Binder jet printed WC infiltrated with pre-made melt of WC and Co

Cramer, Corson L.; Aguirre, Trevor G.; Wieber, Natalie R.; Lowden, Richard Andrew; Trofimov, Artem A.; Wang, Hsin; Yan, Jiaqiang; Paranthaman, M. Parans; Elliott, Amy M.

doi:10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2019.105137

Title: Binder jet printed WC infiltrated with pre-made melt of WC and Co

Journal Article · Fri Oct 25 00:00:00 EDT 2019 · International Journal of Refractory and Hard Metals

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2019.105137· OSTI ID:1607097

^[1];

^[1]; Wieber, Natalie R. ^[1];

^[1];

^[1]

Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)

WC-Co was made via binder jet additive manufacturing of tungsten carbide followed by melt infiltration with a Co-WC infiltrant. The goal of the study was to achieve fully densified parts in near-net shape with minimal shrinkage while keeping the Co content low. The exact amount of infiltrant was determined in order to fully densify with minimum shrinkage based on the actual volume taken up by WC powder in the preform based on theoretical density, the bounding volume of prints after shrinkage, and the volume from the infiltrant. The eutectic nature of the infiltrant enabled melting at much lower temperature compared to the melting temperature of pure Co. The density, microstructure, grain size, hardness, and fracture toughness were characterized. The shrinkage and net shaping were assessed with light scans. A detailed look at the fracture mechanics was assessed. Here, this approach achieved highly dense WC-Co parts in net-shape with Co vol% of near 29 (Co wt% ~19), density of 96.2% theoretical, hardness of 8.34 GPa, grain size of 7.7 μm, magnetic saturation of 0.5 T, room temperature thermal conductivity of 125 W/mK, and fracture toughness of 24.7 = MPa·m^1/2.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

View Accepted Manuscript (Publisher)

Cite

Export

Save

Research Organization:: Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Energy Efficiency Office. Advanced Manufacturing Office

Grant/Contract Number:: AC05-00OR22725

OSTI ID:: 1607097

Alternate ID(s):: OSTI ID: 1594214

Journal Information:: International Journal of Refractory and Hard Metals, Vol. 87, Issue C; ISSN 0263-4368

Publisher:: ElsevierCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Citation Metrics:

Cited by: 22 works

Citation information provided by
Web of Science

References (32)

Symplectic Implosion and the Grothendieck-Springer Resolution Safronov, Pavel Transformation Groups, Vol. 22, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00031-016-9398-1	journal	July 2016
Impact resistance of TiC-based cermets Compton, B. G.; Zok, F. W. International Journal of Impact Engineering, Vol. 62 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2013.06.008	journal	December 2013
PIM continues its march to maturity Cornwall, Robert; German, Randall M. Metal Powder Report, Vol. 53, Issue 7-8 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0026-0657(98)85097-2	journal	July 1998
Hardmetals and Cermets Ettmayer, P. Annual Review of Materials Science, Vol. 19, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ms.19.080189.001045	journal	August 1989
Preparation and sintering of WC–Co composite powders for coarse grained WC–8Co hardmetals Su, Wei; Sun, Yexi; Wang, Huifeng International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, Vol. 45 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2014.04.004	journal	July 2014
Powder injection molding of WC–8%Co tungsten cemented carbide Baojun, Zhu; Xuanhui, Qu; Ying, Tao International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, Vol. 20, Issue 5-6 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0263-4368(02)00015-X	journal	December 2002
Three-dimensional printing of tungsten carbide–10wt% cobalt using a cobalt oxide precursor Kernan, Brian D.; Sachs, Emanuel M.; Oliveira, Mark A. International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, Vol. 25, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2006.02.002	journal	January 2007
Obtaining Crack-free WC-Co Alloys by Selective Laser Melting Khmyrov, R. S.; Safronov, V. A.; Gusarov, A. V. Physics Procedia, Vol. 83 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phpro.2016.08.091	journal	January 2016
Direct Selective Laser Sintering of Hard Metal Powders: Experimental Study and Simulation Wang, X. C.; Laoui, T.; Bonse, J. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 19, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1007/s001700200024	journal	March 2002
Synthesis of Nanostructured WC-Co Hardmetal by Selective Laser Melting Khmyrov, R. S.; Safronov, V. A.; Gusarov, A. V. Procedia IUTAM, Vol. 23 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.piutam.2017.06.011	journal	January 2017
Wear properties of sintered WC-12%Co processed via Binder Jet 3D Printing (BJ3DP) Enneti, Ravi K.; Prough, Kevin C. International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, Vol. 78 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2018.10.003	journal	January 2019
Microstructure evolution during near-net-shape fabrication of NixAly-TiC cermets through binder jet additive manufacturing and pressureless melt infiltration Arnold, Joshua M.; Cramer, Corson L.; Elliott, Amy M. International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, Vol. 84 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2019.104985	journal	November 2019
Binder Jetting: A Novel NdFeB Bonded Magnet Fabrication Process Paranthaman, M. Parans; Shafer, Christopher S.; Elliott, Amy M. JOM, Vol. 68, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-016-1883-4	journal	April 2016
Binder jet additive manufacturing method to fabricate near net shape crack-free highly dense Fe-6.5 wt.% Si soft magnets Cramer, Corson L.; Nandwana, Peeyush; Yan, Jiaqiang Heliyon, Vol. 5, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02804	journal	November 2019
The Application of the Single-Edge Notched Beam to Fracture Toughness Testing of Ceramics Etris, Sf; Fiorni, Yr; Lieb, Kc Journal of Testing and Evaluation, Vol. 2, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1520/JTE11683J	journal	January 1974
Ceramic–metal composites for heat exchangers in concentrated solar power plants Caccia, M.; Tabandeh-Khorshid, M.; Itskos, G. Nature, Vol. 562, Issue 7727 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0593-1	journal	October 2018
Reactive wetting and infiltration of polycrystalline WC by molten Zr2Cu alloy Zhao, Yanwei; Wang, Yujin; Zhou, Yu Scripta Materialia, Vol. 64, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2010.10.018	journal	February 2011
Near net-shape, ultra-high melting, recession-resistant ZrC/W-based rocket nozzle liners via the displacive compensation of porosity (DCP) method Dickerson, M. B.; Wurm, P. J.; Schorr, J. R. Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 39, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JMSC.0000041697.67626.46	journal	October 2004
Influence of heat treatment on the abrasive wear behaviour of HVOF sprayed WC–Co coatings Stewart, D. A.; Shipway, P. H.; McCartney, D. G. Surface and Coatings Technology, Vol. 105, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0257-8972(98)00444-7	journal	June 1998
Tribology of thermal sprayed WC–Co coatings Wood, Robert J. K. International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, Vol. 28, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2009.07.011	journal	January 2010
Mechanical properties of WC/Co cemented carbide with larger WC grain size Okamoto, S.; Nakazono, Y.; Otsuka, K. Materials Characterization, Vol. 55, Issue 4-5 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2005.06.001	journal	November 2005
Fracture toughness of two phase WC-Co cermets Ravichandran, K. S. Acta Metallurgica et Materialia, Vol. 42, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/0956-7151(94)90057-4	journal	January 1994
Fracture toughness and fracture of WC-Co composites Chermant, J. L.; Osterstock, F. Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 11, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00708272	journal	October 1976
Effects of the addition of boron nitride nanoplate on the fracture toughness, flexural strength, and Weibull Distribution of hydroxyapatite composites prepared by spark plasma sintering Aguirre, Trevor G.; Cramer, Corson L.; Torres, Vincent P. Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, Vol. 93 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2019.01.021	journal	May 2019
Indentation Hardness Measurements at Macro-, Micro-, and Nanoscale: A Critical Overview Broitman, Esteban Tribology Letters, Vol. 65, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11249-016-0805-5	journal	December 2016
Influence of temperature, grain size and cobalt content on the hardness of WC–Co alloys Milman, Yu. V.; Luyckx, S.; Northrop, It International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, Vol. 17, Issue 1-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0263-4368(98)00038-9	journal	May 1999
Effects of Co content and WC grain size on wear of WC cemented carbide Saito, Hiroyuki; Iwabuchi, Akira; Shimizu, Tomoharu Wear, Vol. 261, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2005.09.034	journal	July 2006
Microstructure, hardness and toughness of nanostructured and conventional WC-Co composites Jia, K.; Fischer, T. E.; Gallois, B. Nanostructured Materials, Vol. 10, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0965-9773(98)00123-8	journal	July 1998
Quantitative relationships between magnetic properties, microstructure and composition of WC–Co alloys Love, A.; Luyckx, S.; Sacks, N. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, Vol. 489, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2009.09.087	journal	January 2010
On the thermal characterization of a HPHT sintered WC–15% wt Co hardmetal alloy Faria, Roberto Trindade; Rodrigues, Márcio Ferreira; Andrade Esquef, Israel de International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, Vol. 23, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2004.11.007	journal	March 2005
Study of thermal expansion and thermal conductivity of cemented WC–Co composite Wang, Hongtao; Webb, Tim; Bitler, Jonathan W. International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, Vol. 49 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2014.06.009	journal	March 2015
Wear mechanisms of WC–Co cutting tools from high-speed tribological tests Kagnaya, T.; Boher, C.; Lambert, L. Wear, Vol. 267, Issue 5-8 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2008.12.035	journal	June 2009