Hydrological niche segregation defines forest structure and drought tolerance strategies in a seasonal Amazon forest

Brum, Mauro; Vadeboncoeur, Matthew A.; Ivanov, Valeriy; Asbjornsen, Heidi; Saleska, Scott; Alves, Luciana F.; Penha, Deliane; Dias, Jadson D.; Aragão, Luiz E.  O.  C.; Barros, Fernanda; Bittencourt, Paulo; Pereira, Luciano; Oliveira, Rafael S.

doi:10.1111/1365-2745.13022

Hydrological niche segregation defines forest structure and drought tolerance strategies in a seasonal Amazon forest

Journal Article · Mon Jul 16 00:00:00 EDT 2018 · Journal of Ecology

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.13022· OSTI ID:1611564

^[1]; Vadeboncoeur, Matthew A. ^[2]; Ivanov, Valeriy ^[3]; ^[2]; Saleska, Scott ^[4]; Alves, Luciana F. ^[5]; Penha, Deliane ^[6]; Dias, Jadson D. ^[7]; Aragão, Luiz E. O. C. ^[8]; Barros, Fernanda ^[9]; Bittencourt, Paulo ^[9]; Pereira, Luciano ^[9]; Oliveira, Rafael S. ^[9]

Univ. of Campinas (UNICAMP), Sao Paulo (Brazil); DOE/OSTI
Univ. of New Hampshire, Durham, NH (United States)
Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI (United States)
Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (United States)
Univ. of California, Los Angeles, CA (United States)
University of Western Pará (Brazil)
Univ. of Sao Paulo (Brazil)
Univ. of Exeter, Devon (United Kingdom)
Univ. of Campinas (UNICAMP), Sao Paulo (Brazil)

The relationship between rooting depth and above-ground hydraulic traits can potentially define drought resistance strategies that are important in determining species distribution and coexistence in seasonal tropical forests, and understanding this is important for predicting the effects of future climate change in these ecosystems. We assessed the rooting depth of 12 dominant tree species (representing c. 42% of the forest basal area) in a seasonal Amazon forest using the stable isotope ratios (δ¹⁸O and δ²H) of water collected from tree xylem and soils from a range of depths. We took advantage of a major ENSO-related drought in 2015/2016 that caused substantial evaporative isotope enrichment in the soil and revealed water use strategies of each species under extreme conditions. We measured the minimum dry season leaf water potential both in a normal year (2014; Ψ_non-ENSO) and in an extreme drought year (2015; Ψ_ENSO). Furthermore, we measured xylem hydraulic traits that indicate water potential thresholds trees tolerate without risking hydraulic failure (P₅₀ and P₈₈). We demonstrate that coexisting trees are largely segregated along a single hydrological niche axis defined by root depth differences, access to light and tolerance of low water potential. These differences in rooting depth were strongly related to tree size; diameter at breast height (DBH) explained 72% of the variation in the δ¹⁸Oxylem. Additionally, δ¹⁸O_xylem explained 49% of the variation in P50 and 70% of P88, with shallow-rooted species more tolerant of low water potentials, while δ¹⁸O of xylem water explained 47% and 77% of the variation of minimum Ψ_non-ENSO and Ψ_ENSO. We propose a new formulation to estimate an effective functional rooting depth, i.e. the likely soil depth from which roots can sustain water uptake for physiological functions, using DBH as predictor of root depth at this site. Based on these estimates, we conclude that rooting depth varies systematically across the most abundant families, genera and species at the Tapajós forest, and that understorey species in particular are limited to shallow rooting depths. Our results support the theory of hydrological niche segregation and its underlying trade-off related to drought resistance, which also affect the dominance structure of trees in this seasonal eastern Amazon forest. Synthesis. Our results support the theory of hydrological niche segregation and demonstrate its underlying trade-off related to drought resistance (access to deep water vs. tolerance of very low water potentials). We found that the single hydrological axis defining water use traits was strongly related to tree size, and infer that periodic extreme droughts influence community composition and the dominance structure of trees in this seasonal eastern Amazon forest.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE; USDOE Office of Science (SC)

Grant/Contract Number:: SC0011078

OSTI ID:: 1611564

Alternate ID(s):: OSTI ID: 1460471

Journal Information:: Journal of Ecology, Journal Name: Journal of Ecology Journal Issue: 1 Vol. 107; ISSN 0022-0477

Publisher:: WileyCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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Soil water-holding capacity and monodominance in Southern Amazon tropical forests Marimon-Junior, Ben Hur; Hay, John Du Vall; Oliveras, Imma Plant and Soil, Vol. 450, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-019-04257-w	journal	August 2019
Estimation of Evapotranspiration of Amazon Rainforest Using the Maximum Entropy Production Method Xu, Donghui; Agee, Elizabeth; Wang, Jingfeng Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 46, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1029/2018gl080907	journal	February 2019
Structural diversity as a predictor of ecosystem function LaRue, Elizabeth A.; Hardiman, Brady S.; Elliott, Jessica M. Environmental Research Letters, Vol. 14, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab49bb	journal	October 2019
Embolism resistance drives the distribution of Amazonian rainforest tree species along hydro-topographic gradients Oliveira, Rafael S.; Costa, Flavia R. C.; van Baalen, Emma New Phytologist, Vol. 221, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.15463	journal	October 2018
Seasonal and drought‐related changes in leaf area profiles depend on height and light environment in an Amazon forest Smith, Marielle N.; Stark, Scott C.; Taylor, Tyeen C. New Phytologist, Vol. 222, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.15726	journal	February 2019
Phenological and structural linkages to seasonality inform productivity relationships in the Amazon Rainforest Atkins, Jeff W.; Agee, Elizabeth New Phytologist, Vol. 222, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.15783	journal	February 2019
Hydraulic traits explain differential responses of Amazonian forests to the 2015 El Niño‐induced drought Barros, Fernanda de V.; Bittencourt, Paulo R. L.; Brum, Mauro New Phytologist, Vol. 223, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.15909	journal	May 2019
Linking reliance on deep soil water to resource economy strategies and abundance among coexisting understorey shrub species in subtropical pine plantations Jiang, Peipei; Wang, Huimin; Meinzer, Frederick C. New Phytologist, Vol. 225, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.16027	journal	July 2019
Optimal stomatal drought response shaped by competition for water and hydraulic risk can explain plant trait covariation Lu, Yaojie; Duursma, Remko A.; Farrior, Caroline E. New Phytologist, Vol. 225, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.16207	journal	October 2019

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