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Title: 2D metal carbides and nitrides (MXenes) for energy storage

Journal Article · · Nature Reviews. Materials
 [1];  [1];  [1]
  1. Drexel Univ., Philadelphia, PA (United States). A.J. Drexel Nanomaterials Inst., Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering

The family of 2D transition metal carbides, carbonitrides and nitrides (collectively referred to as MXenes) has expanded rapidly since the discovery of Ti3C2 in 2011. The materials reported so far always have surface terminations, such as hydroxyl, oxygen or fluorine, which impart hydrophilicity to their surfaces. About 20 different MXenes have been synthesized, and the structures and properties of dozens more have been theoretically predicted. Furthermore, the availability of solid solutions, the control of surface terminations and a recent discovery of multi-transition-metal layered MXenes offer the potential for synthesis of many new structures. The versatile chemistry of MXenes allows the tuning of properties for applications including energy storage, electromagnetic interference shielding, reinforcement for composites, water purification, gas- and biosensors, lubrication, and photo-, electro- and chemical catalysis. Attractive electronic, optical, plasmonic and thermoelectric properties have also been shown. Here, we present the synthesis, structure and properties of MXenes, as well as their energy storage and related applications, and an outlook for future research.

Research Organization:
Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)
Sponsoring Organization:
USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES)
Grant/Contract Number:
AC05-00OR22725
OSTI ID:
1399374
Journal Information:
Nature Reviews. Materials, Vol. 2, Issue 2; ISSN 2058-8437
Publisher:
Nature Publishing GroupCopyright Statement
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Citation Metrics:
Cited by: 4295 works
Citation information provided by
Web of Science

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A synergetic stabilization and strengthening strategy for two-dimensional ordered hybrid transition metal carbides journal January 2018
Photonic nanoarchitectonics with stimuli-responsive 2D materials journal January 2019
Oxidized Ti 3 C 2 MXene nanosheets for dye-sensitized solar cells journal January 2018
A nanoporous MXene film enables flexible supercapacitors with high energy storage journal January 2018
Rationally designing S/Ti 3 C 2 T x as a cathode material with an interlayer for high-rate and long-cycle lithium–sulfur batteries journal January 2018
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Recent progress in flexible non-lithium based rechargeable batteries journal January 2019
Stabilization of 2D graphene, functionalized graphene, and Ti 2 CO 2 (MXene) in super-critical CO 2 : a molecular dynamics study journal January 2019
In situ synthesis of BiOCl nanosheets on three-dimensional hierarchical structures for efficient photocatalysis under visible light journal January 2019
Single molybdenum atom anchored on 2D Ti 2 NO 2 MXene as a promising electrocatalyst for N 2 fixation journal January 2019
A facile method for synthesizing CuS decorated Ti 3 C 2 MXene with enhanced performance for asymmetric supercapacitors journal January 2019
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Nb2SiTe4 and Nb2GeTe4: Unexplored 2D Ternary Layered Tellurides with High Stability, Narrow Band Gap and High Electron Mobility journal October 2019
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Influences from solvents on charge storage in titanium carbide MXenes journal March 2019
Characteristics and performance of two-dimensional materials for electrocatalysis journal December 2018
The influence of surface functionalization on thermal transport and thermoelectric properties of MXene monolayers journal January 2018
Two-dimensional VS 2 monolayers as potential anode materials for lithium-ion batteries and beyond: first-principles calculations journal January 2017
Phonon-mediated stabilization and softening of 2D transition metal carbides: case studies of Ti 2 CO 2 and Mo 2 CO 2 journal January 2018
Flexible Ti 3 C 2 T x /PEDOT:PSS films with outstanding volumetric capacitance for asymmetric supercapacitors journal January 2019
Soft material nanoarchitectonics at interfaces: molecular assembly, nanomaterial synthesis, and life control journal January 2019
Effect of mixed surface terminations on the structural and electrochemical properties of two-dimensional Ti 3 C 2 T 2 and V 2 CT 2 MXenes multilayers journal January 2018
Polypyrrole–MXene coated textile-based flexible energy storage device journal January 2018
Comprehensive understanding of intrinsic mobility in the monolayers of III–VI group 2D materials journal January 2019
From the perspectives of DFT calculations, thermodynamic modeling, and kinetic Monte Carlo simulations: the interaction between hydrogen and Sc 2 C monolayers journal January 2020
Exploring the microscopic mechanism of pseudocapacitance with electronic structures in monolayer 1T-MoS 2 electrodes for supercapacitors journal January 2019
Alternative electrodes for HTMs and noble-metal-free perovskite solar cells: 2D MXenes electrodes journal January 2019
A high-performance trace level acetone sensor using an indispensable V 4 C 3 T x MXene journal January 2020
MXenes with tunable work functions and their application as electron- and hole-transport materials in non-fullerene organic solar cells journal January 2019
Ternary metal sulfides for electrocatalytic energy conversion journal January 2019
A safe and fast-charging lithium-ion battery anode using MXene supported Li 3 VO 4 journal January 2019
Anomalous lattice thermal conductivity in layered MNCl (M = Zr, Hf) materials driven by lanthanide contraction journal January 2020
Ultrastrong and conductive MXene/cellulose nanofiber films enhanced by hierarchical nano-architecture and interfacial interaction for flexible electromagnetic interference shielding journal January 2019
The development of 2D materials for electrochemical energy applications: A mechanistic approach journal March 2019
Precisely monitoring and tailoring 2D nanostructures at the atomic scale journal May 2019
Modified Brewster angle on conducting 2D materials journal January 2018
Rainbows in a vial: controlled assembly of 2D colloids in two perpendicular external fields journal March 2019
Janus single layers of In 2 SSe : A first-principles study journal April 2018
A low‐cost and efficient pathway for preparation of 2D MoN nanosheets via Na 2 CO 3 ‐assisted nitridation of MoS 2 with NH 3 journal June 2019
Silver Chlorobromide Nanocubes: A Class of Reactive Templates for Synthesizing Nanoplates and Nanocages of Silver Thiolates journal August 2019
Faradaic deionization of brackish and sea water via pseudocapacitive cation and anion intercalation into few-layered molybdenum disulfide collection January 2017
Stamping of Flexible, Coplanar Micro-Supercapacitors Using MXene Inks journal January 2018
2D Laminar Membranes for Selective Water and Ion Transport journal May 2019
Pristine Titanium Carbide MXene Films with Environmentally Stable Conductivity and Superior Mechanical Strength journal November 2019
Theranostic 2D Tantalum Carbide (MXene) journal December 2017
Engineering 2D Architectures toward High-Performance Micro-Supercapacitors journal August 2018
The Marriage of the FeN 4 Moiety and MXene Boosts Oxygen Reduction Catalysis: Fe 3d Electron Delocalization Matters journal September 2018
Electronic and Optical Properties of 2D Transition Metal Carbides and Nitrides (MXenes) journal November 2018
2D Nanomaterials for Cancer Theranostic Applications journal July 2019
Emerging 2D Materials Produced via Electrochemistry journal January 2020
Hollow MXene Sphere/Reduced Graphene Aerogel Composites for Piezoresistive Sensor with Ultra‐High Sensitivity journal December 2019
2 D MXene‐based Energy Storage Materials: Interfacial Structure Design and Functionalization journal March 2020
Boosting the Electrochemical Performance of Li-S Batteries with a Dual Polysulfides Confinement Strategy journal September 2018
Wearable Electronics Based on 2D Materials for Human Physiological Information Detection journal July 2019
Flexible 3D Porous MXene Foam for High‐Performance Lithium‐Ion Batteries journal October 2019
Hydrophilic and hydrophobic pores in reduced graphene oxide aerogel journal December 2018
Electrospun MnxCo0.5−xSn0.5O2 and SnO2 porous nanofibers and nanoparticles as anode materials for lithium-ion battery journal August 2019
Additive-free MXene inks and direct printing of micro-supercapacitors journal April 2019
Thickness-independent capacitance of vertically aligned liquid-crystalline MXenes journal May 2018
A general gelation strategy for 1D nanowires: dynamically stable functional gels for 3D printing flexible electronics journal January 2018
Novel two-dimensional tetragonal vanadium carbides and nitrides as promising materials for Li-ion batteries journal January 2019
Prediction of MXene based 2D tunable band gap semiconductors: GW quasiparticle calculations journal January 2019
Two-dimensional semiconducting Lu 2 CT 2 (T = F, OH) MXene with low work function and high carrier mobility journal January 2020
MXene Ti 3 C 2 T x for phase change composite with superior photothermal storage capability journal January 2019
Aqueous electrocatalytic N 2 reduction for ambient NH 3 synthesis: recent advances in catalyst development and performance improvement journal January 2020
Super strong 2D titanium carbide MXene-based materials: a theoretical prediction journal December 2019
Recent progress in 2D group IV–IV monochalcogenides: synthesis, properties and applications journal April 2019
Electrochemical Reduction of TiO 2 /Al 2 O 3 /C to Ti 3 AlC 2 and Its Derived Two-Dimensional (2D) Carbides journal January 2018
Functionalization of MXene Nanosheets for Polystyrene towards High Thermal Stability and Flame Retardant Properties journal June 2019
2D MXene Nanofilms with Tunable Gas Transport Channels journal June 2018
Metallic MXene Saturable Absorber for Femtosecond Mode-Locked Lasers journal July 2017
Transparent, Flexible, and Conductive 2D Titanium Carbide (MXene) Films with High Volumetric Capacitance journal July 2017
Plasmon‐Enhanced Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting for Efficient Renewable Energy Storage journal December 2018
Intercalation of Layered Materials from Bulk to 2D journal May 2019
Demonstration of a White Laser with V 2 C MXene‐Based Quantum Dots journal April 2019
3D Printing of Freestanding MXene Architectures for Current‐Collector‐Free Supercapacitors journal July 2019
Multifunctional Nanocomposites with High Strength and Capacitance Using 2D MXene and 1D Nanocellulose journal August 2019
White Photoluminescent Ti 3 C 2 MXene Quantum Dots with Two‐Photon Fluorescence journal March 2019
2D MXene‐Integrated 3D‐Printing Scaffolds for Augmented Osteosarcoma Phototherapy and Accelerated Tissue Reconstruction journal November 2019
Multifunctional Transition Metal‐Based Phosphides in Energy‐Related Electrocatalysis journal September 2019
Electrochemically Generated γ‐Li x V 2 O 5 as Insertion Host for High‐Energy Li‐Ion Capacitors journal August 2019
Facile CO Oxidation on Oxygen‐functionalized MXenes via the Mars‐van Krevelen Mechanism journal December 2019
Tracking Ionic Rearrangements and Interpreting Dynamic Volumetric Changes in Two‐Dimensional Metal Carbide Supercapacitors: A Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study journal January 2018
Formation of Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon‐Coated CoP Nanoparticles Embedded within Graphene Oxide for Lithium‐Ion Batteries Anode journal November 2019
Facile Solution Processing of Stable MXene Dispersions towards Conductive Composite Fibers journal July 2019
A Solid-State Fibriform Supercapacitor Boosted by Host-Guest Hybridization between the Carbon Nanotube Scaffold and MXene Nanosheets journal June 2018
Facile synthesis of MnPO4·H2O nanosheets/MWCNTs composite as electrode material for high-performance supercapacitors journal October 2019
Fluorine-free preparation of titanium carbide MXene quantum dots with high near-infrared photothermal performances for cancer therapy journal January 2017
Tl 2 S: a metal-shrouded two-dimensional semiconductor journal January 2018
Epitaxial growth and physical properties of 2D materials beyond graphene: from monatomic materials to binary compounds journal January 2018
2D-Pnictogens: alloy-based anode battery materials with ultrahigh cycling stability journal January 2018
Mo 2 B, an MBene member with high electrical and thermal conductivities, and satisfactory performances in lithium ion batteries journal January 2020
Configurable multi-state non-volatile memory behaviors in Ti 3 C 2 nanosheets journal January 2019
Transition metal-embedded two-dimensional C 3 N as a highly active electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution and reduction reactions journal January 2019
Structural prediction and multilayer Li + storage in two-dimensional VC 2 carbide studied by first-principles calculations journal January 2019
Design strategies toward catalytic materials and cathode structures for emerging Li–CO 2 batteries journal January 2019
Superfast high-energy storage hybrid device composed of MXene and Chevrel-phase electrodes operated in saturated LiCl electrolyte solution journal January 2019
MXene-engineered lithium–sulfur batteries journal January 2019
Strain-engineered robust and Schottky-barrier-free contact in 2D metal–semiconductor heterostructure journal February 2019
Photodynamic Therapy Based on Graphene and MXene in Cancer Theranostics journal October 2019
The Influence of Oxygen Concentration during MAX Phases (Ti3AlC2) Preparation on the α-Al2O3 Microparticles Content and Specific Surface Area of Multilayered MXenes (Ti3C2Tx) journal January 2019
Facile Synthesis of Crumpled Nitrogen-Doped MXene Nanosheets as a New Sulfur Host for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries journal January 2018
Lithium Ion Capacitors in Organic Electrolyte System: Scientific Problems, Material Development, and Key Technologies journal August 2018
Mxene‐Directed Dual Amphiphilicity at Liquid, Solid, and Gas Interfaces journal November 2018
Highly Enhanced Pseudocapacitive Performance of Vanadium‐Doped MXenes in Neutral Electrolytes journal August 2019
Remarkable differences in the voltammetric response towards hydrogen peroxide, oxygen and Ru(NH3)63+ of electrode interfaces modified with HF or LiF-HCl etched Ti3C2Tx MXene journal December 2019
Exploring the catalytic activity of MXenes Mn+1CnO2 for hydrogen evolution journal May 2019
Vanadium-Based Cathode Materials for Rechargeable Multivalent Batteries: Challenges and Opportunities journal June 2018
The S-functionalized Ti 3 C 2 Mxene as a high capacity electrode material for Na-ion batteries: a DFT study journal January 2018
Highly negative Poisson's ratio in a flexible two-dimensional tungsten carbide monolayer journal January 2018
Two dimensional boron nanosheets: synthesis, properties and applications journal January 2018
Sensitive electrochemical detection of l -cysteine based on a highly stable Pd@Ti 3 C 2 T x (MXene) nanocomposite modified glassy carbon electrode journal January 2019
A novel all solid-state asymmetric supercapacitor with superior electrochemical performance in a wide temperature range using a hydroquinone modified graphene xerogel as the cathode and N-doped Ti 3 C 2 T x as the anode journal January 2020
Electrically conductive aluminum ion-reinforced MXene films for efficient electromagnetic interference shielding journal January 2020
Interrogating the impact of onion-like carbons on the supercapacitive properties of MXene (Ti 2 CT X ) journal October 2019
Fabrication of a Novel Antifouling Polysulfone Membrane with in Situ Embedment of Mxene Nanosheets journal November 2019
Highly Efficient Catalytic Performances of Nitro Compounds and Morin via Self-Assembled MXene-Pd Nanocomposites Synthesized through Self-Reduction Strategy journal July 2019
Effectiveness of Sensors Contact Metallization (Ti, Au, and Ru) and Biofunctionalization for Escherichia coli Detection journal September 2018
Strain Sensors with a High Sensitivity and a Wide Sensing Range Based on a Ti 3 C 2 T x (MXene) Nanoparticle–Nanosheet Hybrid Network journal February 2019
The Sub-Nanometer Scale as a New Focus in Nanoscience journal July 2018
Assembling 2D MXenes into Highly Stable Pseudocapacitive Electrodes with High Power and Energy Densities journal December 2018
MXenes for Plasmonic Photodetection journal June 2019
MXene‐Based Composites: Synthesis and Applications in Rechargeable Batteries and Supercapacitors journal February 2019
Surface Modification of a MXene by an Aminosilane Coupling Agent journal February 2020
Advanced Composite 2D Energy Materials by Simultaneous Anodic and Cathodic Exfoliation journal January 2018
Emerging 2D Layered Materials for Perovskite Solar Cells journal April 2020
Metall‐Phosphor‐Trichalkogenide (MPCh 3 ): von der Synthese zu aktuellen Energieanwendungen journal April 2019
2D Titanium Carbide/Reduced Graphene Oxide Heterostructures for Supercapacitor Applications journal April 2018
High‐Voltage Supercapacitors Based on Aqueous Electrolytes journal November 2018
Self‐Healing Microsupercapacitors with Size‐Dependent 2D MXene journal February 2020
Recent Progress of MXene-Based Nanomaterials in Flexible Energy Storage and Electronic Devices journal December 2018
Ti 2 CT x MXene‐based all‐optical modulator journal December 2019
Designing Highly Conductive Functional Groups Improving Guest–Host Interactions in Li/S Batteries journal December 2019
Review on Nanoarchitectured Current Collectors for Pseudocapacitors journal October 2018
Combined Theoretical and Experimental Studies of Sodium Battery Materials journal November 2018
High-throughput computational screening of layered and two-dimensional materials journal July 2018
Recent Developments in 2D Nanomaterials for Chemiresistive-Type Gas Sensors journal March 2018
Efficient and scalable synthesis of highly aligned and compact two-dimensional nanosheet films with record performances journal August 2018
High capacity silicon anodes enabled by MXene viscous aqueous ink journal February 2019
Inkjet-printed MXene micro-scale devices for integrated broadband ultrafast photonics journal September 2019
Phase transition and in situ construction of lateral heterostructure of 2D superconducting α/β Mo 2 C with sharp interface by electron beam irradiation journal January 2017
Flexible MXene–graphene electrodes with high volumetric capacitance for integrated co-cathode energy conversion/storage devices journal January 2017
Metal free MoS 2 2D sheets as a peroxidase enzyme and visible-light-induced photocatalyst towards detection and reduction of Cr( vi ) ions journal January 2018
Tailoring Ti 3 C 2 T x nanosheets to tune local conductive network as an environmentally friendly material for highly efficient electromagnetic interference shielding journal January 2019
Fe 3 O 4 @Ti 3 C 2 MXene hybrids with ultrahigh volumetric capacity as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries journal January 2018
MXene-derived TiO 2 /reduced graphene oxide composite with an enhanced capacitive capacity for Li-ion and K-ion batteries journal January 2019
Quantifying the rigidity of 2D carbides (MXenes) journal January 2020
Surface group-modified MXene nano-flake doping of monolayer tungsten disulfides journal January 2019
A two-dimensional assembly of ultrafine cobalt oxide nanocrystallites anchored on single-layer Ti 3 C 2 T x nanosheets with enhanced lithium storage for Li-ion batteries journal January 2019
Oxidation-resistant titanium carbide MXene films journal January 2020
The correlation between structure, multifunctional properties and application of PVD MAX phase coatings. Part III. Multifunctional applications journal September 2019
Soft exfoliation of 2D SnO with size-dependent optical properties journal June 2017
Strain-driven superplasticity of ultrathin tin (II) oxide films and the modulation of their electronic properties: A first-principles study journal December 2019
Interfacial Dissociation of Contact-Ion-Pair on MXene Electrodes in Concentrated Aqueous Electrolytes journal January 2019
MXene molecular sieving membranes for highly efficient gas separation other January 2018
Facile and Robust Solvothermal Synthesis of Nanocrystalline CuInS2 Thin Films text January 2018
Preparation of Self-Assembled Composite Films Constructed by Chemically-Modified MXene and Dyes with Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Characterization journal February 2019
The potential of Ti3C2TX nano-sheets (MXenes) for nanoscale solid lubrication revealed by friction force microscopy journal January 2021
Advanced analytical techniques to characterize materials for electrochemical capacitors journal June 2018
Electrochemical capacitors operating in aqueous electrolyte with volumetric characteristics improved by sustainable templating of electrode materials journal April 2020
Large out-of-plane piezoelectricity of oxygen functionalized MXenes for ultrathin piezoelectric cantilevers and diaphragms journal November 2019
Additive-Free MXene Liquid Crystals and Fibers journal February 2020
Recent Advances in MXenes for Lithium-Ion Capacitors journal December 2019
A highly flexible and sensitive piezoresistive sensor based on MXene with greatly changed interlayer distances journal October 2017
MXene molecular sieving membranes for highly efficient gas separation journal January 2018
Expanding frontiers in materials chemistry and physics with multiple anions journal February 2018
Control of MXenes’ electronic properties through termination and intercalation journal January 2019
Disorder in Mn+1AXn phases at the atomic scale journal February 2019
Laser-sculptured ultrathin transition metal carbide layers for energy storage and energy harvesting applications journal July 2019
A universal approach for the synthesis of two-dimensional binary compounds journal July 2019
Nanohybrids of a MXene and transition metal dichalcogenide for selective detection of volatile organic compounds journal March 2020
Efficient Antibacterial Membrane based on Two-Dimensional Ti3C2Tx (MXene) Nanosheets journal May 2017
The rationale and emergence of electroconductive biomaterial scaffolds in cardiac tissue engineering journal October 2019
State of the Art in Alcohol Sensing with 2D Materials text January 2020
Methods to Improve Lithium Metal Anode for Li-S Batteries journal December 2019
The Synthesis Process and Thermal Stability of V2C MXene journal October 2018
First-Principles Studies of Adsorptive Remediation of Water and Air Pollutants Using Two-Dimensional MXene Materials journal November 2018
Deformation and Failure of MXene Nanosheets journal March 2020
Nitrogen Doped Intercalation TiO2/TiN/Ti3C2Tx Nanocomposite Electrodes with Enhanced Pseudocapacitance journal February 2020
Nanogenerators as a Sustainable Power Source: State of Art, Applications, and Challenges journal May 2019
Materials nanoarchitectonics at two-dimensional liquid interfaces journal January 2019
Electronic structures of iMAX phases and their two-dimensional derivatives: A family of piezoelectric materials text January 2018
Reversible Electrochemical Phase Change in Monolayer to Bulk MoTe2 by Ionic Liquid Gating preprint January 2019
A general Lewis acidic etching route for preparing MXenes with enhanced electrochemical performance in non-aqueous electrolyte preprint January 2019
A library of ab initio Raman spectra for automated identification of 2D materials text January 2020
Exploits, advances and challenges benefiting beyond Li-ion battery technologies text January 2020
Halogenated MXenes with Electrochemically Active Terminals for High Performance Zinc Ion Batteries preprint January 2020
Removal and Recovery of Ammonia from Wastewater using Ti$_3$C$_2$T$_x$ MXenes in Flow Electrode Capacitive Deionization text January 2020
Mass Production of Two-Dimensional Materials by Intermediate-Assisted Grinding Exfoliation text January 2020
2D Superparamagnetic Tantalum Carbide Composite MXenes for Efficient Breast-Cancer Theranostics journal January 2018
Two-dimensional nanomaterials beyond graphene for antibacterial applications: current progress and future perspectives journal January 2020