Star Cluster Formation in Cosmological Simulations. II. Effects of Star Formation Efficiency and Stellar Feedback

Li, Hui; Gnedin, Oleg Y.; Gnedin, Nickolay Y.

doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aac9b8

Title: Star Cluster Formation in Cosmological Simulations. II. Effects of Star Formation Efficiency and Stellar Feedback

Journal Article · Tue Jul 10 00:00:00 EDT 2018 · The Astrophysical Journal (Online)

DOI:https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aac9b8· OSTI ID:1469370

^[1];

^[2]; Gnedin, Nickolay Y. ^[3]

Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI (United States); Massachusetts Inst. of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA (United States)
Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI (United States)
Fermi National Accelerator Lab. (FNAL), Batavia, IL (United States); Univ. of Chicago, Chicago, IL (United States)

Here, the implementation of star formation and stellar feedback in cosmological simulations plays a critical role in shaping galaxy properties. In the first paper of the series, we presented a new method to model star formation as a collection of star clusters. In this paper, we improve the algorithm by eliminating accretion gaps, boosting momentum feedback, and introducing a subgrid initial bound fraction, $$f_i$$, that distinguishes cluster mass from stellar particle mass. We perform a suite of simulations with different star formation efficiency per freefall time $$\epsilon_{\rm ff}$$ and supernova momentum feedback intensity $$f_{\rm boost}$$. We find that the star formation history of a Milky Way-sized galaxy is sensitive to $$f_{\rm boost}$$, which allows us to constrain its value, $$f_{\rm boost}\approx5$$, in the current simulation setup. Changing $$\epsilon_{\rm ff}$$ from a few percent to 200\% has little effect on global galaxy properties. However, on smaller scales, the properties of star clusters are very sensitive to $$\epsilon_{\rm ff}$$. We find that $$f_i$$ increases with $$\epsilon_{\rm ff}$$ and cluster mass. Through the dependence on $$f_i$$, the shape of the cluster initial mass function varies strongly with $$\epsilon_{\rm ff}$$. The fraction of clustered star formation and maximum cluster mass increase with the star formation rate surface density, with the normalization of both relations dependent on $$\epsilon_{\rm ff}$$. The cluster formation timescale systematically decreases with increasing $$\epsilon_{\rm ff}$$. Local variations in the gas accretion history lead to a 0.25~dex scatter for the integral cluster formation efficiency. Joint constraints from all the observables prefer the runs that produce a median integral efficiency of 16%.

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Research Organization:: Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (FNAL), Batavia, IL (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), High Energy Physics (HEP)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-07CH11359

OSTI ID:: 1469370

Report Number(s):: arXiv:1712.01219; FERMILAB-PUB-18-366-A; 1684467

Journal Information:: The Astrophysical Journal (Online), Vol. 861, Issue 2; ISSN 1538-4357

Publisher:: Institute of Physics (IOP)Copyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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Cited by: 47 works

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A Simple Law of Star Formation Padoan, Paolo; Haugboelle, Troels; Nordlund, AAke arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1208.3758	text	January 2012
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A Systematic Look at the Effects of Radiative Feedback on Disc Galaxy Formation Roškar, Rok; Teyssier, Romain; Agertz, Oscar arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1308.6321	text	January 2013
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Cosmic Reionization On Computers I. Design and Calibration of Simulations Gnedin, Nickolay Y. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1403.4245	text	January 2014
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Studying the YMC population of M83: how long clusters remain embedded, their interaction with the ISM and implications for GC formation theories Hollyhead, Katherine; Bastian, Nate; Adamo, Angela arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1502.03823	text	January 2015
Probing the role of the galactic environment in the formation of stellar clusters; using M83 as a test bench Adamo, Angela; Kruijssen, Diederik; Bastian, Nate arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1505.07475	text	January 2015
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Non-universal star formation efficiency in turbulent ISM Semenov, Vadim A.; Kravtsov, Andrey V.; Gnedin, Nickolay Y. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1512.03101	text	January 2015
Enhanced Momentum Feedback from Clustered Supernovae Gentry, Eric S.; Krumholz, Mark R.; Dekel, Avishai arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1606.01242	text	January 2016
Observational Evidence of Dynamic Star Formation Rate in Milky Way Giant Molecular Clouds Lee, Eve J.; Miville-Deschenes, Marc-Antoine; Murray, Norman arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1608.05415	text	January 2016
On the origin of the Schechter-like mass function of young star clusters in disk galaxies Lieberz, Patrick; Kroupa, Pavel arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1611.07990	text	January 2016
Testing Star Formation Laws in a Starburst Galaxy At Redshift 3 Resolved with ALMA Sharda, Piyush; Federrath, Christoph; da Cunha, Elisabete arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1712.03661	text	January 2017
Multi--dimensional Cosmological Radiative Transfer with a Variable Eddington Tensor Formalism Gnedin, Nickolay Y.; Abel, Tom arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.astro-ph/0106278	text	January 2001
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Nuclear Star Clusters in Cosmological Simulations Brown, Gillen; Gnedin, Oleg Y.; Li, Hui The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 864, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aad595	journal	September 2018
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