In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy Study of Electrochemical Lithiation and Delithiation Cycling of the Conversion Anode RuO 2

Gregorczyk, Keith E.; Liu, Yang; Sullivan, John P.; Rubloff, Gary W.

doi:10.1021/nn402451s

In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy Study of Electrochemical Lithiation and Delithiation Cycling of the Conversion Anode RuO ₂

Journal Article · Thu Jun 20 00:00:00 EDT 2013 · ACS Nano

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1021/nn402451s· OSTI ID:1426912

Gregorczyk, Keith E. ^[1]; Liu, Yang ^[2]; Sullivan, John P. ^[2]; Rubloff, Gary W. ^[1]

Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD (United States). Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering and Inst. for Systems Research
Sandia National Lab. (SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM (United States). Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies

Conversion-type electrodes represent a broad class of materials with a new Li⁺ reactivity concept. Of these materials, RuO₂ can be considered a model material due to its metallic-like conductivity and its high theoretical capacity of 806 mAh/g. In this study, we use in situ transmission electron microscopy to study the reaction between single-crystal RuO₂ nanowires and Li⁺. We show that a large volume expansion of 95% occurs after lithiation, 26% of which is irreversible after delithiation. Significant surface roughening and lithium embrittlement are also present. Furthermore, we show that the initial reaction from crystalline RuO₂ to the fully lithiated mixed phase of Ru/Li₂O is not fully reversible, passing through an intermediate phase of Li_xRuO₂. In subsequent cycles, the phase transitions are between amorphous RuO2 in the delithiated state and a nanostructured network of Ru/Li₂O in the fully lithiated phase.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: Sandia National Laboratories (SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: L3 Technologies, New York City, NY (United States); USDOE National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA); USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES) (SC-22)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC04-94AL85000; SC0001160

OSTI ID:: 1426912

Alternate ID(s):: OSTI ID: 1160670
OSTI ID: 1382721

Report Number(s):: SAND2013--4391J; 519480

Journal Information:: ACS Nano, Journal Name: ACS Nano Journal Issue: 7 Vol. 7; ISSN 1936-0851

Publisher:: American Chemical Society (ACS)Copyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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25 ENERGY STORAGE
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE
77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY
conversion electrode
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in situ transmission electron microscopy
ruthenium dioxide