Comparing ecosystem and soil respiration: Review and key challenges of tower-based and soil measurements

Barba, Josep; Cueva, Alejandro; Bahn, Michael; Barron-Gafford, Greg A.; Bond-Lamberty, Benjamin; Hanson, Paul J.; Jaimes, Aline; Kulmala, Liisa; Pumpanen, Jukka; Scott, Russell L.; Wohlfahrt, Georg; Vargas, Rodrigo

doi:10.1016/J.AGRFORMET.2017.10.028

Comparing ecosystem and soil respiration: Review and key challenges of tower-based and soil measurements

Journal Article · Wed Nov 01 00:00:00 EDT 2017 · Agricultural and Forest Meteorology

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/J.AGRFORMET.2017.10.028· OSTI ID:1413484

Barba, Josep ^[1]; Cueva, Alejandro ^[2]; Bahn, Michael ^[3]; Barron-Gafford, Greg A. ^[4]; Bond-Lamberty, Benjamin ^[5]; Hanson, Paul J. ^[6]; Jaimes, Aline ^[1]; Kulmala, Liisa ^[7]; Pumpanen, Jukka ^[8]; Scott, Russell L. ^[9]; Wohlfahrt, Georg ^[3]; Vargas, Rodrigo ^[1]

Univ. of Delaware, Newark, DE (United States). Dept. of Plant and Soil Science
Center for Scientific Research and Higher Education at Ensenada , BC (Mexico). Dept. of Biological Conservation
Univ. of Innsbruck (Austria). Inst. of Ecology
Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (United States). School of Geography and Development, B2 Earth Science
Pacific Northwest National Lab. (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States). Joint Global Change Research Inst.
Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States). Environmental Science Division
Univ. of Helsinki (Finland). Dept. of Forest Sciences
Univ. of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (Finland). Dept. of Environmental and Biological Sciences
Southwest Watershed Research Center, Tucson, AZ (United States)

The net ecosystem exchange (NEE) is the difference between ecosystem CO₂ assimilation and CO₂ losses to the atmosphere. Ecosystem respiration (Reco), the efflux of CO₂ from the ecosystem to the atmosphere, includes the soil-to-atmosphere carbon flux (i.e., soil respiration; Rsoil) and aboveground plant respiration. Therefore, Rsoil is a fraction of Reco and theoretically has to be smaller than Reco at daily, seasonal, and annual scales. But, several studies estimating Reco with the eddy covariance technique and measuring Rsoil within the footprint of the tower have reported higher Rsoil than Reco at different time scales. Here, we compare four different and contrasting ecosystems (from forest to grasslands, and from boreal to semiarid) to test if measurements of Reco are consistently higher than Rsoil. In general, both fluxes showed similar temporal patterns, but Reco was not consistently higher than Rsoil from daily to annual scales across sites. We also identified several issues that apply for measuring NEE and measuring/upscaling Rsoil that could result in an underestimation of Reco and/or an overestimation of Rsoil. These issues are discussed based on (a) nighttime measurements of NEE, (b) Rsoil measurements, and (c) the interpretation of the functional relationships of these fluxes with temperature (i.e., Q10). Finally, we highlight that there is still a need for better integration of Rsoil with eddy covariance measurements to address challenges related to the spatial and temporal variability of Reco and Rsoil.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC); National Science Foundation (NSF); National Aeronautic and Space Administration (NASA); United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC05-76RL01830

OSTI ID:: 1413484

Alternate ID(s):: OSTI ID: 1416670
OSTI ID: 1549124
OSTI ID: 1429200

Report Number(s):: PNNL-SA--124283; PII: S0168192317303556

Journal Information:: Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Journal Name: Agricultural and Forest Meteorology Vol. 249; ISSN 0168-1923

Publisher:: ElsevierCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

References (94)

A multisite analysis of temporal random errors in soil CO ₂ efflux: RANDOM ERRORS IN SOIL CO ₂ EFFLUX Cueva, Alejandro; Bahn, Michael; Litvak, Marcy Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, Vol. 120, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JG002690	journal	April 2015
Importance of nondiffusive transport for soil CO ₂ efflux in a temperate mountain grassland Roland, Marilyn; Vicca, Sara; Bahn, Michael Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, Vol. 120, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JG002788	journal	March 2015
Quantifying and reducing uncertainties in estimated soil CO ₂ fluxes with hierarchical data-model integration : Improving Estimates of Soil CO Ogle, Kiona; Ryan, Edmund; Dijkstra, Feike A. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, Vol. 121, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JG003385	journal	December 2016
Winds induce CO ₂ exchange with the atmosphere and vadose zone transport in a karstic ecosystem: Dynamics of CO ₂ Within the Vadose Zone Sánchez-Cañete, Enrique P.; Oyonarte, Cecilio; Serrano-Ortiz, Penélope Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, Vol. 121, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JG003500	journal	August 2016
Improving the accuracy of the gradient method for determining soil carbon dioxide efflux Sánchez‐Cañete, Enrique P.; Scott, Russell L.; Haren, Joost Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, Vol. 122, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JG003530	journal	January 2017
Soil respiration across scales: The importance of a model–data integration framework for data interpretation Reichstein, Markus; Beer, Christian Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, Vol. 171, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1002/jpln.200700075	journal	June 2008
Estimation of Photosynthetically Active Radiation under an Arid Climate Al-Shooshan, Ahmad A. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, Vol. 66, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1006/jaer.1996.0112	journal	January 1997
Nocturnal drainage flow on simple slopes Horst, T. W.; Doran, J. C. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, Vol. 34, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00122382	journal	February 1986
Temporal dynamics of the carbon isotope composition in a Pinus sylvestris stand: from newly assimilated organic carbon to respired carbon dioxide Kodama, Naomi; Barnard, Romain L.; Salmon, Yann Oecologia, Vol. 156, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-008-1030-1	journal	April 2008
Interpreting, measuring, and modeling soil respiration Ryan, Michael G.; Law, Beverly E. Biogeochemistry, Vol. 73, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-004-5167-7	journal	March 2005
Frontiers and challenges in soil respiration research: from measurements to model-data integration Vargas, Rodrigo; Carbone, Mariah S.; Reichstein, Markus Biogeochemistry, Vol. 102, Issue 1-3 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-010-9462-1	journal	May 2010
The value of soil respiration measurements for interpreting and modeling terrestrial carbon cycling Phillips, Claire L.; Bond-Lamberty, Ben; Desai, Ankur R. Plant and Soil, Vol. 413, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-016-3084-x	journal	November 2016
Gap filling strategies for long term energy flux data sets Falge, Eva; Baldocchi, Dennis; Olson, Richard Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 107, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(00)00235-5	journal	March 2001
Eddy covariance flux corrections and uncertainties in long-term studies of carbon and energy exchanges Massman, W. J.; Lee, X. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 113, Issue 1-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(02)00105-3	journal	December 2002
Assessing soil CO2 efflux using continuous measurements of CO2 profiles in soils with small solid-state sensors Tang, Jianwu; Baldocchi, Dennis D.; Qi, Ye Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 118, Issue 3-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(03)00112-6	journal	September 2003
On micrometeorological observations of surface-air exchange over tall vegetation Lee, Xuhui Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 91, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(98)00071-9	journal	May 1998
A comment on the paper by Lee (1998): “On micrometeorological observations of surface-air exchange over tall vegetation” Finnigan, John Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 97, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(99)00049-0	journal	September 1999
Carbon degassing from the lithosphere Mörner, Nils-Axel; Etiope, Giuseppe Global and Planetary Change, Vol. 33, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8181(02)00070-X	journal	June 2002
Comparison of different chamber techniques for measuring soil CO2 efflux Pumpanen, Jukka; Kolari, Pasi; Ilvesniemi, Hannu Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 123, Issue 3-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2003.12.001	journal	June 2004
Quantifying nighttime ecosystem respiration of a meadow using eddy covariance, chambers and modelling Wohlfahrt, Georg; Anfang, Christian; Bahn, Michael Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 128, Issue 3-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2004.11.003	journal	February 2005
Objective threshold determination for nighttime eddy flux filtering Gu, Lianhong; Falge, Eva M.; Boden, Tom Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 128, Issue 3-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2004.11.006	journal	February 2005
Mass exchange in the stable boundary layer by coherent structures Cooper, D.; Leclerc, M.; Archuleta, J. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 136, Issue 3-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2004.12.012	journal	February 2006
Comprehensive comparison of gap-filling techniques for eddy covariance net carbon fluxes Moffat, Antje M.; Papale, Dario; Reichstein, Markus Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 147, Issue 3-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2007.08.011	journal	December 2007
Comparison of horizontal and vertical advective CO2 fluxes at three forest sites Feigenwinter, Christian; Bernhofer, Christian; Eichelmann, Uwe Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 148, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2007.08.013	journal	January 2008
Cross-site evaluation of eddy covariance GPP and RE decomposition techniques Desai, Ankur R.; Richardson, Andrew D.; Moffat, Antje M. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 148, Issue 6-7 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2007.11.012	journal	June 2008
Soil CO2 efflux vs. soil respiration: Implications for flux models Maier, M.; Schack-Kirchner, H.; Hildebrand, E. E. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 151, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2011.07.006	journal	December 2011
Comparison of static chambers to measure CH4 emissions from soils Pihlatie, Mari K.; Christiansen, Jesper Riis; Aaltonen, Hermanni Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 171-172 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2012.11.008	journal	April 2013
Using the gradient method to determine soil gas flux: A review Maier, M.; Schack-Kirchner, H. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 192-193 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2014.03.006	journal	July 2014
Revisiting the choice of the driving temperature for eddy covariance CO2 flux partitioning Wohlfahrt, Georg; Galvagno, Marta Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 237-238 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2017.02.012	journal	May 2017
Contribution of advection to nighttime ecosystem respiration at a mountain grassland in complex terrain Galvagno, Marta; Wohlfahrt, Georg; Cremonese, Edoardo Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 237-238 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2017.02.018	journal	May 2017
Drought-induced tree species replacement is reflected in the spatial variability of soil respiration in a mixed Mediterranean forest Barba, Josep; Curiel Yuste, Jorge; Martínez-Vilalta, Jordi Forest Ecology and Management, Vol. 306 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2013.06.025	journal	October 2013
Intercomparison of MODIS albedo retrievals and in situ measurements across the global FLUXNET network Cescatti, Alessandro; Marcolla, Barbara; Santhana Vannan, Suresh K. Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 121 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2012.02.019	journal	June 2012
Sources of CO2 efflux from soil and review of partitioning methods Kuzyakov, Y. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Vol. 38, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2005.08.020	journal	March 2006
Temperature dependence of soil CO2 efflux is strongly modulated by seasonal patterns of moisture availability in a Mediterranean ecosystem Almagro, M.; López, J.; Querejeta, J. I. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Vol. 41, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2008.12.021	journal	March 2009
On the ‘temperature sensitivity’ of soil respiration: Can we use the immeasurable to predict the unknown? Subke, Jens-Arne; Bahn, Michael Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Vol. 42, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2010.05.026	journal	September 2010
Are ecological gradients in seasonal Q10 of soil respiration explained by climate or by vegetation seasonality? Wang, Xuhui; Piao, Shilong; Ciais, Philippe Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Vol. 42, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2010.06.008	journal	October 2010
Hot spots, hot moments, and spatio-temporal controls on soil CO2 efflux in a water-limited ecosystem Leon, Elievf; Vargas, Rodrigo; Bullock, Stephen Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Vol. 77 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2014.05.029	journal	October 2014
On Measuring Net Ecosystem Carbon Exchange Over Tall Vegetation on Complex Terrain Baldocchi, Dennis; Finnigan, John; Wilson, Kell Boundary-Layer Meteorology, Vol. 96, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1002497616547	journal	August 2000
Horizontal and Vertical Co2 Advection In A Sloping Forest Aubinet, Marc; Heinesch, Bernard; Yernaux, Michel Boundary-Layer Meteorology, Vol. 108, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024168428135	journal	September 2003
Long-term half-hourly measurement of soil CO ₂ concentration and soil respiration in a temperate deciduous forest Hirano, Takashi Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 108, Issue D20 https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD003766	journal	January 2003
Effect of thinning on surface fluxes in a boreal forest: THINNING AND SURFACE FLUXES IN BOREAL FOREST Vesala, T.; Suni, T.; Rannik, Ü. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, Vol. 19, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GB002316	journal	April 2005
Uncertainties in, and interpretation of, carbon flux estimates using the eddy covariance technique Loescher, H. W.; Law, B. E.; Mahrt, L. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 111, Issue D21 https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006932	journal	January 2006
Seasonal and inter-annual variability of the net ecosystem CO ₂ exchange of a temperate mountain grassland: Effects of weather and management Wohlfahrt, Georg; Hammerle, Albin; Haslwanter, Alois Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 113, Issue D8 https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD009286	journal	January 2008
Interpretation and evaluation of combined measurement techniques for soil CO ₂ efflux: Discrete surface chambers and continuous soil CO ₂ concentration probes: INTERPRETATION AND EVALUATION OF EFFLUX Riveros-Iregui, Diego A.; McGlynn, Brian L.; Epstein, Howard E. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, Vol. 113, Issue G4 https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JG000811	journal	December 2008
Effects of seasonal drought on net carbon dioxide exchange from a woody-plant-encroached semiarid grassland Scott, Russell L.; Jenerette, G. Darrel; Potts, Daniel L. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 114, Issue G4 https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JG000900	journal	January 2009
The relative controls of temperature, soil moisture, and plant functional group on soil CO ₂ efflux at diel, seasonal, and annual scales Barron-Gafford, Greg A.; Scott, Russell L.; Jenerette, G. Darrel Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 116, Issue G1 https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JG001442	journal	January 2011
Comparing nocturnal eddy covariance measurements to estimates of ecosystem respiration made by scaling chamber measurements at six coniferous boreal sites Lavigne, M. B.; Ryan, M. G.; Anderson, D. E. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 102, Issue D24 https://doi.org/10.1029/97JD01173	journal	December 1997
Large-scale forest girdling shows that current photosynthesis drives soil respiration Högberg, Peter; Nordgren, Anders; Buchmann, Nina Nature, Vol. 411, Issue 6839 https://doi.org/10.1038/35081058	journal	June 2001
Model estimates of CO2 emissions from soil in response to global warming Jenkinson, D. S.; Adams, D. E.; Wild, A. Nature, Vol. 351, Issue 6324 https://doi.org/10.1038/351304a0	journal	May 1991
Plant litter decomposition in a semi-arid ecosystem controlled by photodegradation Austin, Amy T.; Vivanco, Lucía Nature, Vol. 442, Issue 7102 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05038	journal	August 2006
Recent decline in the global land evapotranspiration trend due to limited moisture supply Jung, Martin; Reichstein, Markus; Ciais, Philippe Nature, Vol. 467, Issue 7318 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09396	journal	October 2010
Seasonality of temperate forest photosynthesis and daytime respiration Wehr, R.; Munger, J. W.; McManus, J. B. Nature, Vol. 534, Issue 7609 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature17966	journal	June 2016
A re-examination of closed flux chamber methods for the measurement of trace gas emissions from soils to the atmosphere Conen, F.; Smith, K. A. European Journal of Soil Science, Vol. 49, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2389.1998.4940701.x	journal	December 1998
Assessing the eddy covariance technique for evaluating carbon dioxide exchange rates of ecosystems: past, present and future Baldocchi, Dennis D. Global Change Biology, Vol. 9, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00629.x	journal	April 2003
A comparison of manual and automated systems for soil CO2 flux measurements: trade-offs between spatial and temporal resolution Savage, K. E.; Davidson, E. A. Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol. 54, Issue 384 https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erg121	journal	March 2003
Uncertainty in eddy covariance measurements and its application to physiological models Hollinger, D. Y.; Richardson, A. D. Tree Physiology, Vol. 25, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/25.7.873	journal	July 2005
Diel patterns of autotrophic and heterotrophic respiration among phenological stages Savage, K.; Davidson, E. A.; Tang, J. Global Change Biology, Vol. 19, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12108	journal	January 2013
Gap filling strategies and error in estimating annual soil respiration Gomez-Casanovas, Nuria; Anderson-Teixeira, Kristina; Zeri, Marcelo Global Change Biology, Vol. 19, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12127	journal	February 2013
Measuring fluxes of trace gases and energy between ecosystems and the atmosphere - the state and future of the eddy covariance method Baldocchi, Dennis Global Change Biology, Vol. 20, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12649	journal	June 2014
Forest ecosystem respiration estimated from eddy covariance and chamber measurements under high turbulence and substantial tree mortality from bark beetles Speckman, Heather N.; Frank, John M.; Bradford, John B. Global Change Biology, Vol. 21, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12731	journal	October 2014
Mind the gap: non-biological processes contributing to soil CO ₂ efflux Rey, Ana Global Change Biology, Vol. 21, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12821	journal	February 2015
The case for increasing the statistical power of eddy covariance ecosystem studies: why, where and how? Hill, Timothy; Chocholek, Melanie; Clement, Robert Global Change Biology, Vol. 23, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13547	journal	November 2016
Whole ecosystem metabolic pulses following precipitation events Jenerette, G. D.; Scott, R. L.; Huxman, T. E. Functional Ecology, Vol. 22, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2008.01450.x	journal	October 2008
Measurements of carbon sequestration by long-term eddy covariance: methods and a critical evaluation of accuracy Goulden, Michael L.; Munger, J. William; Fan, Song-Miao Global Change Biology, Vol. 2, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.1996.tb00070.x	journal	June 1996
The propagation of errors in long-term measurements of land-atmosphere fluxes of carbon and water Moncrieff, J. B.; Malhi, Y.; Leuning, R. Global Change Biology, Vol. 2, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.1996.tb00075.x	journal	June 1996
Spatial and temporal variability in forest-atmosphere CO2 exchange Hollinger, D. Y.; Aber, J.; Dail, B. Global Change Biology, Vol. 10, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00847.x	journal	October 2004
On the separation of net ecosystem exchange into assimilation and ecosystem respiration: review and improved algorithm Reichstein, Markus; Falge, Eva; Baldocchi, Dennis Global Change Biology, Vol. 11, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.001002.x	journal	September 2005
Spatial analysis of growing season length control over net ecosystem exchange Churkina, Galina; Schimel, David; Braswell, Bobby H. Global Change Biology, Vol. 11, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.001012.x	journal	October 2005
A distinct seasonal pattern of the ratio of soil respiration to total ecosystem respiration in a spruce-dominated forest Davidson, E. A.; Richardson, A. D.; Savage, K. E. Global Change Biology, Vol. 12, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.01062.x	journal	February 2006
Separation of net ecosystem exchange into assimilation and respiration using a light response curve approach: critical issues and global evaluation: SEPARATION OF NEE INTO GPP AND RECO Lasslop, Gitta; Reichstein, Markus; Papale, Dario Global Change Biology, Vol. 16, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02041.x	journal	January 2010
Interpreting diel hysteresis between soil respiration and temperature: DIEL HYSTERESIS OF SOIL RESPIRATION Phillips, Claire L.; Nickerson, Nick; Risk, David Global Change Biology, Vol. 17, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02250.x	journal	December 2010
Precipitation variability and fire influence the temporal dynamics of soil CO2 efflux in an arid grassland Vargas, Rodrigo; Collins, Scott L.; Thomey, Michell L. Global Change Biology, Vol. 18, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02628.x	journal	January 2012
Nocturnal carbon efflux: reconciliation of eddy covariance and chamber measurements using an alternative to the u.-threshold filtering technique Van Gorsel, Eva; Leuning, Ray; Cleugh, Helen A. Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology, Vol. 59, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0889.2007.00252.x	journal	January 2007
The many meanings of gross photosynthesis and their implication for photosynthesis research from leaf to globe: Definition of gross photosynthesis Wohlfahrt, Georg; Gu, Lianhong Plant, Cell & Environment, Vol. 38, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1111/pce.12569	journal	June 2015
Terrestrial Gross Carbon Dioxide Uptake: Global Distribution and Covariation with Climate Beer, C.; Reichstein, M.; Tomelleri, E. Science, Vol. 329, Issue 5993 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1184984	journal	July 2010
Global Convergence in the Temperature Sensitivity of Respiration at Ecosystem Level Mahecha, M. D.; Reichstein, M.; Carvalhais, N. Science, Vol. 329, Issue 5993 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1189587	journal	July 2010
Über die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit bei der Inversion von Rohrzucker durch Säuren Arrhenius, Svante Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie, Vol. 4U, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1515/zpch-1889-0416	journal	January 1889
ADVECTION AND RESULTING CO ₂ EXCHANGE UNCERTAINTY IN A TALL FOREST IN CENTRAL GERMANY Kutsch, Werner L.; Kolle, Olaf; Rebmann, Corinna Ecological Applications, Vol. 18, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1890/06-1301.1	journal	September 2008
EDDY COVARIANCE CO ₂ FLUX MEASUREMENTS IN NOCTURNAL CONDITIONS: AN ANALYSIS OF THE PROBLEM Aubinet, Marc Ecological Applications, Vol. 18, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1890/06-1336.1	journal	September 2008
An Introduction to flux Measurements in Difficult Conditions Finnigan, John Ecological Applications, Vol. 18, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1890/07-2105.1	journal	September 2008
Eddy Flux Measurements in Difficult Conditions ¹ Schimel, David; Aubinet, Marc; Finnegan, John Ecological Applications, Vol. 18, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1890/07-2118.1	journal	September 2008
Looking deeper into the soil: biophysical controls and seasonal lags of soil CO ₂ production and efflux Vargas, Rodrigo; Baldocchi, Dennis D.; Allen, Michael F. Ecological Applications, Vol. 20, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1890/09-0693.1	journal	September 2010
Tortuosity, Diffusivity, and Permeability in the Soil Liquid and Gaseous Phases Moldrup, P.; Olesen, T.; Komatsu, T. Soil Science Society of America Journal, Vol. 65, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2001.653613x	journal	January 2001
Automated Monitoring of Soil Respiration Edwards, Nelson T.; Riggs, Jeffery S. Soil Science Society of America Journal, Vol. 67, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2003.1266	journal	January 2003
A Process-Based Model for Predicting Soil Carbon Dioxide Efflux and Concentration Pumpanen, Jukka; Ilvesniemi, Hannu; Hari, Pertti Soil Science Society of America Journal, Vol. 67, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2003.4020	journal	January 2003
The global carbon dioxide flux in soil respiration and its relationship to vegetation and climate Raich, J. W.; Schlesinger, W. H. Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology, Vol. 44, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v44i2.15428	journal	January 1992
Net ecosystem CO ₂ exchange measurements by the closed chamber method and the eddy covariance technique and their dependence on atmospheric conditions Riederer, M.; Serafimovich, A.; Foken, T. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, Vol. 7, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-1057-2014	journal	January 2014
Soil respiration on an aging managed heathland: identifying an appropriate empirical model for predictive purposes Kopittke, G. R.; van Loon, E. E.; Tietema, A. Biogeosciences, Vol. 10, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-3007-2013	journal	January 2013
Automation of soil flux chamber measurements: potentials and pitfalls Görres, Carolyn-Monika; Kammann, Claudia; Ceulemans, Reinhart Biogeosciences, Vol. 13, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-1949-2016	journal	January 2016
Towards a standardized processing of Net Ecosystem Exchange measured with eddy covariance technique: algorithms and uncertainty estimation Papale, D.; Reichstein, M.; Aubinet, M. Biogeosciences, Vol. 3, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-3-571-2006	journal	January 2006
Land use affects the net ecosystem CO ₂ exchange and its components in mountain grasslands Schmitt, M.; Bahn, M.; Wohlfahrt, G. Biogeosciences, Vol. 7, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-2297-2010	journal	January 2010
Carbon allocation and carbon isotope fluxes in the plant-soil-atmosphere continuum: a review Brüggemann, N.; Gessler, A.; Kayler, Z. Biogeosciences, Vol. 8, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-3457-2011	journal	January 2011
On the choice of the driving temperature for eddy-covariance carbon dioxide flux partitioning Lasslop, G.; Migliavacca, M.; Bohrer, G. Biogeosciences, Vol. 9, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-5243-2012	journal	January 2012
Chemodiversity of a Scots pine stand and implications for terpene air concentrations Bäck, J.; Aalto, J.; Henriksson, M. Biogeosciences, Vol. 9, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-689-2012	journal	January 2012

Cited By (13)

Biotic soil-plant interaction processes explain most of hysteretic soil CO2 efflux response to temperature in cross-factorial mesocosm experiment Dusza, Yann; Sanchez-Cañete, Enrique P.; Galliard, Jean-François Le Scientific Reports, Vol. 10, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-55390-6	journal	January 2020
SCFSen: A Sensor Node for Regional Soil Carbon Flux Monitoring Wang, Guoying; Wu, Xiaoping; Mo, Lufeng Sensors, Vol. 18, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.3390/s18113986	journal	November 2018
Localized basal area affects soil respiration temperature sensitivity in a coastal deciduous forest Pennington, Stephanie C.; McDowell, Nate G.; Megonigal, J. Patrick Biogeosciences, Vol. 17, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-771-2020	journal	February 2020
Soil respiration of four forests along elevation gradient in northern subtropical China Ma, Mingzhe; Zang, Zhenhua; Xie, Zongqiang Ecology and Evolution, Vol. 9, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.5762	journal	November 2019
Soil Respiration Variability and Correlation Across a Wide Range of Temporal Scales Bond‐Lamberty, Ben; Pennington, Stephanie C.; Jian, Jinshi Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, Vol. 124, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1029/2019jg005265	journal	November 2019
Automated measurements of greenhouse gases fluxes from tree stems and soils: magnitudes, patterns and drivers Barba, Josep; Poyatos, Rafael; Vargas, Rodrigo Scientific Reports, Vol. 9, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-39663-8	journal	March 2019
Climate drivers of the terrestrial carbon cycle variability in Europe Messori, G.; Ruiz-Pérez, G.; Manzoni, S. Environmental Research Letters, Vol. 14, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab1ac0	journal	May 2019
From microhabitat to ecosystem: identifying the biophysical factors controlling soil CO ₂ dynamics in a karst shrubland: Biophysical factors controlling soil CO ₂ dynamics Lopez, C. J. R.; Sánchez-Cañete, E. P.; Serrano-Ortiz, P. European Journal of Soil Science, Vol. 69, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1111/ejss.12710	journal	August 2018
Separating the effects of temperature and carbon allocation on the diel pattern of soil respiration in the different phenological stages in dry grasslands Balogh, János; Fóti, Szilvia; Papp, Marianna PLOS ONE, Vol. 14, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0223247	journal	October 2019
Environmental and Vegetative Controls on Soil CO2 Efflux in Three Semiarid Ecosystems Roby, Matthew C.; Scott, Russell L.; Barron-Gafford, Greg A. Soil Systems, Vol. 3, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems3010006	journal	January 2019
Reconciling Negative Soil CO2 Fluxes: Insights from a Large-Scale Experimental Hillslope Cueva, Alejandro; Volkmann, Till H. M.; Haren, Joost van Soil Systems, Vol. 3, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems3010010	journal	January 2019
Global satellite-driven estimates of heterotrophic respiration Konings, Alexandra G.; Bloom, A. Anthony; Liu, Junjie Biogeosciences, Vol. 16, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-2269-2019	journal	January 2019
California air resources board forest carbon protocol invalidates offsets Marino, Bruno D. V.; Mincheva, Martina; Doucett, Aaron PeerJ, Vol. 7 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7606	journal	January 2019

Figures / Tables (7)

Similar Records

Comparing ecosystem and soil respiration: Review and key challenges of tower-based and soil measurements

Journal Article · Wed Jan 31 23:00:00 EST 2018 · Agricultural and Forest Meteorology · OSTI ID:1416670

Comparison of soil respiration methods in a mid-latitude deciduous forest

Journal Article · Sat Dec 31 23:00:00 EST 2005 · Biogeochemistry · OSTI ID:930813

Impact of Shifts in Vegetation Phenology on the Carbon Balance of a Semiarid Sagebrush Ecosystem

Journal Article · Tue Nov 22 23:00:00 EST 2022 · Remote Sensing · OSTI ID:1902127

Related Subjects

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
AmeriFlux
FluxNet
Q10
eddy covariance
net ecosystem exchange (NEE)
soil CO2 efflux
temperature sensitivity

Comparing ecosystem and soil respiration: Review and key challenges of tower-based and soil measurements

Citation Formats

References (94)

Cited By (13)

Figures / Tables (7)

Similar Records

Related Subjects