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The Atomic Scale Electrochemical Lithiation and Delithiation Process of Silicon

Journal Article · · Advanced Materials Interfaces
 [1];  [2];  [2];  [2]
  1. SSRL Materials Science Division SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory Menlo Park CA 94025 USA, Department of Materials Science and Engineering Stanford University Stanford CA 94305 USA
  2. SSRL Materials Science Division SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory Menlo Park CA 94025 USA
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Abstract

While silicon (Si) has tenfold capacity of commercially used graphite, its application is still limited due to its limited cyclability. In this in situ X‐ray reflectivity study, a detailed mechanistic model of the first two (de)lithiation processes of a silicon wafer is presented, which sheds light onto the fundamental difference of the reaction of Li ions with crystalline and amorphous materials. Furthermore, this study provides insight into the formation and further evolution of the inorganic solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer on Si anodes. The results show that the lithiation of crystalline Si is a layer‐by‐layer, reaction limited two‐phase process, but the delithiation of Li x Si (resulting in amorphous Si) and the lithiation of amorphous Si are reaction‐limited single‐phase processes. Furthermore, the thickness‐density product of the inorganic SEI layer increases during lithiation and decreases during delithiation, resembling a “breathing” behavior; the inorganic SEI layer thickness varies between 40 and 70 Å. Additionally, a low‐electron‐density “Li‐dip” layer is found between the SEI and lithiated Si during the delithiation process, suggesting kinetically limited ion transport within the SEI, which is speculated to be one of the origins of battery's internal resistance. Several implications of the findings on battery performance in general are discussed.

Sponsoring Organization:
USDOE
Grant/Contract Number:
AC02-76SF00515
OSTI ID:
1389664
Journal Information:
Advanced Materials Interfaces, Journal Name: Advanced Materials Interfaces Journal Issue: 22 Vol. 4; ISSN 2196-7350
Publisher:
Wiley Blackwell (John Wiley & Sons)Copyright Statement
Country of Publication:
Germany
Language:
English

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