Overview of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) experimental design and organization

Eyring, Veronika; Bony, Sandrine; Meehl, Gerald A.; Senior, Catherine A.; Stevens, Bjorn; Stouffer, Ronald J.; Taylor, Karl E.

doi:10.5194/gmd-9-1937-2016

Overview of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) experimental design and organization

Journal Article · Thu May 26 00:00:00 EDT 2016 · Geoscientific Model Development (Online)

DOI:https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-1937-2016· OSTI ID:1408987

Eyring, Veronika ^[1]; Bony, Sandrine ^[2]; Meehl, Gerald A. ^[3]; Senior, Catherine A. ^[4]; Stevens, Bjorn ^[5]; Stouffer, Ronald J. ^[6]; Taylor, Karl E. ^[7]

Institut fur Physik der Atmosphare, Oberpfaffenhofen (Germany). Deutsches Zentrum fur Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR)
Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (LMD/IPSL), CNRS, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris (France). Laboratoire de Meteorologie Dynamique
National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO (United States)
Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter (United Kingdom)
Max-Planck-Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg (Germany)
Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory/NOAA, Princeton, NJ (United States)
Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States). Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison (PCMDI)

By coordinating the design and distribution of global climate model simulations of the past, current, and future climate, the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) has become one of the foundational elements of climate science. However, the need to address an ever-expanding range of scientific questions arising from more and more research communities has made it necessary to revise the organization of CMIP. After a long and wide community consultation, a new and more federated structure has been put in place. It consists of three major elements: (1) a handful of common experiments, the DECK (Diagnostic, Evaluation and Characterization of Klima) and CMIP historical simulations (1850–near present) that will maintain continuity and help document basic characteristics of models across different phases of CMIP; (2) common standards, coordination, infrastructure, and documentation that will facilitate the distribution of model outputs and the characterization of the model ensemble; and (3) an ensemble of CMIP-Endorsed Model Intercomparison Projects (MIPs) that will be specific to a particular phase of CMIP (now CMIP6) and that will build on the DECK and CMIP historical simulations to address a large range of specific questions and fill the scientific gaps of the previous CMIP phases. The DECK and CMIP historical simulations, together with the use of CMIP data standards, will be the entry cards for models participating in CMIP. Participation in CMIP6-Endorsed MIPs by individual modelling groups will be at their own discretion and will depend on their scientific interests and priorities. With the Grand Science Challenges of the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) as its scientific backdrop, CMIP6 will address three broad questions:

– How does the Earth system respond to forcing?

– What are the origins and consequences of systematic model biases?

– How can we assess future climate changes given internal climate variability, predictability, and uncertainties in scenarios?

This CMIP6 overview paper presents the background and rationale for the new structure of CMIP, provides a detailed description of the DECK and CMIP6 historical simulations, and includes a brief introduction to the 21 CMIP6-Endorsed MIPs.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Biological and Environmental Research (BER) (SC-23)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC52-07NA27344; FC02-97ER62402

OSTI ID:: 1408987

Report Number(s):: LLNL-JRNL--736881

Journal Information:: Geoscientific Model Development (Online), Journal Name: Geoscientific Model Development (Online) Journal Issue: 5 Vol. 9; ISSN 1991-9603

Publisher:: European Geosciences UnionCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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Addressing Long-Term Operational Risk Management in Port Docks under Climate Change Scenarios—A Spanish Case Study Campos, Álvaro; García-Valdecasas, José María; Molina, Rafael Water, Vol. 11, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.3390/w11102153	journal	October 2019
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Albedos, Equilibrium Temperatures, and Surface Temperatures of Habitable Planets Del Genio, Anthony D.; Kiang, Nancy Y.; Way, Michael J. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 884, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab3be8	journal	October 2019
Resolving Orbital and Climate Keys of Earth and Extraterrestrial Environments with Dynamics (ROCKE-3D) 1.0: A General Circulation Model for Simulating the Climates of Rocky Planets Way, M. J.; Aleinov, I.; Amundsen, David S. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 231, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/aa7a06	journal	July 2017
The Model Intercomparison Project on the climatic response to Volcanic forcing (VolMIP): Experimental design and forcing input data for CMIP6 Zanchettin, Davide; Khodri, Myriam; Timmreck, Claudia ETH Zurich https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-b-000119853	text	January 2016
LS3MIP (v1.0) contribution to CMIP6: The Land Surface, Snow and Soil moisture Model Intercomparison Project - Aims, setup and expected outcome Van Den Hurk, Bart; Kim, Hyungjun; Krinner, Gerhard ETH Zurich https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-b-000120158	text	January 2016
HEPPA-II model-measurement intercomparison project: EPP indirect effects during the dynamically perturbed NH winter 2008/2009 Funke, Bernd; Ball, William; Bender, Stefan ETH Zurich https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-b-000123931	text	January 2016
The PMIP4 contribution to CMIP6 - Part 3: The last millennium, scientific objective, and experimental design for the PMIP4 past1000 simulations Jungclaus, Johann H.; Bard, Edouard; Baroni, Mélanie ETH Zurich https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-b-000211928	text	January 2017
Ozone sensitivity to varying greenhouse gases and ozone-depleting substances in CCMI-1 simulations Olaf, Morgenstern,; A., Stone, Kane; Robyn, Schofield, ETH Zurich https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-b-000239033	text	January 2018
Stratospheric aerosol evolution after Pinatubo simulated with a coupled size-resolved aerosol-chemistry-climate model, SOCOL-AERv1.0 Sukhodolov, Timofei; Sheng, Jian-Xiong; Feinberg, Aryeh ETH Zurich https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-b-000277269	text	January 2018
Inferring causation from time series in Earth system sciences Runge, Jakob; Bathiany, Sebastian; Bollt, Erik ETH Zurich https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-b-000349241	text	January 2019
Quantifying uncertainty in European climate projections using combined performance-independence weighting Brunner, Lukas; Lorenz, Ruth; Zumwald, Marius ETH Zurich https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-b-000384838	text	January 2019
ESMValTool (v1.0) – a community diagnostic and performance metrics tool for routine evaluation of Earth system models in CMIP Eyring, Veronika; Righi, Mattia; Lauer, Axel Copernicus Publications https://doi.org/10.48350/167138	text	January 2016
Impacts of Mt Pinatubo volcanic aerosol on the tropical stratosphere in chemistry–climate model simulations using CCMI and CMIP6 stratospheric aerosol data Revell, Laura E.; Stenke, Andrea; Luo, Beiping Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 17, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-13139-2017	journal	January 2017
HEPPA-II model–measurement intercomparison project: EPP indirect effects during the dynamically perturbed NH winter 2008–2009 Funke, Bernd; Ball, William; Bender, Stefan Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 17, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-3573-2017	journal	January 2017
Multi-model comparison of the volcanic sulfate deposition from the 1815 eruption of Mt. Tambora Marshall, Lauren; Schmidt, Anja; Toohey, Matthew Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 18, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-2307-2018	journal	January 2018
Tropical convection regimes in climate models: evaluation with satellite observations Steiner, Andrea K.; Lackner, Bettina C.; Ringer, Mark A. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 18, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-4657-2018	journal	January 2018
Radiative effects of ozone waves on the Northern Hemisphere polar vortex and its modulation by the QBO Silverman, Vered; Harnik, Nili; Matthes, Katja Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 18, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-6637-2018	journal	January 2018
Subgrid variations of the cloud water and droplet number concentration over the tropical ocean: satellite observations and implications for warm rain simulations in climate models Zhang, Zhibo; Song, Hua; Ma, Po-Lun Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 19, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-1077-2019	journal	January 2019
Contributions of Nordic anthropogenic emissions on air pollution and premature mortality over the Nordic region and the Arctic Im, Ulas; Christensen, Jesper H.; Nielsen, Ole-Kenneth Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 19, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-12975-2019	journal	January 2019
Aerosol optical properties over Europe: an evaluation of the AQMEII Phase 3 simulations against satellite observations Palacios-Peña, Laura; Jiménez-Guerrero, Pedro; Baró, Rocío Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 19, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-2965-2019	journal	January 2019
Anthropogenic aerosol forcing – insights from multiple estimates from aerosol-climate models with reduced complexity Fiedler, Stephanie; Kinne, Stefan; Huang, Wan Ting Katty Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 19, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-6821-2019	journal	January 2019
The remote sensing of radiative forcing by light-absorbing particles (LAPs) in seasonal snow over northeastern China Pu, Wei; Cui, Jiecan; Shi, Tenglong Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 19, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-9949-2019	journal	January 2019
Aerosol optical properties over Europe: an evaluation of the AQMEII Phase 3 simulations against satellite observations Palacios-Peña, Laura; Jiménez-Guerrero, Pedro; Baró, Rocío Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2017-1119	posted_content	March 2018
Reviews and syntheses: Carbonyl sulfide as a multi-scale tracer for carbon and water cycles Whelan, Mary E.; Lennartz, Sinikka T.; Gimeno, Teresa E. Biogeosciences, Vol. 15, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-3625-2018	journal	January 2018
Influence of radiative forcing factors on ground–air temperature coupling during the last millennium: implications for borehole climatology Melo-Aguilar, Camilo; González-Rouco, J. Fidel; García-Bustamante, Elena Climate of the Past, Vol. 14, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1583-2018	journal	January 2018
Water isotopes – climate relationships for the mid-Holocene and preindustrial period simulated with an isotope-enabled version of MPI-ESM Cauquoin, Alexandre; Werner, Martin; Lohmann, Gerrit Climate of the Past, Vol. 15, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-1913-2019	journal	January 2019
ESD Reviews: Climate feedbacks in the Earth system and prospects for their evaluation Heinze, Christoph; Eyring, Veronika; Friedlingstein, Pierre Earth System Dynamics, Vol. 10, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-10-379-2019	journal	January 2019
Investigating the applicability of emergent constraints Winkler, Alexander J.; Myneni, Ranga B.; Brovkin, Victor Earth System Dynamics, Vol. 10, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-10-501-2019	journal	January 2019
The climate of a retrograde rotating earth Mikolajewicz, Uwe; Ziemen, Florian; Cioni, Guido Earth System Dynamics Discussions https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-2018-31	posted_content	June 2018
Towards improved and more routine Earth system model evaluation in CMIP Eyring, Veronika; Gleckler, Peter J.; Heinze, Christoph Earth System Dynamics, Vol. 7, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-7-813-2016	journal	January 2016
Current challenges of implementing anthropogenic land-use and land-cover change in models contributing to climate change assessments Prestele, Reinhard; Arneth, Almut; Bondeau, Alberte Earth System Dynamics, Vol. 8, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-8-369-2017	journal	January 2017
The climate of a retrograde rotating Earth Mikolajewicz, Uwe; Ziemen, Florian; Cioni, Guido Earth System Dynamics, Vol. 9, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-9-1191-2018	journal	January 2018
Process-level improvements in CMIP5 models and their impact on tropical variability, the Southern Ocean, and monsoons Lauer, Axel; Jones, Colin; Eyring, Veronika Earth System Dynamics, Vol. 9, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-9-33-2018	journal	January 2018
Assessing the impact of a future volcanic eruption on decadal predictions Illing, Sebastian; Kadow, Christopher; Pohlmann, Holger Earth System Dynamics, Vol. 9, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-9-701-2018	journal	January 2018
An updated version of a gap-free monthly mean zonal mean ozone database Hassler, Birgit; Kremser, Stefanie; Bodeker, Greg E. Earth System Science Data, Vol. 10, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-1473-2018	journal	January 2018
Revised records of atmospheric trace gases CO₂, CH₄, N₂O, and δ¹³C-CO₂ over the last 2000 years from Law Dome, Antarctica Rubino, Mauro; Etheridge, David M.; Thornton, David P. Earth System Science Data, Vol. 11, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-473-2019	journal	January 2019
Carbon–nitrogen interactions in idealized simulations with JSBACH (version 3.10) Goll, Daniel S.; Winkler, Alexander J.; Raddatz, Thomas Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 10, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-2009-2017	journal	January 2017
Biogeochemical protocols and diagnostics for the CMIP6 Ocean Model Intercomparison Project (OMIP) Orr, James C.; Najjar, Raymond G.; Aumont, Olivier Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 10, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-2169-2017	journal	January 2017
Solar forcing for CMIP6 (v3.2) Matthes, Katja; Funke, Bernd; Andersson, Monika E. Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 10, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-2247-2017	journal	January 2017
The BRIDGE HadCM3 family of climate models: HadCM3@Bristol v1.0 Valdes, Paul J.; Armstrong, Edward; Badger, Marcus P. S. Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 10, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-3715-2017	journal	January 2017
The PMIP4 contribution to CMIP6 – Part 2: Two interglacials, scientific objective and experimental design for Holocene and Last Interglacial simulations Otto-Bliesner, Bette L.; Braconnot, Pascale; Harrison, Sandy P. Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 10, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-3979-2017	journal	January 2017
The PMIP4 contribution to CMIP6 – Part 3: The last millennium, scientific objective, and experimental design for the PMIP4 past1000 simulations Jungclaus, Johann H.; Bard, Edouard; Baroni, Mélanie Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 10, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-4005-2017	journal	January 2017
The PMIP4 contribution to CMIP6 – Part 4: Scientific objectives and experimental design of the PMIP4-CMIP6 Last Glacial Maximum experiments and PMIP4 sensitivity experiments Kageyama, Masa; Albani, Samuel; Braconnot, Pascale Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 10, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-4035-2017	journal	January 2017
MACv2-SP: a parameterization of anthropogenic aerosol optical properties and an associated Twomey effect for use in CMIP6 Stevens, Bjorn; Fiedler, Stephanie; Kinne, Stefan Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 10, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-433-2017	journal	January 2017
Compiled records of carbon isotopes in atmospheric CO ₂ for historical simulations in CMIP6 Graven, Heather; Allison, Colin E.; Etheridge, David M. Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 10, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-4405-2017	journal	January 2017
AerChemMIP: quantifying the effects of chemistry and aerosols in CMIP6 Collins, William J.; Lamarque, Jean-François; Schulz, Michael Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 10, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-585-2017	journal	January 2017
The DeepMIP contribution to PMIP4: experimental design for model simulations of the EECO, PETM, and pre-PETM (version 1.0) Lunt, Daniel J.; Huber, Matthew; Anagnostou, Eleni Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 10, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-889-2017	journal	January 2017
Overview of experiment design and comparison of models participating in phase 1 of the SPARC Quasi-Biennial Oscillation initiative (QBOi) Butchart, Neal; Anstey, James A.; Hamilton, Kevin Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 11, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-1009-2018	journal	January 2018
The PMIP4 contribution to CMIP6 – Part 1: Overview and over-arching analysis plan Kageyama, Masa; Braconnot, Pascale; Harrison, Sandy P. Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 11, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-1033-2018	journal	January 2018
The Carbon Dioxide Removal Model Intercomparison Project (CDRMIP): rationale and experimental protocol for CMIP6 Keller, David P.; Lenton, Andrew; Scott, Vivian Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 11, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-1133-2018	journal	January 2018
A protocol for the intercomparison of marine fishery and ecosystem models: Fish-MIP v1.0 Tittensor, Derek P.; Eddy, Tyler D.; Lotze, Heike K. Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 11, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-1421-2018	journal	January 2018
The impact of precipitation evaporation on the atmospheric aerosol distribution in EC-Earth v3.2.0 de Bruine, Marco; Krol, Maarten; van Noije, Twan Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 11, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-1443-2018	journal	January 2018
Stratospheric aerosol evolution after Pinatubo simulated with a coupled size-resolved aerosol–chemistry–climate model, SOCOL-AERv1.0 Sukhodolov, Timofei; Sheng, Jian-Xiong; Feinberg, Aryeh Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 11, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-2633-2018	journal	January 2018
A run control framework to streamline profiling, porting, and tuning simulation runs and provenance tracking of geoscientific applications Sharples, Wendy; Zhukov, Ilya; Geimer, Markus Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 11, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-2875-2018	journal	January 2018
The NUIST Earth System Model (NESM) version 3: description and preliminary evaluation Cao, Jian; Wang, Bin; Yang, Young-Min Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 11, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-2975-2018	journal	January 2018
An interactive ocean surface albedo scheme (OSAv1.0): formulation and evaluation in ARPEGE-Climat (V6.1) and LMDZ (V5A) Séférian, Roland; Baek, Sunghye; Boucher, Olivier Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 11, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-321-2018	journal	January 2018
Using a virtual machine environment for developing, testing, and training for the UM-UKCA composition-climate model, using Unified Model version 10.9 and above Abraham, Nathan Luke; Archibald, Alexander T.; Cresswell, Paul Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 11, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-3647-2018	journal	January 2018
ESM-SnowMIP: assessing snow models and quantifying snow-related climate feedbacks Krinner, Gerhard; Derksen, Chris; Essery, Richard Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 11, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-5027-2018	journal	January 2018
The Cloud Feedback Model Intercomparison Project Observational Simulator Package: Version 2 Swales, Dustin J.; Pincus, Robert; Bodas-Salcedo, Alejandro Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 11, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-77-2018	journal	January 2018
Radiative–convective equilibrium model intercomparison project Wing, Allison A.; Reed, Kevin A.; Satoh, Masaki Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 11, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-793-2018	journal	January 2018
Modular System for Shelves and Coasts (MOSSCO v1.0) – a flexible and multi-component framework for coupled coastal ocean ecosystem modelling Lemmen, Carsten; Hofmeister, Richard; Klingbeil, Knut Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 11, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-915-2018	journal	January 2018
The Polar Amplification Model Intercomparison Project (PAMIP) contribution to CMIP6: investigating the causes and consequences of polar amplification Smith, Doug M.; Screen, James A.; Deser, Clara Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 12, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-1139-2019	journal	January 2019
Global emissions pathways under different socioeconomic scenarios for use in CMIP6: a dataset of harmonized emissions trajectories through the end of the century Gidden, Matthew J.; Riahi, Keywan; Smith, Steven J. Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 12, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-1443-2019	journal	January 2019
Significant improvement of cloud representation in the global climate model MRI-ESM2 Kawai, Hideaki; Yukimoto, Seiji; Koshiro, Tsuyoshi Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 12, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-2875-2019	journal	January 2019
Max Planck Institute Earth System Model (MPI-ESM1.2) for the High-Resolution Model Intercomparison Project (HighResMIP) Gutjahr, Oliver; Putrasahan, Dian; Lohmann, Katja Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 12, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-3241-2019	journal	January 2019
CAM6 simulation of mean and extreme precipitation over Asia: sensitivity to upgraded physical parameterizations and higher horizontal resolution Lin, Lei; Gettelman, Andrew; Xu, Yangyang Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 12, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-3773-2019	journal	January 2019
TheDiaTo (v1.0) – a new diagnostic tool for water, energy and entropy budgets in climate models Lembo, Valerio; Lunkeit, Frank; Lucarini, Valerio Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 12, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-3805-2019	journal	January 2019
Incorporation of inline warm rain diagnostics into the COSP2 satellite simulator for process-oriented model evaluation Michibata, Takuro; Suzuki, Kentaroh; Ogura, Tomoo Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 12, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-4297-2019	journal	January 2019
The Zero Emissions Commitment Model Intercomparison Project (ZECMIP) contribution to C4MIP: quantifying committed climate changes following zero carbon emissions Jones, Chris D.; Frölicher, Thomas L.; Koven, Charles Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 12, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-4375-2019	journal	January 2019
The Canadian Earth System Model version 5 (CanESM5.0.3) Swart, Neil C.; Cole, Jason N. S.; Kharin, Viatcheslav V. Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 12, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-4823-2019	journal	January 2019
Limitations of the 1 % experiment as the benchmark idealized experiment for carbon cycle intercomparison in C 4 MIP MacDougall, Andrew Hugh Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 12, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-597-2019	journal	January 2019
First forcing estimates from the future CMIP6 scenarios of anthropogenic aerosol optical properties and an associated Twomey effect Fiedler, Stephanie; Stevens, Bjorn; Gidden, Matthew Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 12, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-989-2019	journal	January 2019
Machine dependence and reproducibility for coupled climate simulations: the HadGEM3-GC3.1 CMIP Preindustrial simulation Guarino, Maria-Vittoria; Sime, Louise C.; Schroeder, David Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 13, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-139-2020	journal	January 2020
The CMIP6 Data Request (DREQ, version 01.00.31) Juckes, Martin; Taylor, Karl E.; Durack, Paul J. Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 13, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-201-2020	journal	January 2020
The generation of gridded emissions data for CMIP6 Feng, Leyang; Smith, Steven J.; Braun, Caleb Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 13, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-461-2020	journal	January 2020
JULES-GL7: the Global Land configuration of the Joint UK Land Environment Simulator version 7.0 and 7.2 Wiltshire, Andrew J.; Duran Rojas, Maria Carolina; Edwards, John M. Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 13, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-483-2020	journal	January 2020
Using a Virtual Machine environment for developing, testing, and training for the UM-UKCA Composition-Climate Model, using Unified Model version 10.9 and above Luke, Nathan Geoscientific Model Development Discussions https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2018-125	journal	May 2018
ESMValTool (v1.0) – a community diagnostic and performance metrics tool for routine evaluation of Earth system models in CMIP Eyring, Veronika; Righi, Mattia; Lauer, Axel Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 9, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-1747-2016	journal	January 2016
The Model Intercomparison Project on the climatic response to Volcanic forcing (VolMIP): experimental design and forcing input data for CMIP6 Zanchettin, Davide; Khodri, Myriam; Timmreck, Claudia Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 9, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-2701-2016	journal	January 2016
LS3MIP (v1.0) contribution to CMIP6: the Land Surface, Snow and Soil moisture Model Intercomparison Project – aims, setup and expected outcome van den Hurk, Bart; Kim, Hyungjun; Krinner, Gerhard Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 9, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-2809-2016	journal	January 2016
Community Intercomparison Suite (CIS) v1.4.0: a tool for intercomparing models and observations Watson-Parris, Duncan; Schutgens, Nick; Cook, Nicholas Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 9, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-3093-2016	journal	January 2016
The Dynamics and Variability Model Intercomparison Project (DynVarMIP) for CMIP6: assessing the stratosphere–troposphere system Gerber, Edwin P.; Manzini, Elisa Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 9, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-3413-2016	journal	January 2016
The CMIP6 Sea-Ice Model Intercomparison Project (SIMIP): understanding sea ice through climate-model simulations Notz, Dirk; Jahn, Alexandra; Holland, Marika Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 9, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-3427-2016	journal	January 2016
The Decadal Climate Prediction Project (DCPP) contribution to CMIP6 Boer, George J.; Smith, Douglas M.; Cassou, Christophe Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 9, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-3751-2016	journal	January 2016
The Flux-Anomaly-Forced Model Intercomparison Project (FAFMIP) contribution to CMIP6: investigation of sea-level and ocean climate change in response to CO ₂ forcing Gregory, Jonathan M.; Bouttes, Nathaelle; Griffies, Stephen M. Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 9, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-3993-2016	journal	January 2016
High Resolution Model Intercomparison Project (HighResMIP v1.0) for CMIP6 Haarsma, Reindert J.; Roberts, Malcolm J.; Vidale, Pier Luigi Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 9, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-4185-2016	journal	January 2016
Ice Sheet Model Intercomparison Project (ISMIP6) contribution to CMIP6 Nowicki, Sophie M. J.; Payne, Anthony; Larour, Eric Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 9, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-4521-2016	journal	January 2016
ESMValTool (v1.0) – a community diagnostic and performance metrics tool for routine evaluation of Earth System Models in CMIP Eyring, V.; Righi, M.; Evaldsson, M. Geoscientific Model Development Discussions, Vol. 8, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmdd-8-7541-2015	journal	January 2015
Climate change vs. socio-economic development: understanding the future South Asian water gap Wijngaard, René Reijer; Biemans, Hester; Lutz, Arthur Friedrich Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, Vol. 22, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-6297-2018	journal	January 2018
Basin-scale heterogeneity in Antarctic precipitation and its impact on surface mass variability Fyke, Jeremy; Lenaerts, Jan T. M.; Wang, Hailong The Cryosphere, Vol. 11, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-2595-2017	journal	January 2017
Snowmelt response to simulated warming across a large elevation gradient, southern Sierra Nevada, California Musselman, Keith N.; Molotch, Noah P.; Margulis, Steven A. The Cryosphere, Vol. 11, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-2847-2017	journal	January 2017
Canadian snow and sea ice: historical trends and projections Mudryk, Lawrence R.; Derksen, Chris; Howell, Stephen The Cryosphere, Vol. 12, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-1157-2018	journal	January 2018
Design and results of the ice sheet model initialisation experiments initMIP-Greenland: an ISMIP6 intercomparison Goelzer, Heiko; Nowicki, Sophie; Edwards, Tamsin The Cryosphere, Vol. 12, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-1433-2018	journal	January 2018
Antarctic sub-shelf melt rates via PICO Reese, Ronja; Albrecht, Torsten; Mengel, Matthias The Cryosphere, Vol. 12, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-1969-2018	journal	January 2018
19th century glacier retreat in the Alps preceded the emergence of industrial black carbon deposition on high-alpine glaciers Sigl, Michael; Abram, Nerilie J.; Gabrieli, Jacopo The Cryosphere, Vol. 12, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-3311-2018	journal	January 2018
Regional grid refinement in an Earth system model: impacts on the simulated Greenland surface mass balance van Kampenhout, Leonardus; Rhoades, Alan M.; Herrington, Adam R. The Cryosphere, Vol. 13, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-1547-2019	journal	January 2019
CMIP6 Data Citation of Evolving Data Stockhause, Martina; Lautenschlager, Michael Data Science Journal, Vol. 16 https://doi.org/10.5334/dsj-2017-030	journal	June 2017
The Land Use Model Intercomparison Project (LUMIP) contribution to CMIP6: Rationale and experimental design Lawrence, David M.; Hurtt, George C.; Arneth, Almut Karlsruhe https://doi.org/10.5445/ir/1000060650	text	January 2016
The tropical rain belts with an annual cycle and a continent model intercomparison project: TRACMIP Voigt, A.; Biasutti, M.; Scheff, J. Karlsruhe https://doi.org/10.5445/ir/1000065705	text	January 2016
Current challenges of implementing anthropogenic land-use and land-cover change in models contributing to climate change assessments Prestele, Reinhard; Arneth, Almut; Bondeau, Alberte Karlsruhe https://doi.org/10.5445/ir/1000070493	text	January 2017
Solar forcing for CMIP6 (v3.2) Matthes, Katja; Funke, Bernd; Andersson, Monika E. Karlsruhe https://doi.org/10.5445/ir/1000071026	text	January 2017
Impact of climate change on backup energy and storage needs in wind-dominated power systems in Europe Weber, Juliane; Wohland, Jan; Reyers, Mark Karlsruhe https://doi.org/10.5445/ir/1000085619	text	January 2018
Using machine learning to build temperature-based ozone parameterizations for climate sensitivity simulations Nowack, Peer; Braesicke, Peter; Haigh, Joanna Karlsruhe https://doi.org/10.5445/ir/1000086935	text	January 2018
ESM-SnowMIP: assessing snow models and quantifying snow-related climate feedbacks Krinner, Gerhard; Derksen, Chris; Essery, Richard Karlsruhe https://doi.org/10.5445/ir/1000088915	text	January 2018
Overview of experiment design and comparison of models participating in phase 1 of the SPARC Quasi-Biennial Oscillation initiative (QBOi) Butchart, Neal; Anstey, James A.; Hamilton, Kevin Karlsruhe https://doi.org/10.5445/ir/1000089993	text	January 2018
Evaluation of the computational performance of the finite-volume atmospheric model of the IAP/LASG (FAMIL) on a high-performance computer Li, Jin-Xiao; Bao, Qing; Liu, Yi-Min Taylor & Francis https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.5172304	text	January 2017
Evaluation of the computational performance of the finite-volume atmospheric model of the IAP/LASG (FAMIL) on a high-performance computer Li, Jin-Xiao; Bao, Qing; Liu, Yi-Min Taylor & Francis https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.5172304.v1	text	January 2017
A global view of shifting cultivation: Recent, current, and future extent Sedano, Fernando; Egelund Christensen, Andreas; Parsons Chini, Louise Public Library of Science https://doi.org/10.7892/boris.105741	text	January 2017
The PMIP4 contribution to CMIP6 – Part 2: Two interglacials, scientific objective and experimental design for Holocene and Last Interglacial simulations Dutton, Andrea; Peterschmitt, Jean-Yves; Bartlein, Patrick J. Copernicus Publications https://doi.org/10.7892/boris.106908	text	January 2017
The PMIP4 contribution to CMIP6 – Part 3: The last millennium, scientific objective, and experimental design for the PMIP4 past1000 simulations Phipps, Steven J.; Cao, Jian; Timmreck, Claudia Copernicus Publications https://doi.org/10.7892/boris.106909	text	January 2017
Disentangling the causes of the 1816 European year without a summer Schurer, Andrew P.; Hegerl, Gabriele C.; Luterbacher, Jürg IOP Publishing https://doi.org/10.7892/boris.133322	text	January 2019
Event selection for dynamical downscaling: a neural network approach for physically-constrained precipitation events Gómez-Navarro, J. J.; Raible, C. C.; García-Valero, J. A. Springer-Verlag https://doi.org/10.7892/boris.138757	text	January 2019

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Table 1(p. 35)

Table 2(p. 36)

Table 3: Part 1(p. 37)

Table 3: Part 2(p. 38)

Table 3: Part 3(p. 39)

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