Guidelines for Synthesis and Processing of Two-Dimensional [2D] Titanium Carbide (Ti3C2Tx MXene)

Alhabeb, Mohamed; Maleski, Kathleen; Anasori, Babak; Lelyukh, Pavel; Clark, Leah; Sin, Saleesha; Gogotsi, Yury G.

doi:10.1021/acs.chemmater.7b02847

Guidelines for Synthesis and Processing of Two-Dimensional [2D] Titanium Carbide (Ti₃C₂T_x MXene)

Journal Article · Fri Aug 25 00:00:00 EDT 2017 · Chemistry of Materials

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.7b02847· OSTI ID:1399240

^[1]; ^[1]; ^[1]; Lelyukh, Pavel ^[1]; Clark, Leah ^[1]; Sin, Saleesha ^[1]; ^[1]

Drexel Univ., Philadelphia, PA (United States). A.J. Drexel Nanomaterials Institute and Department of Materials Science and Engineering

Two-dimensional (2D) transition metal carbides, carbonitrides, and nitrides (MXenes) were discovered in 2011. Since the original discovery, more than 20 different compositions have been synthesized by the selective etching of MAX phase and other precursors and many more theoretically predicted. They offer a variety of different properties, making the family promising candidates in a wide range of applications, such as energy storage, electromagnetic interference shielding, water purification, electrocatalysis, and medicine. These solution-processable materials have the potential to be highly scalable, deposited by spin, spray, or dip coating, painted or printed, or fabricated in a variety of ways. Due to this promise, the amount of research on MXenes has been increasing, and methods of synthesis and processing are expanding quickly. The fast evolution of the material can also be noticed in the wide range of synthesis and processing protocols that determine the yield of delamination, as well as the quality of the 2D flakes produced. Furthermore we describe the experimental methods and best practices we use to synthesize the most studied MXene, titanium carbide (Ti₃C₂T_x), using different etchants and delamination methods. We also explain effects of synthesis parameters on the size and quality of Ti₃C₂T_x and suggest the optimal processes for the desired application.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States); Energy Frontier Research Centers (EFRC) (United States). Fluid Interface Reactions, Structures and Transport Center (FIRST)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES) (SC-22)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC05-00OR22725

OSTI ID:: 1399240

Journal Information:: Chemistry of Materials, Journal Name: Chemistry of Materials Journal Issue: 18 Vol. 29; ISSN 0897-4756

Publisher:: American Chemical Society (ACS)Copyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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All Pseudocapacitive MXene-RuO ₂ Asymmetric Supercapacitors Jiang, Qiu; Kurra, Narendra; Alhabeb, Mohamed Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 8, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201703043	journal	January 2018
Self-Assemble and In Situ Formation of Ni ₁₋ _x Fe _x PS ₃ Nanomosaic-Decorated MXene Hybrids for Overall Water Splitting Du, Cheng-Feng; Dinh, Khang Ngoc; Liang, Qinghua Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 8, Issue 26 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201801127	journal	August 2018
On‐Chip MXene Microsupercapacitors for AC‐Line Filtering Applications Jiang, Qiu; Kurra, Narendra; Maleski, Kathleen Advanced Energy Materials https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201901061	journal	May 2019
Ti ₃ C ₂ T _x (MXene)‐Silicon Heterojunction for Efficient Photovoltaic Cells Yu, LePing; Bati, Abdulaziz S. R.; Grace, Tom S. L. Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 9, Issue 31 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201901063	journal	July 2019
Biomimetic MXene Textures with Enhanced Light‐to‐Heat Conversion for Solar Steam Generation and Wearable Thermal Management Li, Kerui; Chang, Ting‐Hsiang; Li, Zhipeng Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 9, Issue 34 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201901687	journal	July 2019
Sandwich‐Like Ultrathin TiS ₂ Nanosheets Confined within N, S Codoped Porous Carbon as an Effective Polysulfide Promoter in Lithium‐Sulfur Batteries Huang, Xia; Tang, Jiayong; Luo, Bin Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 9, Issue 32 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201901872	journal	July 2019
Antimonene Engineered Highly Deformable Freestanding Electrode with Extraordinarily Improved Energy Storage Performance Yu, Jiali; Zhou, Jie; Yao, Pingping Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 9, Issue 44 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201902462	journal	October 2019
Harmonic Mode‐Locked Er‐Doped Fiber Laser by Evanescent Field‐Based MXene Ti ₃ C ₂ T _x (T = F, O, or OH) Saturable Absorber Feng, Jiangjiang; Li, Xiaohui; Feng, Tianci Annalen der Physik, Vol. 532, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1002/andp.201900437	journal	December 2019
Fluorine-Free Synthesis of High-Purity Ti ₃ C ₂ T _x (T=OH, O) via Alkali Treatment Li, Tengfei; Yao, Lulu; Liu, Qinglei Angewandte Chemie, Vol. 130, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.201800887	journal	April 2018
Fluoride‐Free Synthesis of Two‐Dimensional Titanium Carbide (MXene) Using A Binary Aqueous System Yang, Sheng; Zhang, Panpan; Wang, Faxing Angewandte Chemie, Vol. 130, Issue 47 https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.201809662	journal	November 2018
Computationally Driven Discovery of a Family of Layered LiNiB Polymorphs Gvozdetskyi, Volodymyr; Bhaskar, Gourab; Batuk, Maria Angewandte Chemie, Vol. 131, Issue 44 https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.201907499	journal	September 2019
Elucidating Ultrafast Molecular Permeation through Well‐Defined 2D Nanochannels of Lamellar Membranes Wu, Xiaoli; Cui, Xulin; Wu, Wenjia Angewandte Chemie, Vol. 131, Issue 51 https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.201912570	journal	November 2019
Fluorine-Free Synthesis of High-Purity Ti ₃ C ₂ T _x (T=OH, O) via Alkali Treatment Li, Tengfei; Yao, Lulu; Liu, Qinglei Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 57, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201800887	journal	April 2018
Selective Etching of Silicon from Ti ₃ SiC ₂ (MAX) To Obtain 2D Titanium Carbide (MXene) Alhabeb, Mohamed; Maleski, Kathleen; Mathis, Tyler S. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 57, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201802232	journal	March 2018
Fluoride‐Free Synthesis of Two‐Dimensional Titanium Carbide (MXene) Using A Binary Aqueous System Yang, Sheng; Zhang, Panpan; Wang, Faxing Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 57, Issue 47 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201809662	journal	November 2018
Computationally Driven Discovery of a Family of Layered LiNiB Polymorphs Gvozdetskyi, Volodymyr; Bhaskar, Gourab; Batuk, Maria Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 58, Issue 44 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201907499	journal	September 2019
Elucidating Ultrafast Molecular Permeation through Well‐Defined 2D Nanochannels of Lamellar Membranes Wu, Xiaoli; Cui, Xulin; Wu, Wenjia Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 58, Issue 51 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201912570	journal	November 2019
Enhanced mechanical properties of poly(lactic acid) composites with ultrathin nanosheets of MXene modified by stearic acid Yi, Zhuwu; Yang, Jian; Liu, Xiaochao Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 137, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1002/app.48621	journal	October 2019
2D Titanium Carbide/Reduced Graphene Oxide Heterostructures for Supercapacitor Applications Navarro-Suárez, Adriana M.; Maleski, Kathleen; Makaryan, Taron Batteries & Supercaps, Vol. 1, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1002/batt.201800014	journal	April 2018
Two‐Dimensional Ti ₃ C ₂ T _X /Polyaniline Nanocomposite from the Decoration of Small‐Sized Graphene Nanosheets: Promoted Pseudocapacitive Electrode Performance for Supercapacitors Wang, Shuhao; Ma, Zhengwei; Lü, Qiu‐Feng ChemElectroChem, Vol. 6, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1002/celc.201900433	journal	April 2019
Fast Treatment of MXene Films with Isocyanate to Give Enhanced Stability Bian, Renji; Xiang, Shanglin; Cai, Dongyu ChemNanoMat, Vol. 6, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1002/cnma.201900602	journal	October 2019
Solar Photothermal Electrodes for Highly Efficient Microbial Energy Harvesting at Low Ambient Temperatures Wang, Yi; Zhou, Lihua; Luo, Xiaoshan ChemSusChem, Vol. 11, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201801808	journal	November 2018
Electrochemical Behavior of Ti ₃ C ₂ T _x MXene in Environmentally Friendly Methanesulfonic Acid Electrolyte Zhao, Xin; Dall'Agnese, Chunxiang; Chu, Xue‐Feng ChemSusChem, Vol. 12, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201901746	journal	August 2019
Two‐Dimensional Electrocatalysts for Efficient Reduction of Carbon Dioxide Zhang, Ying; Li, Linbo; Guo, Si‐Xuan ChemSusChem, Vol. 13, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201901794	journal	October 2019
Functional Inks for Printable Energy Storage Applications based on 2 D Materials Wang, Libin; Chen, Shi; Shu, Ting ChemSusChem, Vol. 13, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201902019	journal	March 2020
Two‐Dimensional Transition Metal Carbides and Nitrides (MXenes): Synthesis, Properties, and Electrochemical Energy Storage Applications Zhang, Chuanfang (John); Ma, Yonglu; Zhang, Xuetao ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL MATERIALS, Vol. 3, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1002/eem2.12058	journal	March 2020
2D MXenes as Perspective Immobilization Platforms for Design of Electrochemical Nanobiosensors Lorencova, Lenka; Gajdosova, Veronika; Hroncekova, Stefania Electroanalysis, Vol. 31, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1002/elan.201900288	journal	May 2019
A MXene‐Coated Activated Carbon Cloth for Flexible Solid‐State Supercapacitor Wang, Li; Shao, Danni; Guo, Jianyu Energy Technology, Vol. 8, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.201901003	journal	December 2019
Facile Solution Processing of Stable MXene Dispersions towards Conductive Composite Fibers Seyedin, Shayan; Zhang, Jizhen; Usman, Ken Aldren S. Global Challenges, Vol. 3, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1002/gch2.201900037	journal	July 2019
Two‐dimensional MXenes for lithium‐sulfur batteries Zhang, Chuanfang (John); Cui, Linfan; Abdolhosseinzadeh, Sina InfoMat, Vol. 2, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1002/inf2.12080	journal	January 2020
Recent Advances in Layered Ti ₃ C ₂ T _x MXene for Electrochemical Energy Storage Xiong, Dongbin; Li, Xifei; Bai, Zhimin Small, Vol. 14, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201703419	journal	February 2018
High-Performance Biscrolled MXene/Carbon Nanotube Yarn Supercapacitors Wang, Zhiyu; Qin, Si; Seyedin, Shayan Small, Vol. 14, Issue 37 https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201802225	journal	August 2018
Boosting the Electrochemical Performance of Li-S Batteries with a Dual Polysulfides Confinement Strategy Yao, Yu; Feng, Wanlin; Chen, Minglong Small, Vol. 14, Issue 42 https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201802516	journal	September 2018
Automated Scalpel Patterning of Solution Processed Thin Films for Fabrication of Transparent MXene Microsupercapacitors Salles, Pol; Quain, Evan; Kurra, Narendra Small, Vol. 14, Issue 44 https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201802864	journal	October 2018
A Conductive and Highly Deformable All-Pseudocapacitive Composite Paper as Supercapacitor Electrode with Improved Areal and Volumetric Capacitance Zhou, Jie; Yu, Jiali; Shi, Ludi Small, Vol. 14, Issue 51 https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201803786	journal	November 2018
Highly Conductive Ti ₃ C ₂ T _x MXene Hybrid Fibers for Flexible and Elastic Fiber-Shaped Supercapacitors Zhang, Jizhen; Seyedin, Shayan; Qin, Si Small, Vol. 15, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201804732	journal	January 2019
Surface Modified MXene‐Based Nanocomposites for Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage Yu, Hong; Wang, Yonghui; Jing, Yao Small, Vol. 15, Issue 25 https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201901503	journal	May 2019
Nanoengineering of 2D MXene‐Based Materials for Energy Storage Applications Nan, Jianxiao; Guo, Xin; Xiao, Jun Small https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201902085	journal	July 2019
Room‐Temperature Liquid Metal Confined in MXene Paper as a Flexible, Freestanding, and Binder‐Free Anode for Next‐Generation Lithium‐Ion Batteries Wei, Chuanliang; Fei, Huifang; Tian, Yuan Small, Vol. 15, Issue 46 https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201903214	journal	October 2019
Ti ₃ C ₂ MXene Paper for the Effective Adsorption and Controllable Release of Aroma Molecules Ciou, Jing‐Hao; Li, Shaohui; Lee, Pooi See Small, Vol. 15, Issue 38 https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201903281	journal	August 2019
Flexible 3D Porous MXene Foam for High‐Performance Lithium‐Ion Batteries Zhao, Qian; Zhu, Qizhen; Miao, Jiawei Small, Vol. 15, Issue 51 https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201904293	journal	October 2019
Microsphere‐Like SiO ₂ /MXene Hybrid Material Enabling High Performance Anode for Lithium Ion Batteries Mu, Ge; Mu, Daobin; Wu, Borong Small, Vol. 16, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201905430	journal	December 2019
Synthesis Protocols of the Most Common Layered Carbide and Nitride MAX Phases Haemers, Joachim; Gusmão, Rui; Sofer, Zdeněk Small Methods, Vol. 4, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.201900780	journal	January 2020
Two-dimensional MXene nanosheets (types Ti3C2Tx and Ti2CTx) as new ion-to-electron transducers in solid-contact calcium ion-selective electrodes Shao, Yuzhou; Yao, Yao; Jiang, Chengmei Microchimica Acta, Vol. 186, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-019-3878-7	journal	November 2019
Remarkable differences in the voltammetric response towards hydrogen peroxide, oxygen and Ru(NH3)63+ of electrode interfaces modified with HF or LiF-HCl etched Ti3C2Tx MXene Gajdosova, Veronika; Lorencova, Lenka; Prochazka, Michal Microchimica Acta, Vol. 187, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-019-4049-6	journal	December 2019
Accordion-like Ti3C2Tx MXene nanosheets as a high-performance solid phase microextraction adsorbent for determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using GC-MS Ghaemmaghami, Mostafa; Yamini, Yadollah; Mousavi, Kobra Zavar Microchimica Acta, Vol. 187, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-020-4123-0	journal	January 2020
Layered BiOBr/Ti3C2 MXene composite with improved visible-light photocatalytic activity Liu, Chao; Xu, Qixiang; Zhang, Qinfang Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 54, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-018-2990-0	journal	October 2018
Synthesis of novel nanomaterials and their application in efficient removal of radionuclides Wang, Xiangxue; Chen, Long; Wang, Lin Science China Chemistry, Vol. 62, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11426-019-9492-4	journal	June 2019
Two-dimensional Ti3C2Tx@S as cathode for room temperature sodium-sulfur batteries Huo, Xiaogeng; Liu, Yanying; Li, Ranran Ionics, Vol. 25, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-019-03074-6	journal	June 2019
Review of MXenes as new nanomaterials for energy storage/delivery and selected environmental applications Jun, Byung-Moon; Kim, Sewoon; Heo, Jiyong Nano Research, Vol. 12, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-018-2225-3	journal	October 2018
Highly conductive dodecaborate/MXene composites for high performance supercapacitors Li, Zhenxing; Ma, Chang; Wen, Yangyang Nano Research, Vol. 13, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-019-2597-z	journal	December 2019
Ultrathin and Flexible CNTs/MXene/Cellulose Nanofibrils Composite Paper for Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Cao, Wentao; Ma, Chang; Tan, Shuo Nano-Micro Letters, Vol. 11, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-019-0304-y	journal	September 2019
2D MXenes as Co-catalysts in Photocatalysis: Synthetic Methods Sun, Yuliang; Meng, Xing; Dall’Agnese, Yohan Nano-Micro Letters, Vol. 11, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-019-0309-6	journal	September 2019
Layer-by-layer self-assembly of pillared two-dimensional multilayers Tian, Weiqian; VahidMohammadi, Armin; Wang, Zhen Nature Communications, Vol. 10, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-10631-0	journal	June 2019
Mechanically strong MXene/Kevlar nanofiber composite membranes as high-performance nanofluidic osmotic power generators Zhang, Zhen; Yang, Sheng; Zhang, Panpan Nature Communications, Vol. 10, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-10885-8	journal	July 2019
Adhesion of two-dimensional titanium carbides (MXenes) and graphene to silicon Li, Yanxiao; Huang, Shuohan; Wei, Congjie Nature Communications, Vol. 10, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-10982-8	journal	July 2019
Influences from solvents on charge storage in titanium carbide MXenes Wang, Xuehang; Mathis, Tyler S.; Li, Ke Nature Energy, Vol. 4, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-019-0339-9	journal	March 2019
Titanium-carbide MXenes for work function and interface engineering in perovskite solar cells Agresti, A.; Pazniak, A.; Pescetelli, S. Nature Materials, Vol. 18, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41563-019-0478-1	journal	September 2019
Two-dimensional transition metal carbides and nitrides (MXenes) for biomedical applications Huang, Kai; Li, Zhongjun; Lin, Jing Chemical Society Reviews, Vol. 47, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1039/c7cs00838d	journal	January 2018
Electrochemical etching of Ti ₂ AlC to Ti ₂ CT _x (MXene) in low-concentration hydrochloric acid solution Sun, W.; Shah, S. A.; Chen, Y. J. Mater. Chem. A, Vol. 5, Issue 41 https://doi.org/10.1039/c7ta05574a	journal	January 2017
Investigation of chloride ion adsorption onto Ti ₂ C MXene monolayers by first-principles calculations Wang, Dashuai; Gao, Yu; Liu, Yanhui Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 5, Issue 47 https://doi.org/10.1039/c7ta09057a	journal	January 2017
Ultrahigh-flux and fouling-resistant membranes based on layered silver/MXene (Ti ₃ C ₂ T _x ) nanosheets Pandey, Ravi P.; Rasool, Kashif; Madhavan, Vinod E. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 6, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1039/c7ta10888e	journal	January 2018
Effect of glycine functionalization of 2D titanium carbide (MXene) on charge storage Chen, Chi; Boota, Muhammad; Urbankowski, Patrick Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 6, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1039/c7ta11347a	journal	January 2018
Topochemical synthesis of 2D materials Xiao, Xu; Wang, Hao; Urbankowski, Patrick Chemical Society Reviews, Vol. 47, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8cs00649k	journal	January 2018
Two-dimensional MXene-reinforced robust surface superhydrophobicity with self-cleaning and photothermal-actuating binary effects Cao, Wen-Tao; Feng, Wei; Jiang, Ying-Ying Materials Horizons, Vol. 6, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8mh01566j	journal	January 2019
Layer-by-layer assembly of MXene and carbon nanotubes on electrospun polymer films for flexible energy storage Zhou, Zehang; Panatdasirisuk, Weerapha; Mathis, Tyler S. Nanoscale, Vol. 10, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8nr00313k	journal	January 2018
A nanoporous MXene film enables flexible supercapacitors with high energy storage Fan, Zhimin; Wang, Youshan; Xie, Zhimin Nanoscale, Vol. 10, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8nr01550c	journal	January 2018
Inherent electrochemistry and charge transfer properties of few-layered two-dimensional Ti ₃ C ₂ T _x MXene Nayak, Pranati; Jiang, Qiu; Mohanraman, Rajeshkumar Nanoscale, Vol. 10, Issue 36 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8nr01883a	journal	January 2018
Ti ₂ C ₃ T _x nanosheets as photothermal agents for near-infrared responsive hydrogels Yang, Changyu; Xu, Danyun; Peng, WenChao Nanoscale, Vol. 10, Issue 32 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8nr05301d	journal	January 2018
2D MXene nanosheets enable small-sulfur electrodes to be flexible for lithium–sulfur batteries Zhao, Qian; Zhu, Qizhen; Miao, Jiawei Nanoscale, Vol. 11, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8nr09653h	journal	January 2019
Tailoring Ti ₃ C ₂ T _x nanosheets to tune local conductive network as an environmentally friendly material for highly efficient electromagnetic interference shielding He, Peng; Wang, Xi-Xi; Cai, Yong-Zhu Nanoscale, Vol. 11, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8nr10489a	journal	January 2019
Thick and freestanding MXene/PANI pseudocapacitive electrodes with ultrahigh specific capacitance VahidMohammadi, Armin; Moncada, Jorge; Chen, Hengze Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 6, Issue 44 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ta05807e	journal	January 2018
A flexible VOCs sensor based on a 3D Mxene framework with a high sensing performance Yuan, Wenjing; Yang, Kai; Peng, Huifen Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 6, Issue 37 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ta06928j	journal	January 2018
Metal-based nanostructured materials for advanced lithium–sulfur batteries Balach, Juan; Linnemann, Julia; Jaumann, Tony Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 6, Issue 46 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ta07220e	journal	January 2018
SnO ₂ –Ti ₃ C ₂ MXene electron transport layers for perovskite solar cells Yang, Lin; Dall'Agnese, Yohan; Hantanasirisakul, Kanit Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 7, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ta12140k	journal	January 2019
An ultrahigh discharged energy density achieved in an inhomogeneous PVDF dielectric composite filled with 2D MXene nanosheets via interface engineering Feng, Yefeng; Deng, Qihuang; Peng, Cheng Journal of Materials Chemistry C, Vol. 6, Issue 48 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8tc05180a	journal	January 2018
Sensitive electrochemical detection of l -cysteine based on a highly stable Pd@Ti ₃ C ₂ T _x (MXene) nanocomposite modified glassy carbon electrode Rasheed, P. Abdul; Pandey, Ravi P.; Jabbar, Khadeeja A. Analytical Methods, Vol. 11, Issue 30 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ay00912d	journal	January 2019
Quantifying the rigidity of 2D carbides (MXenes) Hu, Tao; Yang, Jinxing; Li, Wu Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, Vol. 22, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9cp05412j	journal	January 2020
Two-dimensional transition metal carbide (Ti ₃ C ₂ T _x ) as an efficient adsorbent to remove cesium (Cs ⁺ ) Khan, Abdul Rehman; Husnain, Syed M.; Shahzad, Faisal Dalton Transactions, Vol. 48, Issue 31 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9dt01965k	journal	January 2019
All-weather-available, continuous steam generation based on the synergistic photo-thermal and electro-thermal conversion by MXene-based aerogels Zhao, Xing; Peng, Li-Mei; Tang, Chun-Yan Materials Horizons, Vol. 7, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9mh01443h	journal	January 2020
Theory-guided materials design: two-dimensional MXenes in electro- and photocatalysis Handoko, Albertus D.; Steinmann, Stephan N.; Seh, Zhi Wei Nanoscale Horizons, Vol. 4, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9nh00100j	journal	January 2019
An investigation into the factors governing the oxidation of two-dimensional Ti ₃ C ₂ MXene Chae, Yoonjeong; Kim, Seon Joon; Cho, Soo-Yeon Nanoscale, Vol. 11, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9nr00084d	journal	January 2019
A highly flexible and multifunctional strain sensor based on a network-structured MXene/polyurethane mat with ultra-high sensitivity and a broad sensing range Yang, Kai; Yin, Fuxing; Xia, Dan Nanoscale, Vol. 11, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9nr00488b	journal	January 2019
Spontaneous MXene monolayer assembly at the liquid–air interface Petukhov, D. I.; Chumakov, A. P.; Kan, A. S. Nanoscale, Vol. 11, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9nr00525k	journal	January 2019
Integrated MXene&CoFe ₂ O ₄ electrodes with multi-level interfacial architectures for synergistic lithium-ion storage Lu, Ming; Li, Haojie; Han, Wenjuan Nanoscale, Vol. 11, Issue 32 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9nr02103e	journal	January 2019
Ti ₃ C ₂ MXene quantum dot-encapsulated liposomes for photothermal immunoassays using a portable near-infrared imaging camera on a smartphone Cai, Guoneng; Yu, Zhenzhong; Tong, Ping Nanoscale, Vol. 11, Issue 33 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9nr05797h	journal	January 2019
Mechanically strong and electrically conductive multilayer MXene nanocomposites Lipton, Jason; Weng, Guo-Ming; Alhabeb, Mohamed Nanoscale, Vol. 11, Issue 42 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9nr06015d	journal	January 2019
Buckled AgNW/MXene hybrid hierarchical sponges for high-performance electromagnetic interference shielding Weng, Chuanxin; Wang, Guorui; Dai, Zhaohe Nanoscale, Vol. 11, Issue 47 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9nr07988b	journal	January 2019
Recent progress and advances in the environmental applications of MXene related materials Chen, Junyu; Huang, Qiang; Huang, Hongye Nanoscale, Vol. 12, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9nr08542d	journal	January 2020
Improving the performance of a titanium carbide MXene in supercapacitors by partial oxidation treatment Zhang, Miao; Chen, Xifan; Sui, Jinyi Inorganic Chemistry Frontiers, Vol. 7, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9qi01588d	journal	January 2020
Janus MXene nanosheets for macroscopic assemblies Zhao, Sai; Li, Lulu; Zhang, Hao-Bin Materials Chemistry Frontiers, Vol. 4, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9qm00681h	journal	January 2020
Interaction of single- and double-stranded DNA with multilayer MXene by fluorescence spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulations Manzanares-Palenzuela, C. Lorena; Pourrahimi, Amir M.; Gonzalez-Julian, J. Chemical Science, Vol. 10, Issue 43 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9sc03049b	journal	January 2019
Near-infrared light-responsive hydrogels via peroxide-decorated MXene-initiated polymerization Tao, Na; Zhang, Depan; Li, Xilong Chemical Science, Vol. 10, Issue 46 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9sc03917a	journal	January 2019
A facile method for synthesizing CuS decorated Ti ₃ C ₂ MXene with enhanced performance for asymmetric supercapacitors Pan, Zhihu; Cao, Fa; Hu, Xing Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 7, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ta00085b	journal	January 2019
Rational design of free-standing 3D porous MXene/rGO hybrid aerogels as polysulfide reservoirs for high-energy lithium–sulfur batteries Song, Jianjun; Guo, Xin; Zhang, Jinqiang Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 7, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ta00212j	journal	January 2019
MXenes with tunable work functions and their application as electron- and hole-transport materials in non-fullerene organic solar cells Yu, Zhimeng; Feng, Wei; Lu, Wanheng Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 7, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ta01195a	journal	January 2019
MXenes and ultrasonication Malaki, Massoud; Maleki, Aziz; Varma, Rajender S. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 7, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ta01850f	journal	January 2019
Fluorine-free Ti ₃ C ₂ T _x (T = O, OH) nanosheets (∼50–100 nm) for nitrogen fixation under ambient conditions Li, Tengfei; Yan, Xudong; Huang, Lujun Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 7, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ta03254a	journal	January 2019
Oxidation-resistant titanium carbide MXene films Lee, Yonghee; Kim, Seon Joon; Kim, Yong-Jae Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 8, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ta07036b	journal	January 2020
Few-layered Ti ₃ C ₂ T _x MXenes coupled with Fe ₂ O ₃ nanorod arrays grown on carbon cloth as anodes for flexible asymmetric supercapacitors Li, Fei; Liu, Yi-Lin; Wang, Gui-Gen Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 7, Issue 39 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ta08144e	journal	January 2019
MXene-engineered lithium–sulfur batteries Xiao, Zhubing; Li, Zhonglin; Meng, Xueping Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 7, Issue 40 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ta08600e	journal	January 2019
Solution-processable Ti ₃ C ₂ T _x nanosheets as an efficient hole transport layer for high-performance and stable polymer solar cells Hou, Chunli; Yu, Huangzhong; Huang, Chengwen Journal of Materials Chemistry C, Vol. 7, Issue 37 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9tc03415c	journal	January 2019
Recent developments in emerging two-dimensional materials and their applications Khan, Karim; Tareen, Ayesha Khan; Aslam, Muhammad Journal of Materials Chemistry C, Vol. 8, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9tc04187g	journal	January 2020
Enhanced stability and stacking dependent magnetic/electronic properties of 2D monolayer FeTiO ₃ on a Ti ₂ CO ₂ substrate Jin, Cui; Shang, Jing; Tang, Xiao Journal of Materials Chemistry C, Vol. 7, Issue 48 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9tc04979g	journal	January 2019
Nb ₂ Se ₂ C: a new compound as a combination of transition metal dichalcogenide and MXene for oxygen evolution reaction Pang, Xin; Wu, Tong; Gu, Yuhao Chemical Communications https://doi.org/10.1039/d0cc03282d	journal	January 2020
Are MXenes suitable as cathode materials for rechargeable Mg batteries? Kaland, Henning; Hadler-Jacobsen, Jacob; Fagerli, Frode Håskjold Sustainable Energy & Fuels, Vol. 4, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1039/d0se00087f	journal	January 2020
Fabrication of high-performance MXene-based all-solid-state flexible microsupercapacitor based on a facile scratch method Li, Peng; Shi, Wenhui; Liu, Wenxian Nanotechnology, Vol. 29, Issue 44 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/aadad4	journal	September 2018
Tunable dextran retention of MXene-TiO ₂ mesoporous membranes by adjusting the 2D MXene content Sun, Yuqing; Xu, Zhi; Zhuang, Yongxiang 2D Materials, Vol. 5, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1583/aad01e	journal	July 2018
Enhanced low-temperature Li-ion storage in MXene titanium carbide by surface oxygen termination Wang, Yahui; Ma, Chao; Ma, Wenqing 2D Materials, Vol. 6, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1583/ab30f9	journal	July 2019
Synthesis of Ti ₃ C ₂ /TiO ₂ heterostructure by microwave heating with high electrochemical performance Li, Zijiong; Liu, Yanyue; Guo, Dongfang Materials Research Express, Vol. 6, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab105d	journal	March 2019
MXenes stretch hydrogel sensor performance to new limits Zhang, Yi-Zhou; Lee, Kang Hyuck; Anjum, Dalaver H. Science Advances, Vol. 4, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aat0098	journal	June 2018
Elastic properties of 2D Ti ₃ C ₂ T _x MXene monolayers and bilayers Lipatov, Alexey; Lu, Haidong; Alhabeb, Mohamed Science Advances, Vol. 4, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aat0491	journal	June 2018
2D titanium carbide (MXene) for wireless communication Sarycheva, Asia; Polemi, Alessia; Liu, Yuqiao Science Advances, Vol. 4, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aau0920	journal	September 2018
Leaf-inspired multiresponsive MXene-based actuator for programmable smart devices Cai, Guofa; Ciou, Jing-Hao; Liu, Yizhi Science Advances, Vol. 5, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaw7956	journal	July 2019
Review—Two-Dimensional Titanium Carbide MXenes and Their Emerging Applications as Electrochemical Sensors Yu, Tian; Breslin, Carmel B. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 167, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0142003jes	journal	January 2020
Review— Recent Exploration of Two-Dimensional MXenes for Gas Sensing: From a Theoretical to an Experimental View Lee, Eunji; Kim, Dong-Joo Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 167, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0152003jes	journal	January 2020
Synthesis of two-dimensional Ti ₃ C ₂ T _x /Au nanosheets with SERS performance Yue, Ming; Li, Fang; Lu, Nianhang Applied Optics, Vol. 58, Issue 30 https://doi.org/10.1364/ao.58.008290	journal	January 2019
MXene molecular sieving membranes for highly efficient gas separation Ding, Li; Wei, Yanying; Li, Libo London : Nature Publishing Group https://doi.org/10.15488/3192	other	January 2018
Highly loaded MXene/carbon nanotube yarn electrodes for improved asymmetric supercapacitor performance Park, Jong Woo; Lee, Dong Yeop; Kim, Hyunsoo MRS Communications, Vol. 9, Issue 01 https://doi.org/10.1557/mrc.2019.7	journal	January 2019
Electromagnetic Shielding by MXene-Graphene-PVDF Composite with Hydrophobic, Lightweight and Flexible Graphene Coated Fabric Raagulan, Kanthasamy; Braveenth, Ramanaskanda; Jang, Hee Materials, Vol. 11, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11101803	journal	September 2018
The Influence of Oxygen Concentration during MAX Phases (Ti3AlC2) Preparation on the α-Al2O3 Microparticles Content and Specific Surface Area of Multilayered MXenes (Ti3C2Tx) Scheibe, Błażej; Kupka, Vojtech; Peplińska, Barbara Materials, Vol. 12, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12030353	journal	January 2019

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