Self-generated concentration and modulus gradient coating design to protect Si nano-wire electrodes during lithiation

Kim, Sung-Yup; Ostadhossein, Alireza; van Duin, Adri C.  T.; Xiao, Xingcheng; Gao, Huajian; Qi, Yue

doi:10.1039/C5CP07219K

Title: Self-generated concentration and modulus gradient coating design to protect Si nano-wire electrodes during lithiation

Journal Article · Mon Jan 04 00:00:00 EST 2016 · Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. PCCP

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1039/C5CP07219K· OSTI ID:1387538

Kim, Sung-Yup ^[1]; Ostadhossein, Alireza ^[2]; van Duin, Adri C. T. ^[2]; Xiao, Xingcheng ^[3]; Gao, Huajian ^[4]; Qi, Yue ^[1]

Michigan State Univ., East Lansing, MI (United States)
Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, PA (United States)
General Motors Global Research & Development Center, Warren, MI (United States)
Brown Univ., Providence, RI (United States)

Surface coatings as artificial solid electrolyte interphases have been actively pursued as an effective way to improve the cycle efficiency of nanostructured Si electrodes for high energy density lithium ion batteries, where the mechanical stability of the surface coatings on Si is as critical as Si itself. However, the chemical composition and mechanical property change of coating materials during the lithiation and delithiation process imposed a grand challenge to design coating/Si nanostructure as an integrated electrode system. In our work, we first developed reactive force field (ReaxFF) parameters for Li–Si–Al–O materials to simulate the lithiation process of Si-core/Al₂O₃-shell and Si-core/SiO₂-shell nanostructures. With reactive dynamics simulations, we were able to simultaneously track and correlate the lithiation rate, compositional change, mechanical property evolution, stress distributions, and fracture. A new mechanics model based on these varying properties was developed to determine how to stabilize the coating with a critical size ratio. Furthermore, we discovered that the self-accelerating Li diffusion in Al₂O₃ coating forms a well-defined Li concentration gradient, leading to an elastic modulus gradient, which effectively avoids local stress concentration and mitigates crack propagation. Finally, based on these results, we propose a modulus gradient coating, softer outside, harder inside, as the most efficient coating to protect the Si electrode surface and improve its current efficiency.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Cite

Export

Save

Research Organization:: Energy Frontier Research Centers (EFRC) (United States). Nanostructures for Electrical Energy Storage (NEES)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Transportation Office. Vehicle Technologies Office; USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Transportation Office. Vehicle Technologies Office. Batteries for Advanced Transportation Technologies (BATT) Program; US Army Research Laboratory (USARL)

Grant/Contract Number:: SC0001160; AC02-05CH11231; 7056410

OSTI ID:: 1387538

Journal Information:: Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. PCCP, Vol. 18, Issue 5; Related Information: NEES partners with University of Maryland (lead); University of California, Irvine; University of Florida; Los Alamos National Laboratory; Sandia National Laboratories; Yale University; ISSN 1463-9076

Publisher:: Royal Society of ChemistryCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Citation Metrics:

Cited by: 38 works

Citation information provided by
Web of Science

References (66)

In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy Observation of Pulverization of Aluminum Nanowires and Evolution of the Thin Surface Al ₂ O ₃ Layers during Lithiation–Delithiation Cycles Liu, Yang; Hudak, Nicholas S.; Huber, Dale L. Nano Letters, Vol. 11, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1021/nl202088h	journal	October 2011
Novel Size and Surface Oxide Effects in Silicon Nanowires as Lithium Battery Anodes McDowell, Matthew T.; Lee, Seok Woo; Ryu, Ill Nano Letters, Vol. 11, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1021/nl202630n	journal	September 2011
Lithiation of silica through partial reduction Ban, Chunmei; Kappes, Branden B.; Xu, Qiang Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 100, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4729743	journal	June 2012
Controlling the Lithiation-Induced Strain and Charging Rate in Nanowire Electrodes by Coating Zhang, Li Qiang; Liu, Xiao Hua; Liu, Yang ACS Nano, Vol. 5, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1021/nn200770p	journal	May 2011
Electrical properties of amorphous aluminum oxide thin films Katiyar, P.; Jin, C.; Narayan, R. J. Acta Materialia, Vol. 53, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2005.02.027	journal	May 2005
Li Segregation Induces Structure and Strength Changes at the Amorphous Si/Cu Interface Stournara, Maria E.; Xiao, Xingcheng; Qi, Yue Nano Letters, Vol. 13, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1021/nl402353k	journal	September 2013
Lithium Ion Battery Peformance of Silicon Nanowires with Carbon Skin Bogart, Timothy D.; Oka, Daichi; Lu, Xiaotang ACS Nano, Vol. 8, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1021/nn405710w	journal	December 2013
High-performance lithium battery anodes using silicon nanowires Chan, Candace K.; Peng, Hailin; Liu, Gao Nature Nanotechnology, Vol. 3, Issue 1, p. 31-35 https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2007.411	journal	December 2007
Recent results on lithium ion conductors Huggins, Robert A. Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 22, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-4686(77)80034-0	journal	July 1977
Alumina-Coated Patterned Amorphous Silicon as the Anode for a Lithium-Ion Battery with High Coulombic Efficiency He, Yu; Yu, Xiqian; Wang, Yanhong Advanced Materials, Vol. 23, Issue 42 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201102568	journal	September 2011
Effects of Concentration-Dependent Elastic Modulus on Diffusion-Induced Stresses for Battery Applications Deshpande, Rutooj; Qi, Yue; Cheng, Yang-Tse Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 157, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.3454762	journal	January 2010
Mathematical model for silicon electrode – Part I. 2-d model Sikha, Godfrey; De, Sumitava; Gordon, Joseph Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 262 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.03.022	journal	September 2014
Stress Contributions to Solution Thermodynamics in Li-Si Alloys Sheldon, Brian W.; Soni, Sumit K.; Xiao, Xingcheng Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters, Vol. 15, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.016201esl	journal	January 2012
Silicon nanowire core aluminum shell coaxial nanocomposites for lithium ion battery anodes grown with and without a TiN interlayer Memarzadeh, Elmira L.; Kalisvaart, W. Peter; Kohandehghan, Alireza Journal of Materials Chemistry, Vol. 22, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1039/c2jm16167b	journal	January 2012
Ultrathin Multifunctional Oxide Coatings for Lithium Ion Batteries Xiao, Xingcheng; Lu, Peng; Ahn, Dongjoon Advanced Materials, Vol. 23, Issue 34 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201101915	journal	July 2011
High capacity double-layer surface modified Li[Li0.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13]O2 cathode with improved rate capability Wang, Q. Y.; Liu, J.; Murugan, A. Vadivel Journal of Materials Chemistry, Vol. 19, Issue 28 https://doi.org/10.1039/b823506f	journal	January 2009
Improved Performances of Nanosilicon Electrodes Using the Salt LiFSI: A Photoelectron Spectroscopy Study Philippe, Bertrand; Dedryvère, Rémi; Gorgoi, Mihaela Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 135, Issue 26 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja403082s	journal	June 2013
Functionally Strain-Graded Nanoscoops for High Power Li-Ion Battery Anodes Krishnan, Rahul; Lu, Toh-Ming; Koratkar, Nikhil Nano Letters, Vol. 11, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1021/nl102981d	journal	February 2011
Mechanical properties of amorphous anodic alumina and tantala films using nanoindentation Alcalá, G.; Skeldon, P.; Thompson, G. E. Nanotechnology, Vol. 13, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/13/4/302	journal	May 2002
Core double-shell Si@SiO2@C nanocomposites as anode materials for Li-ion batteries Su, Liwei; Zhou, Zhen; Ren, Manman Chemical Communications, Vol. 46, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1039/b925696b	journal	January 2010
Nonaqueous Liquid Electrolytes for Lithium-Based Rechargeable Batteries Xu, Kang Chemical Reviews, Vol. 104, Issue 10, p. 4303-4418 https://doi.org/10.1021/cr030203g	journal	October 2004
Single Nanowire Electrode Electrochemistry of Silicon Anode by in Situ Atomic Force Microscopy: Solid Electrolyte Interphase Growth and Mechanical Properties Liu, Xing-Rui; Deng, Xin; Liu, Ran-Ran ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 6, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1021/am505847s	journal	October 2014
A reactive force field for lithium–aluminum silicates with applications to eucryptite phases Narayanan, Badri; van Duin, Adri C. T.; Kappes, Branden B. Modelling and Simulation in Materials Science and Engineering, Vol. 20, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/0965-0393/20/1/015002	journal	November 2011
Electronegativity-equalization method for the calculation of atomic charges in molecules Mortier, Wilfried J.; Ghosh, Swapan K.; Shankar, S. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 108, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00275a013	journal	July 1986
Silicon Nanotube Battery Anodes Park, Mi-Hee; Kim, Min Gyu; Joo, Jaebum Nano Letters, Vol. 9, Issue 11, p. 3844-3847 https://doi.org/10.1021/nl902058c	journal	November 2009
Surface chemistry and morphology of the solid electrolyte interphase on silicon nanowire lithium-ion battery anodes Chan, Candace K.; Ruffo, Riccardo; Hong, Seung Sae Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 189, Issue 2, p. 1132-1140 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2009.01.007	journal	April 2009
Stress effects on the initial lithiation of crystalline silicon nanowires: reactive molecular dynamics simulations using ReaxFF Ostadhossein, Alireza; Cubuk, Ekin D.; Tritsaris, Georgios A. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, Vol. 17, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1039/C4CP05198J	journal	January 2015
In Situ XRD and Electrochemical Study of the Reaction of Lithium with Amorphous Silicon Hatchard, T. D.; Dahn, J. R. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 151, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1739217	journal	January 2004
Film Characteristics of Low-Temperature Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition Silicon Dioxide Using Tetraisocyanatesilane and Oxygen Idris, Irman; Sugiura, Osamu Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 37, Issue Part 1, No. 12A https://doi.org/10.1143/JJAP.37.6562	journal	December 1998
How Do Li Atoms Pass through the Al ₂ O ₃ Coating Layer during Lithiation in Li-ion Batteries? Jung, Sung Chul; Han, Young-Kyu The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, Vol. 4, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1021/jz401231e	journal	July 2013
Decrepitation model for capacity loss during cycling of alloys in rechargeable electrochemical systems Huggins, R. A.; Nix, W. D. Ionics, Vol. 6, Issue 1-2, p. 57-63 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02375547	journal	January 2000
Thermodynamic Properties of the Lithium-Silicon System Sharma, Ram A.; Seefurth, Randall N. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 123, Issue 12, p. 1763-1768 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2132692	journal	January 1976
Effect of oxide layer thickness to nano–Si anode for Li-ion batteries Yu, Byeong-Chul; Hwa, Yoon; Park, Cheol-Min RSC Advances, Vol. 3, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.1039/c3ra41006d	journal	January 2013
Property Evolution of Al ₂ O ₃ Coated and Uncoated Si Electrodes: A First Principles Investigation Kim, Sung-Yup; Qi, Yue Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 161, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0301414jes	journal	January 2014
Ab initio calculation of the lithium-tin voltage profile Courtney, I. A.; Tse, J. S.; Mao, Ou Physical Review B, Vol. 58, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.58.15583	journal	December 1998
Ultrathin Direct Atomic Layer Deposition on Composite Electrodes for Highly Durable and Safe Li-Ion Batteries Jung, Yoon Seok; Cavanagh, Andrew S.; Riley, Leah A. Advanced Materials, Vol. 22, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200903951	journal	April 2010
The effect of metallic coatings and crystallinity on the volume expansion of silicon during electrochemical lithiation/delithiation McDowell, Matthew T.; Woo Lee, Seok; Wang, Chongmin Nano Energy, Vol. 1, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2012.03.004	journal	May 2012
Elastic modulus of amorphous SiO2 nanowires Ni, Hai; Li, Xiaodong; Gao, Hongsheng Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 88, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2165275	journal	January 2006
Si nanotubes ALD coated with TiO ₂ , TiN or Al ₂ O ₃ as high performance lithium ion battery anodes Lotfabad, Elmira Memarzadeh; Kalisvaart, Peter; Kohandehghan, Alireza J. Mater. Chem. A, Vol. 2, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1039/C3TA14302C	journal	January 2014
Silicon Nanowire Degradation and Stabilization during Lithium Cycling by SEI Layer Formation Cho, Jeong-Hyun; Picraux, S. Tom Nano Letters, Vol. 14, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1021/nl500130e	journal	May 2014
Anisotropic Swelling and Fracture of Silicon Nanowires during Lithiation Liu, Xiao Hua; Zheng, He; Zhong, Li Nano Letters, Vol. 11, Issue 8, p. 3312-3318 https://doi.org/10.1021/nl201684d	journal	August 2011
Reduction Mechanisms of Ethylene Carbonate on Si Anodes of Lithium-Ion Batteries: Effects of Degree of Lithiation and Nature of Exposed Surface Martinez de la Hoz, Julibeth M.; Leung, Kevin; Balbuena, Perla B. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 5, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.1021/am404365r	journal	November 2013
Colossal Reversible Volume Changes in Lithium Alloys Beaulieu, L. Y.; Eberman, K. W.; Turner, R. L. Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters, Vol. 4, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1388178	journal	January 2001
Reaction of Li with Alloy Thin Films Studied by In Situ AFM Beaulieu, L. Y.; Hatchard, T. D.; Bonakdarpour, A. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 150, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1613668	journal	January 2003
ALD TiO2 coated silicon nanowires for lithium ion battery anodes with enhanced cycling stability and coulombic efficiency Memarzadeh Lotfabad, Elmira; Kalisvaart, Peter; Cui, Kai Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, Vol. 15, Issue 32 https://doi.org/10.1039/c3cp52485j	journal	January 2013
Zinc Oxide Nanowire Interphase for Enhanced Interfacial Strength in Lightweight Polymer Fiber Composites Ehlert, Gregory J.; Sodano, Henry A. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 1, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1021/am900376t	journal	July 2009
Diffusion of Li in the silicon oxide films and evaluation of Li-induced surface potential Maeda, Masahiko; Watanabe, Teruyoshi; Imai, Yasuhiro Applied Surface Science, Vol. 244, Issue 1-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2004.10.065	journal	May 2005
ReaxFF: A Reactive Force Field for Hydrocarbons van Duin, Adri C. T.; Dasgupta, Siddharth; Lorant, Francois The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, Vol. 105, Issue 41 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp004368u	journal	October 2001
Epidermis architecture and material properties of the skin of four snake species Klein, Marie-Christin G.; Gorb, Stanislav N. Journal of The Royal Society Interface, Vol. 9, Issue 76 https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2012.0479	journal	June 2012
Cohesive modeling of crack nucleation under diffusion induced stresses in a thin strip: Implications on the critical size for flaw tolerant battery electrodes Bhandakkar, Tanmay K.; Gao, Huajian International Journal of Solids and Structures, Vol. 47, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2010.02.001	journal	May 2010
Critical Thickness of SiO ₂ Coating Layer on Core@Shell Bulk@Nanowire Si Anode Materials for Li-Ion Batteries Sim, Soojin; Oh, Pilgun; Park, Soojin Advanced Materials, Vol. 25, Issue 32 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201301454	journal	June 2013
Ultrafast Electrochemical Lithiation of Individual Si Nanowire Anodes Liu, Xiao Hua; Zhang, Li Qiang; Zhong, Li Nano Letters, Vol. 11, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1021/nl200412p	journal	June 2011
From Ab Initio Calculations to Multiscale Design of Si/C Core–Shell Particles for Li-Ion Anodes Stournara, Maria E.; Qi, Yue; Shenoy, Vivek B. Nano Letters, Vol. 14, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1021/nl500410g	journal	March 2014
Surface Coating Mediated Swelling and Fracture of Silicon Nanowires during Lithiation Sandu, Georgiana; Brassart, Laurence; Gohy, Jean-François ACS Nano, Vol. 8, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1021/nn503564r	journal	August 2014
Lithium Transport in Amorphous Al ₂ O ₃ and AlF ₃ for Discovery of Battery Coatings Hao, Shiqiang; Wolverton, C. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 117, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp311982d	journal	April 2013
Parallel reactive molecular dynamics: Numerical methods and algorithmic techniques Aktulga, H. M.; Fogarty, J. C.; Pandit, S. A. Parallel Computing, Vol. 38, Issue 4-5 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parco.2011.08.005	journal	April 2012
Elastic softening of amorphous and crystalline Li–Si Phases with increasing Li concentration: A first-principles study Shenoy, V. B.; Johari, P.; Qi, Y. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 195, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.04.044	journal	October 2010
Atomic Layered Coating Enabling Ultrafast Surface Kinetics at Silicon Electrodes in Lithium Ion Batteries Li, Juchuan; Xiao, Xingcheng; Cheng, Yang-Tse The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, Vol. 4, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1021/jz4018255	journal	September 2013
Reactive molecular dynamics simulations on SiO ₂ -coated ultra-small Si-nanowires Khalilov, Umedjon; Pourtois, Geoffrey; Bogaerts, Annemie Nanoscale, Vol. 5, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1039/C2NR32387G	journal	January 2013
In situ measurements of stress evolution in silicon thin films during electrochemical lithiation and delithiation Sethuraman, Vijay A.; Chon, Michael J.; Shimshak, Maxwell Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 195, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.02.013	journal	August 2010
Strain–structure relations in human teeth using Moiré fringes Wang, R. Z.; Weiner, S. Journal of Biomechanics, Vol. 31, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9290(97)00131-0	journal	May 1997
Using Atomic Layer Deposition to Hinder Solvent Decomposition in Lithium Ion Batteries: First-Principles Modeling and Experimental Studies Leung, Kevin; Qi, Yue; Zavadil, Kevin R. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 133, Issue 37 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja205119g	journal	September 2011
Mathematical model for silicon electrode – Part II. Simulations on different electrode nanostructures De, Sumitava; Gordon, Joseph; Sikha, Godfrey Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 262 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.03.130	journal	September 2014
Silicon nanowire lithium-ion battery anodes with ALD deposited TiN coatings demonstrate a major improvement in cycling performance Kohandehghan, Alireza; Kalisvaart, Peter; Cui, Kai Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 1, Issue 41 https://doi.org/10.1039/c3ta12964k	journal	January 2013
Alumina-coated silicon-based nanowire arrays for high quality Li-ion battery anodes Nguyen, Hung Tran; Zamfir, Mihai Robert; Duong, Loc Dinh Journal of Materials Chemistry, Vol. 22, Issue 47 https://doi.org/10.1039/c2jm35125k	journal	January 2012
Alloy Design for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes Obrovac, M. N.; Christensen, Leif; Le, Dinh Ba Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 154, Issue 9, p. A849-A855 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2752985	journal	January 2007

Cited By (6)

Atomistic Origins of Ductility Enhancement in Metal Oxide Coated Silicon Nanowires for Li-Ion Battery Anodes Gao, Anthony; Mukherjee, Sankha; Srivastava, Ijya Advanced Materials Interfaces, Vol. 4, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1002/admi.201700920	journal	October 2017
Reactive molecular dynamics simulation of thermal decomposition for nano-AlH3/TNT and nano-AlH3/CL-20 composites Mei, Zheng; Li, Cui-Fang; Zhao, Feng-Qi Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 54, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-019-03364-4	journal	January 2019
Artificial interphase engineering of electrode materials to improve the overall performance of lithium-ion batteries Zhu, Zhiqiang; Chen, Xiaodong Nano Research, Vol. 10, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-017-1647-7	journal	August 2017
Review on modeling of the anode solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) for lithium-ion batteries Wang, Aiping; Kadam, Sanket; Li, Hong npj Computational Materials, Vol. 4, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41524-018-0064-0	journal	March 2018
Molecular dynamic simulation for thermal decomposition of RDX with nano-AlH ₃ particles Li, Cui-Fang; Mei, Zheng; Zhao, Feng-Qi Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, Vol. 20, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8cp01621f	journal	January 2018
Two-dimensional porous silicon nanosheets as anode materials for high performance lithium-ion batteries Tang, Jingjing; Yin, Qifang; Wang, Qian Nanoscale, Vol. 11, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9nr01440c	journal	January 2019

Similar Records

Stress effects on the initial lithiation of crystalline silicon nanowires: Reactive molecular dynamics simulations using ReaxFF

Journal Article · Thu Dec 18 00:00:00 EST 2014 · Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. PCCP · OSTI ID:1387538

Ostadhossein, Alireza; Cubuk, Ekin D.; Tritsaris, Georgios A.; +2 more

Scalable Synthesis of Defect Abundant Si Nanorods for High-Performance Li-Ion Battery Anodes

Journal Article · Tue May 26 00:00:00 EDT 2015 · ACS Nano · OSTI ID:1387538

Wang, Jing; Meng, Xiangcai; Fan, Xiulin; +3 more

In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy Study of Electrochemical Lithiation and Delithiation Cycling of the Conversion Anode RuO ₂

Journal Article · Thu Jun 20 00:00:00 EDT 2013 · ACS Nano · OSTI ID:1387538

Gregorczyk, Keith E.; Liu, Yang; Sullivan, John P.; +1 more

Related Subjects

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
bio-inspired
energy storage (including batteries and capacitors)
defects
charge transport
synthesis (novel materials)
synthesis (self-assembly)
synthesis (scalable processing)

Title: Self-generated concentration and modulus gradient coating design to protect Si nano-wire electrodes during lithiation

Citation Formats

References (66)

Cited By (6)

Similar Records

Related Subjects