Computational Design of Gradient Paths in Additively Manufactured Functionally Graded Materials

Kirk, Tanner; Galvan, Edgar; Malak, Richard; Arroyave, Raymundo

doi:10.1115/1.4040816

Title: Computational Design of Gradient Paths in Additively Manufactured Functionally Graded Materials

Journal Article · Fri Sep 07 00:00:00 EDT 2018 · Journal of Mechanical Design

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4040816· OSTI ID:1496993

Kirk, Tanner ^[1]; Galvan, Edgar ^[2]; Malak, Richard ^[1]; Arroyave, Raymundo ^[1]

Texas A & M Univ., College Station, TX (United States)
Sandia National Lab. (SNL-CA), Livermore, CA (United States)

We report additive manufacturing (AM) has enabled the creation of a near infinite set of functionally graded materials (FGMs). One limitation on the manufacturability and usefulness of these materials is the presence of undesirable phases along the gradient path. For example, such phases may increase brittleness, diminish corrosion resistance, or severely compromise the printability of the part altogether. In the current work, a design methodology is proposed to plan an FGM gradient path for any number of elements that avoids undesirable phases at a range of temperatures. Gradient paths can also be optimized for a cost function. A case study is shown to demonstrate the effectiveness of the methodology in the Fe–Ni–Cr system. Paths were successfully planned from 316 L Stainless Steel (316 L SS) to pure Cr that either minimize path length or maximize separation from undesirable phases. Examinations on the stochastic variability, parameter dependency, and computational efficiency of the method are also presented. Finally, several avenues of future research are proposed that could improve the manufacturability, utility, and performance of FGMs through gradient path design.

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Research Organization:: Sandia National Lab. (SNL-CA), Livermore, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA); NSF Funded from Graduate School

Grant/Contract Number:: AC04-94AL85000; NA0003525

OSTI ID:: 1496993

Report Number(s):: SAND-2018-5690J; 672201

Journal Information:: Journal of Mechanical Design, Vol. 140, Issue 11; ISSN 1050-0472

Publisher:: ASMECopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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Cited by: 15 works

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Advances in additive manufacturing of metal-based functionally graded materials Reichardt, Ashley; Shapiro, Andrew A.; Otis, Richard International Materials Reviews https://doi.org/10.1080/09506608.2019.1709354	journal	January 2020
On-demand additive manufacturing of functionally graded concrete Ahmed, Z. Y.; Bos, F. P.; van Brunschot, M. C. A. J. Virtual and Physical Prototyping, Vol. 15, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1080/17452759.2019.1709009	journal	February 2020

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36 MATERIALS SCIENCE
42 ENGINEERING
Algorithms
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Functionally graded materials
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Additive manufacturing
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