Next generation molten NaI batteries for grid scale energy storage

Small, Leo J.; Eccleston, Alexis; Lamb, Joshua; Read, Andrew C.; Robins, Matthew; Meaders, Thomas; Ingersoll, David; Clem, Paul G.; Bhavaraju, Sai; Spoerke, Erik David

doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.06.038

Next generation molten NaI batteries for grid scale energy storage

Journal Article · Thu Jun 29 00:00:00 EDT 2017 · Journal of Power Sources

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.06.038· OSTI ID:1465804

^[1]; Eccleston, Alexis ^[2]; Lamb, Joshua ^[1]; Read, Andrew C. ^[2]; Robins, Matthew ^[2]; Meaders, Thomas ^[2]; Ingersoll, David ^[1]; Clem, Paul G. ^[1]; ^[2]; Spoerke, Erik David ^[1]

Sandia National Lab. (SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM (United States)
Ceramatec Inc., Salt Lake City, UT (United States)

Robust, safe, and reliable grid-scale energy storage continues to be a priority for improved energy surety, expanded integration of renewable energy, and greater system agility required to meet modern dynamic and evolving electrical energy demands. We describe here a new sodium-based battery based on a molten sodium anode, a sodium iodide/aluminum chloride (NaI/AlCl₃) cathode, and a high conductivity NaSICON (Na_1+xZr₂Si_xP_3–xO₁₂) ceramic separator. This NaI battery operates at intermediate temperatures (120–180 °C) and boasts an energy density of >150 Wh kg^–1. The energy-dense NaI-AlCl₃ ionic liquid catholyte avoids lifetime-limiting plating and intercalation reactions, and the use of earth-abundant elements minimizes materials costs and eliminates economic uncertainties associated with lithium metal. Moreover, the inherent safety of this system under internal mechanical failure is characterized by negligible heat or gas production and benign reaction products (Al, NaCl). Scalability in design is exemplified through evolution from 0.85 to 10 Ah (28 Wh) form factors, displaying lifetime average Coulombic efficiencies of 99.45% and energy efficiencies of 81.96% over dynamic testing lasting >3000 h. Here, this demonstration promises a safe, cost-effective, and long-lifetime technology as an attractive candidate for grid scale storage.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: Sandia National Laboratories (SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability (OE)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC04-94AL85000

OSTI ID:: 1465804

Alternate ID(s):: OSTI ID: 1550403

Report Number(s):: SAND--2017-7034J; 663094

Journal Information:: Journal of Power Sources, Journal Name: Journal of Power Sources Journal Issue: C Vol. 360; ISSN 0378-7753

Publisher:: ElsevierCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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Zirconium‐Based Materials for Electrochemical Energy Storage Wang, Jianda; Xiao, Xiao; Lu, Yao ChemElectroChem, Vol. 6, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1002/celc.201801586	journal	February 2019
Enhanced alkaline stability in a hafnium-substituted NaSICON ion conductor Small, Leo J.; Wheeler, Jill S.; Ihlefeld, Jon F. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 6, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1039/c7ta09924j	journal	January 2018
Electrochemistry of the NaI-AlCl ₃ Molten Salt System for Use as Catholyte in Sodium Metal Batteries Percival, Stephen J.; Small, Leo J.; Spoerke, Erik D. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 165, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.1191814jes	journal	January 2018

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