng; Xue, Fei; MacDonald, A. H. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1506.01947	text	January 2015
Quantized Vortices and Four-Component Superfluidity of Semiconductor Excitons Anankine, Romain; Beian, Mussie; Dang, Suzanne arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1606.04755	text	January 2016
Excitonic superfluid phase in Double Bilayer Graphene Li, J. I. A.; Taniguchi, T.; Watanabe, K. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1608.05846	text	January 2016
Exciton condensate in bilayer transition metal dichalcogenides: strong coupling regime Debnath, Bishwajit; Barlas, Yafis; Wickramaratne, Darshana arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1707.07064	text	January 2017
Ambipolar Landau levels and strong band-selective carrier interactions in monolayer WSe$_2$ Gustafsson, Martin V.; Yankowitz, Matthew; Forsythe, Carlos arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1707.08083	text	January 2017
Interlayer excitons in transition metal dichalcogenide heterostructures Van der Donck, M.; Peeters, F. M. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1809.01065	text	January 2018
Bose-Einstein Condensation of Excitons in Bilayer Electron Systems Eisenstein, J. P.; MacDonald, A. H. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.cond-mat/0404113	text	January 2004
Prospecting for the superfluid transition in electron-hole coupled quantum wells using Coulomb drag Hu, Ben Yu-Kuang arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.cond-mat/9908137	preprint	January 1999

Cited By (1)

Two-dimensional semiconductors host high-temperature exotic state Chaves, Andrey; Neilson, David Nature, Vol. 574, Issue 7776 https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-019-02906-9	journal	October 2019

Similar Records

Correlated interlayer exciton insulator in heterostructures of monolayer WSe₂ and moiré WS₂/WSe₂

Journal Article · Mon Aug 08 00:00:00 EDT 2022 · Nature Physics · OSTI ID:1994334

Superposition of intra- and inter-layer excitons in twistronic MoSe ₂ /WSe ₂ bilayers probed by resonant Raman scattering

Journal Article · Thu Mar 25 00:00:00 EDT 2021 · 2D Materials · OSTI ID:1852526

Interlayer exciton optoelectronics in a 2D heterostructure p–n junction

Journal Article · Wed Dec 21 23:00:00 EST 2016 · Nano Letters · OSTI ID:1350948

Related Subjects

42 ENGINEERING

Evidence of high-temperature exciton condensation in two-dimensional atomic double layers

Citation Formats

References (46)

Cited By (1)

Similar Records

Related Subjects