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Title: Evolution of substrate specificity in bacterial AA10 lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases

Journal Article · · Biotechnology for Biofuels
 [1];  [2];  [3];  [1];  [4];  [3]
  1. Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (GLBRC), Madison, WI (United States); Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI (United States). Dept. of Bacteriology
  2. Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI (United States). Dept. of Biochemistry; Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI (United States). Biochemistry Addition
  3. Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (GLBRC), Madison, WI (United States); Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI (United States). Dept. of Biochemistry
  4. Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (GLBRC), Madison, WI (United States); Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI (United States). Dept. of Biochemistry; Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI (United States). Biochemistry Addition

Background: Understanding the diversity of lignocellulose-degrading enzymes in nature will provide insights for the improvement of cellulolytic enzyme cocktails used in the biofuels industry. Two families of enzymes, fungal AA9 and bacterial AA10, have recently been characterized as crystalline cellulose or chitin-cleaving lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs). Here we analyze the sequences, structures, and evolution of LPMOs to understand the factors that may influence substrate specificity both within and between these enzyme families. Results: Comparative analysis of sequences, solved structures, and homology models from AA9 and AA10 LPMO families demonstrated that, although these two LPMO families are highly conserved, structurally they have minimal sequence similarity outside the active site residues. Phylogenetic analysis of the AA10 family identified clades with putative chitinolytic and cellulolytic activities. Estimation of the rate of synonymous versus non-synonymous substitutions (dN/dS) within two major AA10 subclades showed distinct selective pressures between putative cellulolytic genes (subclade A) and CBP21-like chitinolytic genes (subclade D). Estimation of site-specific selection demonstrated that changes in the active sites were strongly negatively selected in all subclades. Furthermore, all codons in the subclade D had dN/dS values of less than 0.7, whereas codons in the cellulolytic subclade had dN/dS values of greater than 1.5. Positively selected codons were enriched at sites localized on the surface of the protein adjacent to the active site. Conclusions: The structural similarity but absence of significant sequence similarity between AA9 and AA10 families suggests that these enzyme families share an ancient ancestral protein. Combined analysis of amino acid sites under Darwinian selection and structural homology modeling identified a subclade of AA10 with diversifying selection at different surfaces, potentially used for cellulose-binding and protein-protein interactions. Together, these data indicate that AA10 LPMOs are under selection to change their function, which may optimize cellulolytic activity. This work provides a phylogenetic basis for identifying and classifying additional cellulolytic or chitinolytic LPMOs.

Research Organization:
Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI (United States)
Sponsoring Organization:
USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES)
Grant/Contract Number:
FC02-07ER64494; FG02-04ER25627
OSTI ID:
1626659
Journal Information:
Biotechnology for Biofuels, Vol. 7, Issue 1; ISSN 1754-6834
Publisher:
BioMed CentralCopyright Statement
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English

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Profile Comparer Extended: phylogeny of lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase families using profile hidden Markov model alignments journal January 2019
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Discovery, activity and characterisation of an AA10 lytic polysaccharide oxygenase from the shipworm symbiont Teredinibacter turnerae journal September 2019
Fiber-associated spirochetes are major agents of hemicellulose degradation in the hindgut of wood-feeding higher termites journal November 2018
The Contribution of Non-catalytic Carbohydrate Binding Modules to the Activity of Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenases journal January 2016
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Structural and functional characterization of a small chitin-active lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase domain of a multi-modular chitinase from Jonesia denitrificans journal December 2015
Evolution of High Cellulolytic Activity in Symbiotic Streptomyces through Selection of Expanded Gene Content and Coordinated Gene Expression journal June 2016
Optimization of a metatranscriptomic approach to study the lignocellulolytic potential of the higher termite gut microbiome journal September 2017
AA9 and AA10: from enigmatic to essential enzymes journal October 2015
Oxidoreductases and Reactive Oxygen Species in Conversion of Lignocellulosic Biomass journal September 2018
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Structural and Functional Analysis of a Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenase Important for Efficient Utilization of Chitin in Cellvibrio japonicus journal February 2016
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