Global Genetic Population Structure of Bacillus anthracis

Journal Article · Wed May 23 00:00:00 EDT 2007 · PLoS ONE

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0000461· OSTI ID:1627333

Van Ert, Matthew N. ^[1]; Easterday, W. Ryan ^[1]; Huynh, Lynn Y. ^[1]; Okinaka, Richard T. ^[2]; Hugh-Jones, Martin E. ^[3]; Ravel, Jacques ^[4]; Zanecki, Shaylan R. ^[1]; Pearson, Talima ^[1]; Simonson, Tatum S. ^[1]; U'Ren, Jana M. ^[1]; Kachur, Sergey M. ^[1]; Leadem-Dougherty, Rebecca R. ^[1]; Rhoton, Shane D. ^[1]; Zinser, Guenevier ^[1]; Farlow, Jason ^[1]; Coker, Pamala R. ^[3]; Smith, Kimothy L. ^[1]; Wang, Bingxiang ^[5]; Kenefic, Leo J. ^[1]; Fraser-Liggett, Claire M. ^[4] ; Wagner, David M. ^[1]; Keim, Paul ^[6]

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1. Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ (United States)
2. Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ (United States); Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)
3. Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA (United States)
4. The Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville, MD (United States)
5. Lanzhou Institute of Biological Products, Lanzhou (China)
6. Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ (United States); Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States); Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ (United States)

Anthrax, caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis, is a disease of historical and current importance that is found throughout the world. The basis of its historical transmission is anecdotal and its true global population structure has remained largely cryptic. Seven diverse B. anthracis strains were whole-genome sequenced to identify rare single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), followed by phylogenetic reconstruction of these characters onto an evolutionary model. This analysis identified SNPs that define the major clonal lineages within the species. These SNPs, in concert with 15 variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) markers, were used to subtype a collection of 1,033 B. anthracis isolates from 42 countries to create an extensive genotype data set. These analyses subdivided the isolates into three previously recognized major lineages (A, B, and C), with further subdivision into 12 clonal sub-lineages or sub-groups and, finally, 221 unique MLVA15 genotypes. This rare genomic variation was used to document the evolutionary progression of B. anthracis and to establish global patterns of diversity. Isolates in the A lineage are widely dispersed globally, whereas the B and C lineages occur on more restricted spatial scales. Molecular clock models based upon genome-wide synonymous substitutions indicate there was a massive radiation of the A lineage that occurred in the mid-Holocene (3,064–6,127 ybp). On more recent temporal scales, the global population structure of B. anthracis reflects colonial-era importation of specific genotypes from the Old World into the New World, as well as the repeated industrial importation of diverse genotypes into developed countries via spore-contaminated animal products. These findings indicate humans have played an important role in the evolution of anthrax by increasing the proliferation and dispersal of this now global disease. Finally, the value of global genotypic analysis for investigating bioterrorist-mediated outbreaks of anthrax is demonstrated.

• Research Organization: Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)
• Sponsoring Organization: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Biological and Environmental Research (BER); National Institutes of Health (NIH)
• Grant/Contract Number: AC52-06NA25396
• OSTI ID: 1627333
• Journal Information: PLoS ONE, Vol. 2, Issue 5; ISSN 1932-6203
• Publisher: Public Library of Science
• Country of Publication: United States
• Language: English

Related Subjects

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
bacillus anthracis
single nucleotide polymorphisms
anthrax
genomics
phylogenetics
phylogeography
phylogenetic analysis
population genetics