Repeat variation in the human PER2 gene as a new genetic marker associated with cocaine addiction and brain dopamine D2 receptor availability

Shumay, E.; Fowler, J. S.; Wang, G-J; Logan, J.; Alia-Klein, N.; Goldstein, R. Z.; Maloney, T.; Wong, C.; Volkow, N. D.

doi:10.1038/tp.2012.11

Title: Repeat variation in the human PER2 gene as a new genetic marker associated with cocaine addiction and brain dopamine D2 receptor availability

Journal Article · Tue Mar 06 00:00:00 EST 2012 · Translational Psychiatry

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1038/tp.2012.11· OSTI ID:1624904

Shumay, E. ^[1]; Fowler, J. S. ^[1]; Wang, G-J ^[1]; Logan, J. ^[1]; Alia-Klein, N. ^[1]; Goldstein, R. Z. ^[1]; Maloney, T. ^[1]; Wong, C. ^[1]; Volkow, N. D. ^[2]

Brookhaven National Lab. (BNL), Upton, NY (United States). Medical Dept. Center for Translational Neuroimaging
National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD (United States)

Low dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) levels in the striatum are consistently reported in cocaine abusers; inter-individual variations in the degree of the decrease suggest a modulating effect of genetic makeup on vulnerability to addiction. The PER2 (Period 2) gene belongs to the clock genes family of circadian regulators; circadian oscillations of PER2 expression in the striatum was modulated by dopamine through D2Rs. Aberrant periodicity of PER2 contributes to the incidence and severity of various brain disorders, including drug addiction. Here we report a newly identified variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphism in the human PER2 gene (VNTR in the third intron). We found significant differences in the VNTR alleles prevalence across ethnic groups so that the major allele (4 repeats (4R)) is over-represented in non-African population (4R homozygosity is 88%), but not in African Americans (homozygosity 51%). We also detected a biased PER2 genotype distribution among healthy controls and cocaine addicted individuals. In African Americans, the proportion of 4R/three repeat (3R) carriers in healthy controls is much lower than that in cocaine abusers (23% vs 39%, P ¼ 0.004), whereas among non-Africans most 3R/4R heterozygotes are healthy controls (10.5% vs 2.5%, P ¼ 0.04). Analysis of striatal D2R availability measured with positron emission tomography and [11C]raclopride revealed higher levels of D2R in carriers of 4R/4R genotype (Po0.01). Taken together, these results provide preliminary evidence for the role of the PER2 gene in regulating striatal D2R availability in the human brain and in vulnerability for cocaine addiction.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Cite

Export

Save

Research Organization:: Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Biological and Environmental Research (BER). Biological Systems Science Division

Grant/Contract Number:: SC0012704

OSTI ID:: 1624904

Journal Information:: Translational Psychiatry, Vol. 2, Issue 3; ISSN 2158-3188

Publisher:: Nature Publishing GroupCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

References (64)

Argonaute 2 in dopamine 2 receptor–expressing neurons regulates cocaine addiction Schaefer, Anne; Im, Heh-In; Venø, Morten T. Journal of Experimental Medicine, Vol. 207, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20100451	journal	July 2010
Polymorphisms TaqI A of the DRD2, BalI of the DRD3, exon III repeat of the DRD4, and 3′ UTR VNTR of the DAT: Association with childhood ADHD in male African-Caribbean cocaine dependents? Ballon, Nicolas; Leroy, Sophie; Roy, Christianne American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics, Vol. 144B, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.b.30540	journal	January 2007
Variable Tandem Repeats Accelerate Evolution of Coding and Regulatory Sequences Gemayel, Rita; Vinces, Marcelo D.; Legendre, Matthieu Annual Review of Genetics, Vol. 44, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-genet-072610-155046	journal	December 2010
Sleep architecture, cocaine and visual learning Morgan, Peter T.; Pace-Schott, Edward F.; Sahul, Zakir H. Addiction, Vol. 103, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02233.x	journal	August 2008
Signals of recent positive selection in a worldwide sample of human populations Pickrell, J. K.; Coop, G.; Novembre, J. Genome Research, Vol. 19, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1101/gr.087577.108	journal	March 2009
Dopamine receptor-mediated regulation of neuronal “clock” gene expression Imbesi, M.; Yildiz, S.; Dirim Arslan, A. Neuroscience, Vol. 158, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.10.044	journal	January 2009
Complex divergence at a microsatellite marker C1_2_5 in the lineage of HLA-Cw/-B haplotype Shichi, Daisuke; Ota, Masao; Katsuyama, Yoshihiko Journal of Human Genetics, Vol. 54, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1038/jhg.2009.15	journal	February 2009
Circadian and CLOCK-controlled regulation of the mouse transcriptome and cell proliferation Miller, B. H.; McDearmon, E. L.; Panda, S. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 104, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0611724104	journal	February 2007
Association study between the DAT1, DBH and DRD2 genes and cocaine dependence in a Spanish sample Fernàndez-Castillo, Noèlia; Ribasés, Marta; Roncero, Carlos Psychiatric Genetics, Vol. 20, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1097/YPG.0b013e32833b6320	journal	January 2010
Addiction: Beyond dopamine reward circuitry Volkow, N. D.; Wang, G. -J.; Fowler, J. S. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 108, Issue 37 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1010654108	journal	March 2011
Circadian rhythms in gene expression: Relationship to physiology, disease, drug disposition and drug action☆ Sukumaran, Siddharth; Almon, Richard R.; DuBois, Debra C. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, Vol. 62, Issue 9-10 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2010.05.009	journal	July 2010
PER2 variantion is associated with depression vulnerability Lavebratt, Catharina; Sjöholm, Louise K.; Partonen, Timo American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics, Vol. 153B, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.b.31021	journal	August 2009
Regulation of BMAL1 Protein Stability and Circadian Function by GSK3β-Mediated Phosphorylation Sahar, Saurabh; Zocchi, Loredana; Kinoshita, Chisato PLoS ONE, Vol. 5, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0008561	journal	January 2010
Effects of chronic cocaine abuse on postsynaptic dopamine receptors Volkow, N. D.; Fowler, J. S.; Wolf, A. P. American Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 147, Issue 6, p. 719-724 https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.147.6.719	journal	June 1990
Intronic Polymorphisms Affecting Alternative Splicing of Human Dopamine D2 Receptor Are Associated with Cocaine Abuse Moyer, Robert A.; Wang, Danxin; Papp, Audrey C. Neuropsychopharmacology, Vol. 36, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2010.208	journal	December 2010
Human clock, PER1 and PER2 polymorphisms: lack of association with cocaine dependence susceptibility and cocaine-induced paranoia Malison, Robert T.; Kranzler, Henry R.; Yang, Bao-Zhu Psychiatric Genetics, Vol. 16, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ypg.0000242198.59020.ca	journal	January 2006
New approaches to disease mapping in admixed populations Seldin, Michael F.; Pasaniuc, Bogdan; Price, Alkes L. Nature Reviews Genetics, Vol. 12, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg3002	journal	June 2011
Roles for nigrostriatal—not just mesocorticolimbic—dopamine in reward and addiction Wise, Roy A. Trends in Neurosciences, Vol. 32, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2009.06.004	journal	October 2009
Measuring age-related changes in dopamine D2 receptors with 11C-raclopride and 18F-N-methylspiroperidol Volkow, Nora D.; Wang, Gene-Jack; Fowler, Joanna S. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, Vol. 67, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/0925-4927(96)02809-0	journal	May 1996
Disentangling the Effects of Demography and Selection in Human History Stajich, J. E. Molecular Biology and Evolution, Vol. 22, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msh252	journal	September 2004
Association of Methylphenidate-Induced Craving With Changes in Right Striato-orbitofrontal Metabolism in Cocaine Abusers: Implications in Addiction Volkow, Nora D.; Wang, Gene-Jack; Fowler, Joanna S. American Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 156, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.156.1.19	journal	January 1999
Phenotypic effects of genetic variability in human clock genes on circadian and sleep parameters Von Schantz, Malcolm Journal of Genetics, Vol. 87, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12041-008-0074-7	journal	December 2008
Mania-like behavior induced by disruption of CLOCK Roybal, K.; Theobold, D.; Graham, A. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 104, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0609625104	journal	March 2007
Drug addiction: the neurobiology of behaviour gone awry Volkow, Nora D.; Li, Ting-Kai Nature Reviews Neuroscience, Vol. 5, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn1539	journal	December 2004
Expression of clock genes Per1 and Bmal1 in total leukocytes in health and Parkinson’s disease: Clock genes in PD Cai, Y.; Liu, S.; Sothern, R. B. European Journal of Neurology, Vol. 17, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-1331.2009.02848.x	journal	November 2009
Transposable elements: powerful facilitators of evolution Oliver, Keith R.; Greene, Wayne K. BioEssays, Vol. 31, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1002/bies.200800219	journal	July 2009
Circadian rhythms of dopamine, glutamate and GABA in the striatum and nucleus accumbens of the awake rat: modulation by light: Circadian rhythms of neurotransmitters and light Castañeda, Tamara R.; Prado, Blanca Marquez; Prieto, David Journal of Pineal Research, Vol. 36, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1600-079X.2003.00114.x	journal	March 2004
Recent acceleration of human adaptive evolution Hawks, J.; Wang, E. T.; Cochran, G. M. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 104, Issue 52 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0707650104	journal	December 2007
Clines in clock genes: fine-tuning circadian rhythms to the environment Kyriacou, Charalambos P.; Peixoto, Alexandre A.; Sandrelli, Federica Trends in Genetics, Vol. 24, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tig.2007.12.003	journal	March 2008
Gene – environment interactions determine the individual variability in cocaine self-administration van der Kam, Elizabeth L.; Ellenbroek, Bart A.; Cools, Alexander R. Neuropharmacology, Vol. 48, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2004.12.014	journal	April 2005
Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Testing of Biological Ascertainment for Mendelian Randomization Studies Rodriguez, Santiago; Gaunt, Tom R.; Day, Ian N. M. American Journal of Epidemiology, Vol. 169, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwn359	journal	January 2009
Calculation and Use of the Hardy‐Weinberg Model in Association Studies Ryckman, Kelli; Williams, Scott M. Current Protocols in Human Genetics, Vol. 57, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1002/0471142905.hg0118s57	journal	April 2008
Association analysis between polymorphisms in the dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) and dopamine transporter (DAT1) genes with cocaine dependence Lohoff, Falk W.; Bloch, Paul J.; Hodge, Rachel Neuroscience Letters, Vol. 473, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2010.02.021	journal	April 2010
Human Population Differentiation Is Strongly Correlated with Local Recombination Rate Keinan, Alon; Reich, David PLoS Genetics, Vol. 6, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1000886	journal	March 2010
Addiction, a Disease of Compulsion and Drive: Involvement of the Orbitofrontal Cortex Volkow, N. D. Cerebral Cortex, Vol. 10, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/10.3.318	journal	March 2000
Endogenous Dopamine Regulates the Rhythm of Expression of the Clock Protein PER2 in the Rat Dorsal Striatum via Daily Activation of D2 Dopamine Receptors Hood, S.; Cassidy, P.; Cossette, M. -P. Journal of Neuroscience, Vol. 30, Issue 42 https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2128-10.2010	journal	October 2010
A coalescent simulation of marker selection strategy for candidate gene association studies Cole, Suzanne M.; Long, Jeffrey C. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics, Vol. 147B, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.b.30564	journal	January 2007
A cline in the Drosophila melanogaster period gene in Australia: neither down nor under Kyriacou, C. P.; Peixoto, A. A.; Costa, R. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, Vol. 20, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2007.01352.x	journal	July 2007
Mapping determinants of human gene expression by regional and genome-wide association Cheung, Vivian G.; Spielman, Richard S.; Ewens, Kathryn G. Nature, Vol. 437, Issue 7063 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04244	journal	October 2005
D2 dopamine receptor gene in psychiatric and neurologic disorders and its phenotypes Noble, Ernest P. American Journal of Medical Genetics, Vol. 116B, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.b.10005	journal	December 2002
Clock reset for alcoholism Yuferov, Vadim; Bart, Gavin; Kreek, Mary Jeanne Nature Medicine, Vol. 11, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/nm0105-23	journal	January 2005
Transposon-mediated rewiring of gene regulatory networks contributed to the evolution of pregnancy in mammals Lynch, Vincent J.; Leclerc, Robert D.; May, Gemma Nature Genetics, Vol. 43, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.917	journal	September 2011
The genetics of addictions: uncovering the genes Goldman, David; Oroszi, Gabor; Ducci, Francesca Nature Reviews Genetics, Vol. 6, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg1635	journal	July 2005
Food and Drug Reward: Overlapping Circuits in Human Obesity and Addiction Volkow, N. D.; Wang, G. J.; Fowler, J. S. Brain Imaging in Behavioral Neuroscience https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2011_169	book	January 2011
Biologic Rhythms and Parkinson's Disease: A Chronopharmacologic Approach to Considering Fluctuations in Function Bruguerolle, Bernard; Simon, Nicolas Clinical Neuropharmacology, Vol. 25, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1097/00002826-200207000-00002	journal	January 2002
A silent polymorphism in the PER1 gene associates with extreme diurnal preference in humans Carpen, Jayshan D.; von Schantz, Malcolm; Smits, Marcel Journal of Human Genetics, Vol. 51, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10038-006-0060-y	journal	October 2006
Nucleus Accumbens D2/3 Receptors Predict Trait Impulsivity and Cocaine Reinforcement Dalley, J. W.; Fryer, T. D.; Brichard, L. Science, Vol. 315, Issue 5816 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1137073	journal	March 2007
Genetic diversity patterns at the human clock gene period 2 are suggestive of population-specific positive selection Cruciani, Fulvio; Trombetta, Beniamino; Labuda, Damian European Journal of Human Genetics, Vol. 16, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1038/ejhg.2008.105	journal	June 2008
Regulation of psychostimulant-induced signaling and gene expression in the striatum: Regulation of psychostimulant-induced signaling in the striatum McGinty, Jacqueline F.; Shi, Xiangdang D.; Schwendt, Marek Journal of Neurochemistry, Vol. 104, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05240.x	journal	January 2008
Decreased dopamine D2 receptor availability is associated with reduced frontal metabolism in cocaine abusers Volkow, Nora D.; Fowler, Joanna S.; Wang, Gene-Jack Synapse, Vol. 14, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1002/syn.890140210	journal	June 1993
Selective elimination of glutamatergic synapses on striatopallidal neurons in Parkinson disease models Day, Michelle; Wang, Zhongfeng; Ding, Jun Nature Neuroscience, Vol. 9, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1038/nn1632	journal	January 2006
Genetics in geographically structured populations: defining, estimating and interpreting FST Holsinger, Kent E.; Weir, Bruce S. Nature Reviews Genetics, Vol. 10, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg2611	journal	September 2009
From evolutionary genetics to human immunology: how selection shapes host defence genes Barreiro, Luis B.; Quintana-Murci, Lluís Nature Reviews Genetics, Vol. 11, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg2698	journal	December 2009
Cocaine sensitization and reward are under the influence of circadian genes and rhythm Abarca, C.; Albrecht, U.; Spanagel, R. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 99, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.142039099	journal	June 2002
Addiction Circuitry in the Human Brain Volkow, Nora D.; Wang, Gene-Jack; Fowler, Joanna S. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Vol. 52, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010611-134625	journal	February 2012
Gene × Disease Interaction on Orbitofrontal Gray Matter in Cocaine Addiction Alia-Klein, Nelly; Parvaz, Muhammad A.; Woicik, Patricia A. Archives of General Psychiatry, Vol. 68, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.10	journal	March 2011
Lewis and Fischer rats: a comparison of dopamine transporter and receptors levels Flores, Gonzalo; Wood, Graham K.; Barbeau, David Brain Research, Vol. 814, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-8993(98)01011-7	journal	December 1998
The clock gene Per2 influences the glutamatergic system and modulates alcohol consumption Spanagel, Rainer; Pendyala, Gurudutt; Abarca, Carolina Nature Medicine, Vol. 11, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/nm1163	journal	December 2004
What can a clock mutation in mice tell us about bipolar disorder? Coyle, Joseph T. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 104, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0701491104	journal	April 2007
Robust clines and robust sampling: a reply to Kyriacou et al. Weeks, A. R.; Mckechnie, S. W.; Hoffmann, A. A. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, Vol. 20, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2007.01355.x	journal	July 2007
Measuring Dopamine D₂Receptors Dagher, Alain American Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 157, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.157.10.1708	journal	October 2000
Electroencephalographic Sleep And Mood During Cocaine Withdrawal Kowatch, Robert A.; Schnoll, Sidney S.; Knisely, Janet S. Journal of Addictive Diseases, Vol. 11, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1300/j069v11n04_03	journal	December 1992
Regulation of Gene Expression by Chronic Morphine and Morphine Withdrawal in the Locus Ceruleus and Ventral Tegmental Area McClung, C. A. Journal of Neuroscience, Vol. 25, Issue 25 https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.0062-05.2005	journal	June 2005
Striatal Dopamine D2/D3 Receptor Availability Is Reduced in Methamphetamine Dependence and Is Linked to Impulsivity Lee, B.; London, E. D.; Poldrack, R. A. Journal of Neuroscience, Vol. 29, Issue 47 https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.3765-09.2009	journal	November 2009

Cited By (12)

Reduced sleep duration mediates decreases in striatal D2/D3 receptor availability in cocaine abusers Wiers, C. E.; Shumay, E.; Cabrera, E. Translational Psychiatry, Vol. 6, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1038/tp.2016.14	journal	March 2016
Neural Mechanisms of Circadian Regulation of Natural and Drug Reward DePoy, Lauren M.; McClung, Colleen A.; Logan, Ryan W. Neural Plasticity, Vol. 2017 https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/5720842	journal	January 2017
Several clock genes polymorphisms are meaningful risk factors in the development and severity of cannabis addiction Saffroy, Raphael; Lafaye, Genevieve; Desterke, Christophe Taylor & Francis https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.7447286.v1	text	January 2018
Several clock genes polymorphisms are meaningful risk factors in the development and severity of cannabis addiction Saffroy, Raphael; Lafaye, Genevieve; Desterke, Christophe Taylor & Francis https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.7447286	text	January 2018
NAD+ cellular redox and SIRT1 regulate the diurnal rhythms of tyrosine hydroxylase and conditioned cocaine reward Logan, Ryan W.; Parekh, Puja K.; Kaplan, Gabrielle N. Molecular Psychiatry, Vol. 24, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-018-0061-1	journal	May 2018
Circadian Rhythms and Substance Abuse: Chronobiological Considerations for the Treatment of Addiction Webb, Ian C. Current Psychiatry Reports, Vol. 19, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-017-0764-z	journal	February 2017
Minutes, days and years: molecular interactions among different scales of biological timing Golombek, Diego A.; Bussi, Ivana L.; Agostino, Patricia V. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, Vol. 369, Issue 1637 https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0465	journal	March 2014
Tandem repeats mediating genetic plasticity in health and disease Hannan, Anthony J. Nature Reviews Genetics, Vol. 19, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg.2017.115	journal	February 2018
Circadian dysregulation in Parkinson's disease Videnovic, Aleksandar; Golombek, Diego Neurobiology of Sleep and Circadian Rhythms, Vol. 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbscr.2016.11.001	journal	January 2017
Genetic variation and dopamine D2 receptor availability: a systematic review and meta-analysis of human in vivo molecular imaging studies Gluskin, B. S.; Mickey, B. J. Translational Psychiatry, Vol. 6, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1038/tp.2016.22	journal	March 2016
NIDA-Drug Addiction Treatment Outcome Study (DATOS) Relapse as a Function of Spirituality/Religiosity Schoenthaler, Stephen J.; Blum, Kenneth; Braverman, Eric R. Journal of Reward Deficiency Syndrome, Vol. 01, Issue 01 https://doi.org/10.17756/jrds.2015-007	journal	January 2015
Circadian Mechanisms Underlying Reward-Related Neurophysiology and Synaptic Plasticity Parekh, Puja K.; McClung, Colleen A. Frontiers in Psychiatry, Vol. 6 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00187	journal	January 2016

Similar Records

Decreased striatal and enhanced thalamic dopaminergic responsivity in detoxified cocaine abusers

Journal Article · Thu May 01 00:00:00 EDT 1997 · Journal of Nuclear Medicine · OSTI ID:1624904

Volkow, N D; Wang, G J; Fowler, J S

Gene x Disease Interaction on Orbitofrontal Gray Matter in Cocaine Addiction

Journal Article · Mon Mar 07 00:00:00 EST 2011 · Archives of General Psychiatry · OSTI ID:1624904

Alia-Klein, N; Alia-Klein, N; Parvaz, M A; +12 more

Acute Cocaine Induces Fast Activation of D1 Receptor and Progressive Deactivation of D2 Receptor Strial Neurons: In Vivo Optical Microprobe [Ca(superscript)2+]subscript)i Imaging

Journal Article · Wed Sep 14 00:00:00 EDT 2011 · Journal of Neuroscience · OSTI ID:1624904

Du, C; Luo, Z; Volkow, N D; +3 more

Related Subjects

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES
Psychiatry

Title: Repeat variation in the human PER2 gene as a new genetic marker associated with cocaine addiction and brain dopamine D2 receptor availability

Citation Formats

References (64)

Cited By (12)

Similar Records

Related Subjects