Skip to main content
U.S. Department of Energy
Office of Scientific and Technical Information

XRCC4 Protein Interactions with XRCC4-like Factor (XLF) Create an Extended Grooved Scaffold for DNA Ligation and Double Strand Break Repair

Journal Article · · Journal of Biological Chemistry
 [1];  [2];  [2];  [3];  [4];  [4];  [5];  [2];  [2];  [3];  [2];  [2];  [6]
  1. Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). Physical Biosciences Division; DOE/OSTI
  2. Univ. of Calgary, AB (Canada). Southern Alberta Cancer Research Inst. Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
  3. Univ. of Calgary, AB (Canada). Cross Cancer Inst. Dept. of Oncology
  4. Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). Physical Biosciences Division
  5. The Scripps Research Inst., La Jolla, CA (United States). Skaggs Inst. of Chemical Biology. Dept. of Molecular Biology
  6. The Scripps Research Inst., La Jolla, CA (United States). Skaggs Inst. of Chemical Biology. Dept. of Molecular Biology; Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). Life Sciences Division
The XRCC4-like factor (XLF)-XRCC4 complex is essential for nonhomologous end joining, the major repair pathway for DNA double strand breaks in human cells. Yet, how XLF binds XRCC4 and impacts nonhomologous end joining functions has been enigmatic. Here, we report the XLF-XRCC4 complex crystal structure in combination with biophysical and mutational analyses to define the XLF-XRCC4 interactions. Crystal and solution structures plus mutations characterize alternating XRCC4 and XLF head domain interfaces forming parallel superhelical filaments. XLF Leu-115 (“Leu-lock”) inserts into a hydrophobic pocket formed by XRCC4 Met-59, Met-61, Lys-65, Lys99, Phe-106, and Leu-108 in synergy with pseudo-symmetric -zipper hydrogen bonds to drive specificity. XLF C terminus and DNA enhance parallel filament formation. Super-helical XLF-XRCC4 filaments form a positively charged channel to bind DNA and align ends for efficient ligation. Collective results reveal how human XLF and XRCC4 interact to bind DNA, suggest consequences of patient mutations, and support a unified molecular mechanism for XLF-XRCC4 stimulation of DNA ligation.
Research Organization:
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)
Sponsoring Organization:
USDOE Office of Science (SC), Biological and Environmental Research (BER). Biological Systems Science Division
Grant/Contract Number:
AC02-05CH11231
OSTI ID:
1625074
Journal Information:
Journal of Biological Chemistry, Journal Name: Journal of Biological Chemistry Journal Issue: 37 Vol. 286; ISSN 0021-9258
Publisher:
American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyCopyright Statement
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English

References (61)

DNA Double-Strand Break Repair: A Relentless Hunt Uncovers New Prey journal January 2006
Human Flap Endonuclease Structures, DNA Double-Base Flipping, and a Unified Understanding of the FEN1 Superfamily journal April 2011
DNA-PK and ATM phosphorylation sites in XLF/Cernunnos are not required for repair of DNA double strand breaks journal October 2008
A structural model for regulation of NHEJ by DNA-PKcs autophosphorylation journal December 2010
Functional significance of the interaction with Ku in DNA double-strand break recognition of XLF journal February 2011
Crystal Structure of Human XLF: A Twist in Nonhomologous DNA End-Joining journal December 2007
The DNA Damage Response: Making It Safe to Play with Knives journal October 2010
Bridging the solution divide: comprehensive structural analyses of dynamic RNA, DNA, and protein assemblies by small-angle X-ray scattering journal February 2010
X-ray solution scattering (SAXS) combined with crystallography and computation: defining accurate macromolecular structures, conformations and assemblies in solution journal August 2007
Human DNA Ligase III Recognizes DNA Ends by Dynamic Switching between Two DNA-Bound States journal July 2010
Structure of the Ku heterodimer bound to DNA and its implications for double-strand break repair journal August 2001
Human DNA ligase I completely encircles and partially unwinds nicked DNA journal November 2004
Robust, high-throughput solution structural analyses by small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) journal July 2009
Molecular mimicry of SUMO promotes DNA repair journal April 2009
SUMO-targeted ubiquitin ligases in genome stability journal August 2007
Crystal structure of human XLF/Cernunnos reveals unexpected differences from XRCC4 with implications for NHEJ journal November 2007
Cernunnos/XLF promotes the ligation of mismatched and noncohesive DNA ends journal April 2007
Evolutionary and Functional Conservation of the DNA Non-homologous End-joining Protein, XLF/Cernunnos* journal December 2006
Length-dependent Binding of Human XLF to DNA and Stimulation of XRCC4·DNA Ligase IV Activity* journal April 2007
DNA-PK is activated by nucleosomes and phosphorylates H2AX within the nucleosomes in an acetylation-dependent manner journal December 2003
Phaser crystallographic software journal July 2007
Coot model-building tools for molecular graphics journal November 2004
The C-Terminal Domain of Cernunnos/XLF Is Dispensable for DNA Repair In Vivo journal December 2008
Eukaryotic DNA Ligases: Structural and Functional Insights journal June 2008
Loading of the Nonhomologous End Joining Factor, Ku, on Protein-occluded DNA Ends text January 2007
Dual Modes of Interaction between XRCC4 and Polynucleotide Kinase/Phosphatase: IMPLICATIONS FOR NONHOMOLOGOUS END JOINING text January 2010
PHENIX: a comprehensive Python-based system for macromolecular structure solution. text January 2010
Crystal structure of DNA-PKcs reveals a large open-ring cradle comprised of HEAT repeats. text January 2010
Structure and flexibility within proteins as identified through small angle X-ray scattering journal January 2009
Live cell imaging of XLF and XRCC4 reveals a novel view of protein assembly in the non-homologous end-joining pathway journal May 2008
[20] Processing of X-ray diffraction data collected in oscillation mode book January 1997
Cernunnos, a Novel Nonhomologous End-Joining Factor, Is Mutated in Human Immunodeficiency with Microcephaly journal January 2006
XLF Interacts with the XRCC4-DNA Ligase IV Complex to Promote DNA Nonhomologous End-Joining journal January 2006
DNA base damage recognition and removal: New twists and grooves journal September 2005
XLF Regulates Filament Architecture of the XRCC4·Ligase IV Complex journal November 2010
X-ray solution scattering (SAXS) combined with crystallography and computation: defining accurate macromolecular structures, conformations and assemblies in solution journal August 2007
Flipping of alkylated DNA damage bridges base and nucleotide excision repair journal June 2009
Crystal structure of DNA-PKcs reveals a large open-ring cradle comprised of HEAT repeats journal December 2009
Crystal structure of an Xrcc4–DNA ligase IV complex journal November 2001
NHEJ and its backup pathways in chromosomal translocations journal April 2010
Cavin1 intrinsically disordered domains are essential for fuzzy electrostatic interactions and caveola formation journal February 2021
Ku recruits XLF to DNA double-strand breaks journal December 2007
Repair of ionizing radiation-induced DNA double-strand breaks by non-homologous end-joining journal January 2009
Dual Modes of Interaction between XRCC4 and Polynucleotide Kinase/Phosphatase: IMPLICATIONS FOR NONHOMOLOGOUS END JOINING journal September 2010
Ku and DNA-dependent Protein Kinase Dynamic Conformations and Assembly Regulate DNA Binding and the Initial Non-homologous End Joining Complex journal November 2009
Delineation of the Xrcc4-interacting Region in the Globular Head Domain of Cernunnos/XLF* journal August 2010
Evolutionary and Functional Conservation of the DNA Non-homologous End-joining Protein, XLF/Cernunnos* journal December 2006
Length-dependent Binding of Human XLF to DNA and Stimulation of XRCC4·DNA Ligase IV Activity* journal April 2007
Loading of the Nonhomologous End Joining Factor, Ku, on Protein-occluded DNA Ends journal April 2007
Crystal structure of the Xrcc4 DNA repair protein and implications for end joining journal November 2000
XLF-Cernunnos promotes DNA ligase IV–XRCC4 re-adenylation following ligation journal December 2008
FoXS: a web server for rapid computation and fitting of SAXS profiles journal May 2010
Phaser crystallographic software journal July 2007
DAMMIF, a program for rapid ab-initio shape determination in small-angle scattering journal January 2009
Determination of the regularization parameter in indirect-transform methods using perceptual criteria journal August 1992
Coot model-building tools for molecular graphics journal November 2004
PHENIX: a comprehensive Python-based system for macromolecular structure solution journal January 2010
Software for the high-throughput collection of SAXS data using an enhanced Blu-Ice / DCS control system journal September 2010
The C-Terminal Domain of Cernunnos/XLF Is Dispensable for DNA Repair In Vivo journal December 2008
Structural and Functional Interaction between the Human DNA Repair Proteins DNA Ligase IV and XRCC4 journal March 2009
Improving small-angle X-ray scattering data for structural analyses of the RNA world journal January 2010

Cited By (51)

Glyceryl ether, wax ester and triglyceride composition of the mouse preputial gland journal November 1969
Validation of macromolecular flexibility in solution by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) journal May 2012
Achieving selectivity in space and time with DNA double-strand-break response and repair: molecular stages and scaffolds come with strings attached journal September 2016
Structural Basis of DNA Ligase IV-Artemis Interaction in Nonhomologous End-Joining journal December 2012
A Versatile Scaffold Contributes to Damage Survival via Sumoylation and Nuclease Interactions journal October 2014
Non-homologous end joining: Emerging themes and unanswered questions journal May 2014
The RAG recombinase: Beyond breaking journal July 2017
Plugged into the Ku-DNA hub: The NHEJ network journal October 2019
Structural Insights into the Role of Domain Flexibility in Human DNA Ligase IV journal July 2012
RAG2 and XLF/Cernunnos interplay reveals a novel role for the RAG complex in DNA repair journal February 2016
Stabilizing synapsis journal June 2018
A single XLF dimer bridges DNA ends during nonhomologous end joining journal September 2018
Cooperative Assembly of a Protein-DNA Filament for Nonhomologous End Joining journal June 2013
An Intrinsically Disordered APLF Links Ku, DNA-PKcs, and XRCC4-DNA Ligase IV in an Extended Flexible Non-homologous End Joining Complex journal December 2016
XRCC4's interaction with XLF is required for coding (but not signal) end joining journal January 2012
A human XRCC4–XLF complex bridges DNA journal January 2012
ModBase, a database of annotated comparative protein structure models and associated resources journal November 2013
SFPQ•NONO and XLF function separately and together to promote DNA double-strand break repair via canonical nonhomologous end joining journal December 2016
DNA repair factor APLF acts as a H2A-H2B histone chaperone through binding its DNA interaction surface journal June 2018
XRCC4/XLF Interaction Is Variably Required for DNA Repair and Is Not Required for Ligase IV Stimulation journal September 2015
Integrative structural modeling with small angle X-ray scattering profiles journal January 2012
Resolution of complex ends by Nonhomologous end joining - better to be lucky than good? journal January 2012
XLF-mediated NHEJ activity in hepatocellular carcinoma therapy resistance journal May 2017
Canonical Non-Homologous End Joining in Mitosis Induces Genome Instability and Is Suppressed by M-phase-Specific Phosphorylation of XRCC4 journal August 2014
Specific Roles of XRCC4 Paralogs PAXX and XLF during V(D)J Recombination. journalarticle January 2016
Identification Of Natural Compound Derivative For Inhibition Of XLF And Overcoming Chemoresistance In Colorectal Cancer Cells journal November 2019
Integration of DNA Damage and Repair with Murine Double-Minute 2 (Mdm2) in Tumorigenesis journal December 2012
The Expression Levels of XLF and Mutant P53 Are Inversely Correlated in Head and Neck Cancer Cells journal January 2016
Mutational phospho-mimicry reveals a regulatory role for the XRCC4 and XLF C-terminal tails in modulating DNA bridging during classical non-homologous end joining journal May 2017
Mechanisms of DNA damage, repair, and mutagenesis: DNA Damage and Repair journal May 2017
DOT2: Macromolecular docking with improved biophysical models journal May 2013
High-Throughput SAXS for the Characterization of Biomolecules in Solution: A Practical Approach book October 2013
Role of non-homologous end joining in V(D)J recombination journal May 2012
Sliding sleeves of XRCC4–XLF bridge DNA and connect fragments of broken DNA journal July 2016
Interactome analysis identifies a new paralogue of XRCC4 in non-homologous end joining DNA repair pathway journal February 2015
The nucleoskeleton protein IFFO1 immobilizes broken DNA and suppresses chromosome translocation during tumorigenesis journal September 2019
Dissection of DNA double-strand-break repair using novel single-molecule forceps journal May 2018
XLF and APLF bind Ku80 at two remote sites to ensure DNA repair by non-homologous end joining journal October 2018
Structural mechanism of DNA-end synapsis in the non-homologous end joining pathway for repairing double-strand breaks: bridge over troubled ends journal December 2019
Aggregation propensities of superoxide dismutase G93 hotspot mutants mirror ALS clinical phenotypes journal October 2014
Deficiency of XLF and PAXX prevents DNA double-strand break repair by non-homologous end joining in lymphocytes journal January 2017
XLF and H2AX function in series to promote replication fork stability journal May 2019
Structural and functional characterization of the PNKP–XRCC4–LigIV DNA repair complex journal April 2017
Implementation and performance of SIBYLS: a dual endstation small-angle X-ray scattering and macromolecular crystallography beamline at the Advanced Light Source journal January 2013
Cernunnos Deficiency Reduces Thymocyte Life Span and Alters the T Cell Repertoire in Mice and Humans journal December 2012
XRCC4 and XLF form long helical protein filaments suitable for DNA end protection and alignment to facilitate DNA double strand break repair journal February 2013
Consider the workhorse: Nonhomologous end-joining in budding yeast journal October 2016
Transposon Invasion of the Paramecium Germline Genome Countered by a Domesticated PiggyBac Transposase and the NHEJ Pathway journal July 2012
Dissection of DNA double-strand-break repair using novel single-molecule forceps. text January 2018
Deficiency of XLF and PAXX prevents DNA double-strand break repair by non-homologous end joining in lymphocytes audiovisual January 2017
Deficiency of XLF and PAXX prevents DNA double-strand break repair by non-homologous end joining in lymphocytes audiovisual January 2017

Similar Records

Crystal Structure of Human XLF: A Twist in Nonhomologous DNA End-Joining
Journal Article · Sun Dec 31 23:00:00 EST 2006 · Molecular Cell · OSTI ID:959938

Structural and Functional Interaction Between the Human DNA Repair Proteins DNA ligase IV and XRCC4
Journal Article · Wed Dec 31 23:00:00 EST 2008 · Molecular and Cellular Biology · OSTI ID:980493