High-entropy alloys

George, Easo P.; Raabe, Dierk; Ritchie, Robert O.

doi:10.1038/s41578-019-0121-4

High-entropy alloys

Journal Article · Tue Jun 18 00:00:00 EDT 2019 · Nature Reviews. Materials

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41578-019-0121-4· OSTI ID:1550755

^[1]; Raabe, Dierk ^[2]; ^[3]

Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States); Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (United States)
Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Düsseldorf (Germany)
Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States); Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States)

We present that alloying has long been used to confer desirable properties to materials. Typically, it involves the addition of relatively small amounts of secondary elements to a primary element. For the past decade and a half, however, a new alloying strategy that involves the combination of multiple principal elements in high concentrations to create new materials called high-entropy alloys has been in vogue. The multi-dimensional compositional space that can be tackled with this approach is practically limitless, and only tiny regions have been investigated so far. Nevertheless, a few high-entropy alloys have already been shown to possess exceptional properties, exceeding those of conventional alloys, and other outstanding high-entropy alloys are likely to be discovered in the future. In this paper, we review recent progress in understanding the salient features of high-entropy alloys. Model alloys whose behaviour has been carefully investigated are highlighted and their fundamental properties and underlying elementary mechanisms discussed. Finally, we also address the vast compositional space that remains to be explored and outline fruitful ways to identify regions within this space where high-entropy alloys with potentially interesting properties may be lurking.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES) (SC-22). Materials Sciences & Engineering Division

Grant/Contract Number:: AC05-00OR22725

OSTI ID:: 1550755

Journal Information:: Nature Reviews. Materials, Journal Name: Nature Reviews. Materials Journal Issue: 8 Vol. 4; ISSN 2058-8437

Publisher:: Nature Publishing GroupCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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Electrosynthesis of high-entropy metallic glass nanoparticles for designer, multi-functional electrocatalysis Glasscott, Matthew W.; Pendergast, Andrew D.; Goines, Sondrica Nature Communications, Vol. 10, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-10303-z	journal	June 2019
Tailoring heterogeneities in high-entropy alloys to promote strength–ductility synergy Ma, Evan; Wu, Xiaolei Nature Communications, Vol. 10, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-13311-1	journal	December 2019
Atomic and electronic basis for the serrations of refractory high-entropy alloys Wang, William Yi; Shang, Shun Li; Wang, Yi npj Computational Materials, Vol. 3, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41524-017-0024-0	journal	June 2017
Phonon broadening in high entropy alloys Körmann, Fritz; Ikeda, Yuji; Grabowski, Blazej npj Computational Materials, Vol. 3, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41524-017-0037-8	journal	September 2017
Impact of lattice relaxations on phase transitions in a high-entropy alloy studied by machine-learning potentials Kostiuchenko, Tatiana; Körmann, Fritz; Neugebauer, Jörg npj Computational Materials, Vol. 5, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41524-019-0195-y	journal	May 2019
High-entropy ceramics Oses, Corey; Toher, Cormac; Curtarolo, Stefano Nature Reviews Materials, Vol. 5, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41578-019-0170-8	journal	February 2020
Computationally-driven engineering of sublattice ordering in a hexagonal AlHfScTiZr high entropy alloy Rogal, Lukasz; Bobrowski, Piotr; Körmann, Fritz Scientific Reports, Vol. 7, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-02385-w	journal	May 2017
Ti2NiCoSnSb - a new half-Heusler type high-entropy alloy showing simultaneous increase in Seebeck coefficient and electrical conductivity for thermoelectric applications Karati, Anirudha; Nagini, M.; Ghosh, Sanyukta Scientific Reports, Vol. 9, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-41818-6	journal	March 2019
A high-entropy B ₄ (HfMo ₂ TaTi)C and SiC ceramic composite Zhang, Hanzhu; Hedman, Daniel; Feng, Peizhong Dalton Transactions, Vol. 48, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8dt04555k	journal	January 2019
Reactive nanotemplates for synthesis of highly efficient electrocatalysts: beyond simple morphology transfer Kim, Jun; Jun, Minki; Choi, Songa Nanoscale, Vol. 11, Issue 43 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9nr05750a	journal	January 2019
An as-cast high-entropy alloy with remarkable mechanical properties strengthened by nanometer precipitates Qin, Gang; Chen, Ruirun; Liaw, Peter K. Nanoscale, Vol. 12, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9nr08338c	journal	January 2020
Review of high entropy ceramics: design, synthesis, structure and properties Zhang, Rui-Zhi; Reece, Michael J. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 7, Issue 39 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ta05698j	journal	January 2019
“Treasure maps” for magnetic high-entropy-alloys from theory and experiment Körmann, F.; Ma, D.; Belyea, D. D. Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 107, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4932571	journal	October 2015
Rare-earth high entropy alloys with hexagonal close-packed structure Qiao, J. W.; Bao, M. L.; Zhao, Y. J. Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 124, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5051514	journal	November 2018
Transition from high-entropy to Cu-based (TiZrNbNi) _{1− x} Cu _x metallic glasses Ristić, Ramir; Figueroa, Ignacio A.; Lachová, Andrea Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 126, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5119373	journal	October 2019
Multielemental single–atom-thick A layers in nanolaminated V ₂ (Sn, A ) C ( A = Fe, Co, Ni, Mn) for tailoring magnetic properties Li, Youbing; Lu, Jun; Li, Mian Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 117, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1916256117	journal	December 2019
Sintering mechanism of CoCrFeMnNi high-entropy alloy powders Mane, Rahul B.; Y., Rajkumar; Panigrahi, Bharat B. Powder Metallurgy, Vol. 61, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1080/00325899.2018.1433268	journal	February 2018
Evolution of the microstructure and properties of laser-clad FeCrNiCoB _x high-entropy alloy coatings Zhang, C.; Chen, G. J.; Dai, P. Q. Materials Science and Technology, Vol. 32, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1080/02670836.2015.1138035	journal	January 2016
Comparison of the structure and properties of equiatomic and non-equiatomic multicomponent alloys Zhou, Y.; Jin, X.; Du, X. Y. Materials Science and Technology, Vol. 34, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1080/02670836.2017.1415016	journal	January 2018
Microstructure and properties of laser clad high-entropy alloy coating on aluminium Shi, Yan; Ni, Cong; Liu, Jia Materials Science and Technology, Vol. 34, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1080/02670836.2018.1444921	journal	January 2018
Microstructure stability and oxidation behaviour of (FeCoNiMo) ₉₀ (Al/Cr) ₁₀ high-entropy alloys Chen, C.; Liu, N.; Zhang, J. Materials Science and Technology, Vol. 35, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1080/02670836.2019.1652785	journal	August 2019
Synthesis of a single phase of high-entropy Laves intermetallics in the Ti–Zr–V–Cr–Ni equiatomic alloy Yadav, T. P.; Mukhopadhyay, Semanti; Mishra, S. S. Philosophical Magazine Letters, Vol. 97, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1080/09500839.2017.1418539	journal	December 2017
The scandium effect in multicomponent alloys Riva, S.; Yusenko, K. V.; Lavery, N. P. International Materials Reviews, Vol. 61, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1080/09506608.2015.1137692	journal	April 2016
High-entropy alloys: a critical assessment of their founding principles and future prospects Pickering, E. J.; Jones, N. G. International Materials Reviews, Vol. 61, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1080/09506608.2016.1180020	journal	April 2016
Effect of microalloying with silicon on high temperature oxidation resistance of novel refractory high-entropy alloy Ta-Mo-Cr-Ti-Al Müller, Franz; Gorr, Bronislava; Christ, Hans-Jürgen Materials at High Temperatures, Vol. 35, Issue 1-3 https://doi.org/10.1080/09603409.2017.1389115	journal	October 2017
Pseudo-binary and pseudo-ternary diffusion couple methods for estimation of the diffusion coefficients in multicomponent systems and high entropy alloys Esakkiraja, Neelamegan; Pandey, Keerti; Dash, Anuj Philosophical Magazine, Vol. 99, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1080/14786435.2019.1619027	journal	May 2019
Multicomponent equiatomic rare earth oxides Djenadic, Ruzica; Sarkar, Abhishek; Clemens, Oliver Materials Research Letters, Vol. 5, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1080/21663831.2016.1220433	journal	August 2016
Strong grain-size effect on deformation twinning of an Al _0.1 CoCrFeNi high-entropy alloy Wu, S. W.; Wang, G.; Yi, J. Materials Research Letters, Vol. 5, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1080/21663831.2016.1257514	journal	November 2016
Superplastic-like flow in a fine-grained equiatomic CoCrFeMnNi high-entropy alloy Reddy, S. R.; Bapari, S.; Bhattacharjee, P. P. Materials Research Letters, Vol. 5, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1080/21663831.2017.1305460	journal	March 2017
Microstructures and properties of high-entropy alloy films and coatings: a review Li, Wei; Liu, Ping; Liaw, Peter K. Materials Research Letters, Vol. 6, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1080/21663831.2018.1434248	journal	February 2018
Structure and properties of lightweight high entropy alloys: a brief review Maulik, Ornov; Kumar, Devesh; Kumar, Saurav Materials Research Express, Vol. 5, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/aabbca	journal	May 2018
Effect of medium temperature precipitation phase and Mn element diffusion mechanism on high temperature oxidation process of repair and remanufacture CoCrFeMnNi high-entropy alloy cladding Ye, Fuxing; Jiao, Zhipeng; Yang, Yu Materials Research Express, Vol. 6, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab01be	journal	February 2019
Effect of cobalt content on wear behaviour of Al _0.4 FeCrNiCox (x = 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0 mol) high entropy alloys tested under demineralised water with and without 3.5% NaCl solution Kumar, Saurav; Rani, Pooja; Patnaik, Amar Materials Research Express, Vol. 6, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab20b5	journal	May 2019
Computational characterization of the structural and mechanical properties of Al x CoCrFeNiTi 1− x high entropy alloys Bao, Nanyun; Zuo, Jie; Du, Zhenyu Materials Research Express, Vol. 6, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab2b77	journal	July 2019
Structural and thermal properties of nanocrystalline Al _x (SiFeCoNi) _100-x medium entropy alloys Hana, Amina; Janjua, Naveed Kausar; Subhani, Tayyab Materials Research Express, Vol. 6, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab3bd6	journal	August 2019
Microstructure characterization of AlCoCrFeNiTi high-entropy alloy coating produced by atmospheric plasma spraying Tian, Lihui; Wang, Jinchen; Zhang, Qian Materials Research Express, Vol. 6, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab44f5	journal	September 2019
Microstructure and elastic constants of AlTiVMoNb refractory high-entropy alloy coating on Ti6Al4V by laser cladding Chen, Lin; Zhang, Xiaowei; Wang, Yueyi Materials Research Express, Vol. 6, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab49e7	journal	September 2019
A possibility of Pd based high entropy alloy for hydrogen gas sensing applications Sharma, Bharat; Harini, Sri Materials Research Express, Vol. 6, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab4fae	journal	September 2019
Phase evolution and thermal stability of mechanically alloyed CoCrCuFeNi high entropy alloy Pandey, Vivek Kumar; Shivam, Vikas; Sarma, B. Nageswara Materials Research Express, Vol. 6, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab618f	journal	December 2019
Tuning phase stability and short-range order through Al doping in ( CoCrFeMn ) 100 − x A l x high-entropy alloys Singh, Prashant; Marshal, Amalraj; Smirnov, A. V. Physical Review Materials, Vol. 3, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevmaterials.3.075002	journal	July 2019
Unveiling the mechanism of abnormal magnetic behavior of FeNiCoMnCu high-entropy alloys through a joint experimental-theoretical study Rao, Ziyuan; Dutta, Biswanath; Körmann, Fritz Physical Review Materials, Vol. 4, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevmaterials.4.014402	journal	January 2020
High‐entropy, phase‐constrained, lanthanide sesquioxide Tseng, Kuo‐Pin; Yang, Qun; McCormack, Scott J. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 103, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1111/jace.16689	journal	July 2019
High‐entropy transparent fluoride laser ceramics Chen, Xianqiang; Wu, Yiquan Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 103, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1111/jace.16842	journal	September 2019
Outstanding radiation resistance of tungsten-based high-entropy alloys El-Atwani, O.; Li, N.; Li, M. Science Advances, Vol. 5, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aav2002	journal	March 2019
Critical Assessment 14: High entropy alloys and their development as structural materials Miracle, D. B. Materials Science and Technology, Vol. 31, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1179/1743284714y.0000000749	journal	January 2015
Phase selection rules for cast high entropy alloys: an overview Guo, S. Materials Science and Technology, Vol. 31, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1179/1743284715y.0000000018	journal	February 2015
Stepanov High-entropy AlCoFeCrVNi and AlCoFeCrVTi alloys obtained by mechanical alloying and subsequent sintering [Високоентропійні AlCoFeCrVNi та AlCoFeCrVTi сплави, отримані механічним легуванням і наступним спіканням] Cherniavskyi, V. V.; Yurkova, O. I.; Kushnir, V. V. Metaloznavstvo ta obrobka metalìv, Vol. 88, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.15407/mom2018.04.035	journal	December 2018
High-entropy AlCoNiFeCrTiVx coatings куігдеув акщь electron-beam cladding [Високоентропійні AlCоNiFeCrTiVx покриття, отримані електронно-променевим наплавленням] Yurkova, А.; Matveev, O.; Chernyavsky, V. Metaloznavstvo ta obrobka metalìv, Vol. 90, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.15407/mom2019.02.052	journal	July 2019
Mechanical properties of AlCoFeCrVNi and AlCoFeCrVTi high-entropy alloys obtained by sintering under pressure [Механічні властивості високоентропійних AlCoFeCrVNi та AlCoFeCrVTi сплавів після спікання під тиском] Yurkova, A. Y.; Kushnir, V. V.; Cherniavskyi, V. V. Metaloznavstvo ta obrobka metalìv, Vol. 92, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.15407/mom2019.04.004	journal	December 2019
Nanomechanical behavior and structural stability of a nanocrystalline CoCrFeNiMn high-entropy alloy processed by high-pressure torsion Lee, Dong-Hyun; Choi, In-Chul; Seok, Moo-Young Journal of Materials Research, Vol. 30, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2015.239	journal	August 2015
Current and emerging practices of CALPHAD toward the development of high entropy alloys and complex concentrated alloys Gorsse, Stéphane; Tancret, Franck Journal of Materials Research, Vol. 33, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2018.152	journal	June 2018
Nanomechanical studies of high-entropy alloys Zou, Yu Journal of Materials Research, Vol. 33, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2018.155	journal	June 2018
Effect of Ti substitution for Al on the cuboidal nanoprecipitates in Al _0.7 NiCoFeCr ₂ high-entropy alloys Li, Chunling; Ma, Yue; Hao, Jiamiao Journal of Materials Research, Vol. 33, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2018.213	journal	August 2018
Modeling the structure and thermodynamics of high-entropy alloys Widom, Michael Journal of Materials Research, Vol. 33, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2018.222	journal	July 2018
Model interatomic potentials and lattice strain in a high-entropy alloy Farkas, Diana; Caro, Alfredo Journal of Materials Research, Vol. 33, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2018.245	journal	August 2018
Wear behavior of Al _0.6 CoCrFeNi high-entropy alloys: Effect of environments Chen, Ming; Shi, Xiao Hui; Yang, Huijun Journal of Materials Research, Vol. 33, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2018.279	journal	September 2018
Size effects on plasticity in high-entropy alloys Basu, Indranil; Ocelík, Václav; De Hosson, Jeff Th. M. Journal of Materials Research, Vol. 33, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2018.282	journal	August 2018
Breakthrough applications of high-entropy materials Yeh, Jien-Wei; Lin, Su-Jien Journal of Materials Research, Vol. 33, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2018.283	journal	August 2018
Materials-structure-property correlation study of spark plasma sintered AlCuCrFeMnW _x ( x = 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5) high-entropy alloys Kumar, Devesh; Sharma, Vishnu K.; Prasad, Y. V. S. S. Journal of Materials Research, Vol. 34, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2019.18	journal	March 2019
Dissimilar welding of Al _0.1 CoCrFeNi high-entropy alloy and AISI304 stainless steel Sokkalingam, Rathinavelu; Muthupandi, Veerappan; Sivaprasad, Katakam Journal of Materials Research, Vol. 34, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2019.186	journal	June 2019
First report on cold-sprayed AlCoCrFeNi high-entropy alloy and its isothermal oxidation Anupam, Ameey; Kumar, S.; Chavan, Naveen M. Journal of Materials Research, Vol. 34, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2019.38	journal	March 2019
A Short Review on Welding and Joining of High Entropy Alloys Lopes, João G.; Oliveira, João Pedro Metals, Vol. 10, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3390/met10020212	journal	February 2020
The Poly-Substituted M-Type Hexaferrite Crystals Growth Zaitseva, O. V.; Vinnik, D. A.; Trofimov, Evgeny A. Materials Science Forum, Vol. 946 https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.946.186	journal	February 2019
High entropy oxides for reversible energy storage Sarkar, Abhishek; Velasco, Leonardo; Wang, Di Karlsruhe https://doi.org/10.5445/ir/1000085833	text	January 2018
High-Entropy Oxides: Fundamental Aspects and Electrochemical Properties Sarkar, Abhishek; Wang, Qingsong; Schiele, Alexander Karlsruhe https://doi.org/10.5445/ir/1000093195	text	January 2019
Critical evaluation of glass forming ability criteria Chattopadhyay, C.; Idury, K. S. N. Satish; Bhatt, J. Taylor & Francis https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.3178588	text	January 2016
The scandium effect in multicomponent alloys Riva, S.; Yusenko, K. V.; Lavery, N. P. Taylor & Francis https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.3205423	text	January 2016
Multicomponent equiatomic rare earth oxides Djenadic, Ruzica; Sarkar, Abhishek; Clemens, Oliver Taylor & Francis https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.3582009.v1	text	January 2016
High-entropy alloys fabricated via powder metallurgy. A critical review Torralba, J. M.; Alvaredo, P.; García-Junceda, Andrea Taylor & Francis https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.7855451	text	January 2019
High-entropy alloys fabricated via powder metallurgy. A critical review Torralba, J. M.; Alvaredo, P.; García-Junceda, Andrea Figshare https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.7855451.v1	text	January 2019
Pseudo-binary and pseudo-ternary diffusion couple methods for estimation of the diffusion coefficients in multicomponent systems and high entropy alloys Esakkiraja, Neelamegan; Pandey, Keerti; Dash, Anuj Taylor & Francis https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.8186873.v1	text	January 2019