Extending the Photovoltaic Response of Perovskite Solar Cells into the Near‐Infrared with a Narrow‐Bandgap Organic Semiconductor

Zhao, Xiaoming; Yao, Chao; Liu, Tianran; Hamill, Jr., J. Clay; Ngongang Ndjawa, Guy Olivier; Cheng, Guangming; Yao, Nan; Meng, Hong; Loo, Yueh‐Lin

doi:10.1002/adma.201904494

Extending the Photovoltaic Response of Perovskite Solar Cells into the Near‐Infrared with a Narrow‐Bandgap Organic Semiconductor

Journal Article · Mon Sep 16 00:00:00 EDT 2019 · Advanced Materials

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201904494· OSTI ID:1562157

Zhao, Xiaoming ^[1]; Yao, Chao ^[2]; Liu, Tianran ^[1]; Hamill, Jr., J. Clay ^[1]; Ngongang Ndjawa, Guy Olivier ^[1]; Cheng, Guangming ^[3]; Yao, Nan ^[3]; Meng, Hong ^[4]; ^[5]

Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Princeton University Princeton NJ 08544 USA
Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Princeton University Princeton NJ 08544 USA, School of Advanced Materials Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School Shenzhen 518055 China
Princeton Institute for Science and Technology of Materials Princeton University Princeton NJ 08544 USA
School of Advanced Materials Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School Shenzhen 518055 China
Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Princeton University Princeton NJ 08544 USA, Andlinger Center for Energy and the Environment Princeton University Princeton NJ 08544 USA

Abstract

Typical lead‐based perovskites solar cells show an onset of photogeneration around 800 nm, leaving plenty of spectral loss in the near‐infrared (NIR). Extending light absorption beyond 800 nm into the NIR should increase photocurrent generation and further improve photovoltaic efficiency of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Here, a simple and facile approach is reported to incorporate a NIR‐chromophore that is also a Lewis‐base into perovskite absorbers to broaden their photoresponse and increase their photovoltaic efficiency. Compared with pristine PSCs without such an organic chromophore, these solar cells generate photocurrent in the NIR beyond the band edge of the perovskite active layer alone. Given the Lewis‐basic nature of the organic semiconductor, its addition to the photoactive layer also effectively passivates perovskite defects. These films thus exhibit significantly reduced trap densities, enhanced hole and electron mobilities, and suppressed illumination‐induced ion migration. As a consequence, perovskite solar cells with organic chromophore exhibit an enhanced efficiency of 21.6%, and substantively improved operational stability under continuous one‐sun illumination. The results demonstrate the potential generalizability of directly incorporating a multifunctional organic semiconductor that both extends light absorption and passivates surface traps in perovskite active layers to yield highly efficient and stable NIR‐harvesting PSCs.

View Accepted Manuscript (Publisher)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE

Grant/Contract Number:: EE0008560

OSTI ID:: 1562157

Alternate ID(s):: OSTI ID: 1799527

Journal Information:: Advanced Materials, Journal Name: Advanced Materials Journal Issue: 49 Vol. 31; ISSN 0935-9648

Publisher:: Wiley Blackwell (John Wiley & Sons)Copyright Statement

Country of Publication:: Germany

Language:: English

References (71)

Narrow Bandwidth Luminescence from Blends with Energy Transfer from Semiconducting Conjugated Polymers to Europium Complexes McGehee, M. D.; Bergstedt, T.; Zhang, C. Advanced Materials, Vol. 11, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1521-4095(199911)11:16<1349::AID-ADMA1349>3.0.CO;2-W	journal	November 1999
Quantifying the Energy Barriers and Elucidating the Charge Transport Mechanisms across Interspherulite Boundaries in Solution-Processed Organic Semiconductor Thin Films Hailey, Anna K.; Wang, Szu-Ying; Chen, Yuanzhen Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 25, Issue 35 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201501666	journal	August 2015
Precursor Solution Annealing Forms Cubic-Phase Perovskite and Improves Humidity Resistance of Solar Cells Khlyabich, Petr P.; Hamill, J. Clay; Loo, Yueh-Lin Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 28, Issue 35 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201801508	journal	July 2018
Conjugated Polymer–Assisted Grain Boundary Passivation for Efficient Inverted Planar Perovskite Solar Cells Chen, Wei; Wang, Yingfeng; Pang, Guotao Advanced Functional Materials https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201808855	journal	May 2019
Using Resonance Energy Transfer to Improve Exciton Harvesting in Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Photovoltaic Cells Liu, Y.; Summers, M. A.; Edder, C. Advanced Materials, Vol. 17, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200501307	journal	December 2005
Long-Range Resonant Energy Transfer for Enhanced Exciton Harvesting for Organic Solar Cells Scully, S. R.; Armstrong, P. B.; Edder, C. Advanced Materials, Vol. 19, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200700917	journal	October 2007
High-Performance Integrated Perovskite and Organic Solar Cells with Enhanced Fill Factors and Near-Infrared Harvesting Kim, Junghwan; Kim, Geunjin; Back, Hyungcheol Advanced Materials, Vol. 28, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201504555	journal	February 2016
Single Crystal Formamidinium Lead Iodide (FAPbI ₃ ): Insight into the Structural, Optical, and Electrical Properties Han, Qifeng; Bae, Sang-Hoon; Sun, Pengyu Advanced Materials, Vol. 28, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201505002	journal	January 2016
Stable Low-Bandgap Pb-Sn Binary Perovskites for Tandem Solar Cells Yang, Zhibin; Rajagopal, Adharsh; Chueh, Chu-Chen Advanced Materials, Vol. 28, Issue 40 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201602696	journal	August 2016
Planar‐Structure Perovskite Solar Cells with Efficiency beyond 21% Jiang, Qi; Chu, Zema; Wang, Pengyang Advanced Materials, Vol. 29, Issue 46 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201703852	journal	October 2017
Highly Efficient Porphyrin-Based OPV/Perovskite Hybrid Solar Cells with Extended Photoresponse and High Fill Factor Gao, Ke; Zhu, Zonglong; Xu, Bo Advanced Materials, Vol. 29, Issue 47 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201703980	journal	November 2017
Polymer-Passivated Inorganic Cesium Lead Mixed-Halide Perovskites for Stable and Efficient Solar Cells with High Open-Circuit Voltage over 1.3 V Zeng, Qingsen; Zhang, Xiaoyu; Feng, Xiaolei Advanced Materials, Vol. 30, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201705393	journal	January 2018
Stable and Efficient Organo-Metal Halide Hybrid Perovskite Solar Cells via π-Conjugated Lewis Base Polymer Induced Trap Passivation and Charge Extraction Qin, Ping-Li; Yang, Guang; Ren, Zhi-wei Advanced Materials, Vol. 30, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201706126	journal	February 2018
Stable High-Performance Perovskite Solar Cells via Grain Boundary Passivation Niu, Tianqi; Lu, Jing; Munir, Rahim Advanced Materials, Vol. 30, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201706576	journal	March 2018
A High-Efficiency Organic Solar Cell Enabled by the Strong Intramolecular Electron Push-Pull Effect of the Nonfullerene Acceptor Li, Wanning; Ye, Long; Li, Sunsun Advanced Materials, Vol. 30, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201707170	journal	March 2018
Ion-Migration Inhibition by the Cation-π Interaction in Perovskite Materials for Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells Wei, Dong; Ma, Fusheng; Wang, Rui Advanced Materials, Vol. 30, Issue 31 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201707583	journal	June 2018
Highly Efficient and Stable Inverted Perovskite Solar Cell Obtained via Treatment by Semiconducting Chemical Additive Yu, Jae Choul; Badgujar, Sachin; Jung, Eui Dae Advanced Materials https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201805554	journal	December 2018
High-Efficiency, Blue, Green, and Near-Infrared Light-Emitting Diodes Based on Triple Cation Perovskite Kim, Hyeong Pil; Kim, Jeongmo; Kim, Byung Soon Advanced Optical Materials, Vol. 5, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1002/adom.201600920	journal	February 2017
Progress in Tandem Solar Cells Based on Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Perovskites Chen, Bo; Zheng, Xiaopeng; Bai, Yang Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 7, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201602400	journal	March 2017
Polymer Doping for High-Efficiency Perovskite Solar Cells with Improved Moisture Stability Jiang, Jiexuan; Wang, Qian; Jin, Zhiwen Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 8, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201701757	journal	September 2017
Efficient Passivation of Hybrid Perovskite Solar Cells Using Organic Dyes with COOH Functional Group Li, Xing; Chen, Chun-Chao; Cai, Molang Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 8, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201800715	journal	April 2018
Improvement of Photovoltaic Performance of Polymer Solar Cells by Rational Molecular Optimization of Organic Molecule Acceptors Li, Xiaojun; Yao, Jia; Angunawela, Indunil Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 8, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201800815	journal	June 2018
A Universal Double-Side Passivation for High Open-Circuit Voltage in Perovskite Solar Cells: Role of Carbonyl Groups in Poly(methyl methacrylate) Peng, Jun; Khan, Jafar I.; Liu, Wenzhu Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 8, Issue 30 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201801208	journal	September 2018
Design, Synthesis, and Photovoltaic Characterization of a Small Molecular Acceptor with an Ultra-Narrow Band Gap Yao, Huifeng; Cui, Yong; Yu, Runnan Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 56, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201610944	journal	February 2017
Methodologies toward Highly Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells Seok, Sang Il; Grätzel, Michael; Park, Nam-Gyu Small, Vol. 14, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201704177	journal	February 2018
Cesium lead based inorganic perovskite quantum-dots as interfacial layer for highly stable perovskite solar cells with exceeding 21% efficiency Akin, Seckin; Altintas, Yemliha; Mutlugun, Evren Nano Energy, Vol. 60 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2019.03.091	journal	June 2019
Ion Migration in Organometal Trihalide Perovskite and Its Impact on Photovoltaic Efficiency and Stability Yuan, Yongbo; Huang, Jinsong Accounts of Chemical Research, Vol. 49, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.accounts.5b00420	journal	January 2016
Crystalline Intermediates and Their Transformation Kinetics during the Formation of Methylammonium Lead Halide Perovskite Thin Films Khlyabich, Petr P.; Loo, Yueh-Lin Chemistry of Materials, Vol. 28, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.6b04020	journal	December 2016
Design of a Highly Crystalline Low-Band Gap Fused-Ring Electron Acceptor for High-Efficiency Solar Cells with Low Energy Loss Shi, Xueliang; Zuo, Lijian; Jo, Sae Byeok Chemistry of Materials, Vol. 29, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.7b02853	journal	September 2017
Acid-Catalyzed Reactions Activate DMSO as a Reagent in Perovskite Precursor Inks Hamill, J. Clay; Sorli, Jeni C.; Pelczer, István Chemistry of Materials, Vol. 31, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.9b00019	journal	June 2018
Unraveling the High Open Circuit Voltage and High Performance of Integrated Perovskite/Organic Bulk-Heterojunction Solar Cells Dong, Shiqi; Liu, Yongsheng; Hong, Ziruo Nano Letters, Vol. 17, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b02532	journal	July 2017
Photoinduced Emissive Trap States in Lead Halide Perovskite Semiconductors Motti, Silvia G.; Gandini, Marina; Barker, Alex J. ACS Energy Letters, Vol. 1, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.6b00355	journal	September 2016
Toward Lead-Free Perovskite Solar Cells Giustino, Feliciano; Snaith, Henry J. ACS Energy Letters, Vol. 1, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.6b00499	journal	November 2016
Influence of Solvent Coordination on Hybrid Organic–Inorganic Perovskite Formation Hamill, J. Clay; Schwartz, Jeffrey; Loo, Yueh-Lin ACS Energy Letters, Vol. 3, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.7b01057	journal	November 2017
Nature of Photoinduced Quenching Traps in Methylammonium Lead Triiodide Perovskite Revealed by Reversible Photoluminescence Decline Hong, Daocheng; Zhou, Yipeng; Wan, Sushu ACS Photonics, Vol. 5, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.7b01537	journal	March 2018
Anomalous Band Gap Behavior in Mixed Sn and Pb Perovskites Enables Broadening of Absorption Spectrum in Solar Cells Hao, Feng; Stoumpos, Constantinos C.; Chang, Robert P. H. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 136, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja5033259	journal	May 2014
Organometal Halide Perovskites as Visible-Light Sensitizers for Photovoltaic Cells Kojima, Akihiro; Teshima, Kenjiro; Shirai, Yasuo Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 131, Issue 17, p. 6050-6051 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja809598r	journal	May 2009
High Excitation Transfer Efficiency from Energy Relay Dyes in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Hardin, Brian E.; Yum, Jun-Ho; Hoke, Eric T. Nano Letters, Vol. 10, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1021/nl1016688	journal	August 2010
Integrated Perovskite/Bulk-Heterojunction toward Efficient Solar Cells Liu, Yongsheng; Hong, Ziruo; Chen, Qi Nano Letters, Vol. 15, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1021/nl504168q	journal	December 2014
Quantifying Resistances across Nanoscale Low- and High-Angle Interspherulite Boundaries in Solution-Processed Organic Semiconductor Thin Films Lee, Stephanie S.; Mativetsky, Jeffrey M.; Loth, Marsha A. ACS Nano, Vol. 6, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1021/nn303446h	journal	October 2012
Coevaporated Bisquaraine Inverted Solar Cells: Enhancement Due to Energy Transfer and Open Circuit Voltage Control Goh, Tenghooi; Huang, Jing-Shun; Bielinski, Elizabeth A. ACS Photonics, Vol. 2, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1021/ph500282z	journal	January 2015
Photo-induced halide redistribution in organic–inorganic perovskite films deQuilettes, Dane W.; Zhang, Wei; Burlakov, Victor M. Nature Communications, Vol. 7, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms11683	journal	May 2016
Polymer-templated nucleation and crystal growth of perovskite films for solar cells with efficiency greater than 21% Bi, Dongqin; Yi, Chenyi; Luo, Jingshan Nature Energy, Vol. 1, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1038/nenergy.2016.142	journal	September 2016
Towards stable and commercially available perovskite solar cells Park, Nam-Gyu; Grätzel, Michael; Miyasaka, Tsutomu Nature Energy, Vol. 1, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1038/nenergy.2016.152	journal	October 2016
The Scherrer equation versus the 'Debye-Scherrer equation' Holzwarth, Uwe; Gibson, Neil Nature Nanotechnology, Vol. 6, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2011.145	journal	August 2011
Increased light harvesting in dye-sensitized solar cells with energy relay dyes Hardin, Brian E.; Hoke, Eric T.; Armstrong, Paul B. Nature Photonics, Vol. 3, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2009.96	journal	June 2009
Polymer bulk heterojunction solar cells employing Förster resonance energy transfer Huang, Jing-Shun; Goh, Tenghooi; Li, Xiaokai Nature Photonics, Vol. 7, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2013.82	journal	May 2013
The emergence of perovskite solar cells Green, Martin A.; Ho-Baillie, Anita; Snaith, Henry J. Nature Photonics, Vol. 8, Issue 7, p. 506-514 https://doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2014.134	journal	July 2014
Addressing the stability issue of perovskite solar cells for commercial applications Meng, Lei; You, Jingbi; Yang, Yang Nature Communications, Vol. 9, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-07255-1	journal	December 2018
Tailored interfaces of unencapsulated perovskite solar cells for >1,000 hour operational stability Christians, Jeffrey A.; Schulz, Philip; Tinkham, Jonathan S. Nature Energy, Vol. 3, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-017-0067-y	journal	January 2018
Tuning Charge and Spin Excitations in Zigzag Edge Nanographene Ribbons Dutta, Sudipta; Wakabayashi, Katsunori Scientific Reports, Vol. 2, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/srep00519	journal	July 2012
Recent advances of non-fullerene, small molecular acceptors for solution processed bulk heterojunction solar cells Eftaiha, Ala'a F.; Sun, Jon-Paul; Hill, Ian G. J. Mater. Chem. A, Vol. 2, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1039/C3TA14236A	journal	January 2014
Organohalide lead perovskites for photovoltaic applications Gao, Peng; Grätzel, Michael; Nazeeruddin, Mohammad K. Energy Environ. Sci., Vol. 7, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1039/C4EE00942H	journal	January 2014
Highly efficient planar perovskite solar cells through band alignment engineering Correa Baena, Juan Pablo; Steier, Ludmilla; Tress, Wolfgang Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 8, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1039/C5EE02608C	journal	January 2015
Cesium-containing triple cation perovskite solar cells: improved stability, reproducibility and high efficiency Saliba, Michael; Matsui, Taisuke; Seo, Ji-Youn Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 9, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1039/C5EE03874J	journal	January 2016
Efficient mesoscopic perovskite solar cells based on the CH ₃ NH ₃ PbI ₂ Br light absorber Cao, Kun; Cui, Jin; Zhang, Hua Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 3, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1039/C5TA01129A	journal	January 2015
Insights into charge carrier dynamics in organo-metal halide perovskites: from neat films to solar cells Peng, Jiajun; Chen, Yani; Zheng, Kaibo Chemical Society Reviews, Vol. 46, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1039/C6CS00942E	journal	January 2017
Grain boundary dominated ion migration in polycrystalline organic–inorganic halide perovskite films Shao, Yuchuan; Fang, Yanjun; Li, Tao Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 9, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1039/C6EE00413J	journal	January 2016
Migration of cations induces reversible performance losses over day/night cycling in perovskite solar cells Domanski, Konrad; Roose, Bart; Matsui, Taisuke Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 10, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1039/C6EE03352K	journal	January 2017
Enhanced performance of perovskite solar cells via anti-solvent nonfullerene Lewis base IT-4F induced trap-passivation Guo, Yaxiong; Ma, Junjie; Lei, Hongwei Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 6, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1039/C8TA00583D	journal	January 2018
Nonfullerene small-molecule acceptors with perpendicular side-chains for fullerene-free solar cells Shen, Fugang; Xu, Jianzhong; Li, Xuemei Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 6, Issue 32 https://doi.org/10.1039/C8TA04718A	journal	January 2018
Trap Density Determination by Space‐Charge‐Limited Currents Bube, Richard H. Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 33, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1728818	journal	May 1962
Photocurrent response wavelength up to 1.1μm from photovoltaic cells based on narrow-band-gap conjugated polymer and fullerene derivative Xia, Yangjun; Wang, Li; Deng, Xianyu Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 89, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2338017	journal	August 2006
Polymer-modified halide perovskite films for efficient and stable planar heterojunction solar cells Zuo, Lijian; Guo, Hexia; deQuilettes, Dane W. Science Advances, Vol. 3, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1700106	journal	August 2017
Interface engineering of highly efficient perovskite solar cells Zhou, H.; Chen, Q.; Li, G. Science, Vol. 345, Issue 6196 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1254050	journal	July 2014
Electron-hole diffusion lengths > 175 μm in solution-grown CH ₃ NH ₃ PbI ₃ single crystals Dong, Qingfeng; Fang, Yanjun; Shao, Yuchuan Science, Vol. 347, Issue 6225 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa5760	journal	January 2015
Perovskite-perovskite tandem photovoltaics with optimized band gaps Eperon, Giles E.; Leijtens, Tomas; Bush, Kevin A. Science, Vol. 354, Issue 6314 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf9717	journal	October 2016
Promises and challenges of perovskite solar cells Correa-Baena, Juan-Pablo; Saliba, Michael; Buonassisi, Tonio Science, Vol. 358, Issue 6364 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aam6323	journal	November 2017
Iodide management in formamidinium-lead-halide–based perovskite layers for efficient solar cells Yang, Woon Seok; Park, Byung-Wook; Jung, Eui Hyuk Science, Vol. 356, Issue 6345 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aan2301	journal	June 2017
A generic interface to reduce the efficiency-stability-cost gap of perovskite solar cells Hou, Yi; Du, Xiaoyan; Scheiner, Simon Science, Vol. 358, Issue 6367 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aao5561	journal	November 2017
Enhanced photovoltage for inverted planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells Luo, Deying; Yang, Wenqiang; Wang, Zhiping Science, Vol. 360, Issue 6396 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aap9282	journal	June 2018

Similar Records

In Situ Back‐Contact Passivation Improves Photovoltage and Fill Factor in Perovskite Solar Cells

Journal Article · Sat Feb 09 19:00:00 EST 2019 · Advanced Materials · OSTI ID:1494202

Hot-Casting-Assisted Liquid Additive Engineering for Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells

Journal Article · Thu Jul 14 20:00:00 EDT 2022 · Advanced Materials · OSTI ID:1976219

π-Conjugated Lewis Base: Efficient Trap-Passivation and Charge-Extraction for Hybrid Perovskite Solar Cells

Journal Article · Mon Dec 05 19:00:00 EST 2016 · Advanced Materials · OSTI ID:1418513

Extending the Photovoltaic Response of Perovskite Solar Cells into the Near‐Infrared with a Narrow‐Bandgap Organic Semiconductor

Citation Formats

References (71)

Similar Records

Related Subjects