Layer-dependent ferromagnetism in a van der Waals crystal down to the monolayer limit

Huang, Bevin; Clark, Genevieve; Navarro-Moratalla, Efrén; Klein, Dahlia R.; Cheng, Ran; Seyler, Kyle L.; Zhong, Ding; Schmidgall, Emma; McGuire, Michael A.; Cobden, David H.; Yao, Wang; Xiao, Di; Jarillo-Herrero, Pablo; Xu, Xiaodong

doi:10.1038/nature22391

Layer-dependent ferromagnetism in a van der Waals crystal down to the monolayer limit

Journal Article · Wed Jun 07 00:00:00 EDT 2017 · Nature (London)

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1038/nature22391· OSTI ID:1376527

Huang, Bevin ^[1]; Clark, Genevieve ^[1]; Navarro-Moratalla, Efrén ^[2]; Klein, Dahlia R. ^[2]; Cheng, Ran ^[3]; Seyler, Kyle L. ^[1]; Zhong, Ding ^[1]; Schmidgall, Emma ^[1]; McGuire, Michael A. ^[4]; Cobden, David H. ^[1]; Yao, Wang ^[5]; Xiao, Di ^[3]; Jarillo-Herrero, Pablo ^[2]; Xu, Xiaodong ^[1]

Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA (United States)
Massachusetts Inst. of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA (United States)
Carnegie Mellon Univ., Pittsburgh, PA (United States)
Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)
Univ. of Hong Kong (China)

Since the celebrated discovery of graphene, the family of two-dimensional (2D) materials has grown to encompass a broad range of electronic properties. Recent additions include spin-valley coupled semiconductors, Ising superconductors that can be tuned into a quantum metal, possible Mott insulators with tunable charge-density waves, and topological semi-metals with edge transport. Despite this progress, there is still no 2D crystal with intrinsic magnetism, which would be useful for many technologies such as sensing, information, and data storage. Theoretically, magnetic order is prohibited in the 2D isotropic Heisenberg model at finite temperatures by the Mermin-Wagner theorem. However, magnetic anisotropy removes this restriction and enables, for instance, the occurrence of 2D Ising ferromagnetism. Here, we use magneto-optical Kerr effect (MOKE) microscopy to demonstrate that monolayer chromium triiodide (CrI₃) is an Ising ferromagnet with out-of-plane spin orientation. Its Curie temperature of 45 K is only slightly lower than the 61 K of the bulk crystal, consistent with a weak interlayer coupling. Moreover, our studies suggest a layer-dependent magnetic phases, showcasing the hallmark thickness dependent physical properties typical of van der Waals crystals. Remarkably, bilayer CrI3 displays suppressed magnetization with a metamagnetic effect, while in trilayer the interlayer ferromagnetism observed in the bulk crystal is restored. Our work creates opportunities for studying magnetism by harnessing the unique features of atomically-thin materials, such as electrical control for realizing magnetoelectronics, and van der Waals engineering for novel interface phenomena.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: Energy Frontier Research Centers (EFRC) (United States). Center for Excitonics (CE); Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES) (SC-22)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC05-00OR22725; SC0001088

OSTI ID:: 1376527

Alternate ID(s):: OSTI ID: 1388215

Journal Information:: Nature (London), Journal Name: Nature (London) Journal Issue: 7657 Vol. 546; ISSN 0028-0836

Publisher:: Nature Publishing GroupCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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Control of spintronic and electronic properties of bimetallic and vacancy-ordered vanadium carbide MXenes via surface functionalization Li, Shuo; He, Junjie; Nachtigall, Petr Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, Vol. 21, Issue 46 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9cp05638f	journal	January 2019
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Realization of an excellent two-dimensional Heisenberg ferromagnetic system: the synthesis, structure, and thermodynamic properties of piperazinediium tetrabromocuprate Pan, Bingying; Qiu, Jiaxi; Pan, Binglin Journal of Materials Chemistry C, Vol. 7, Issue 29 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9tc01878f	journal	January 2019
Biaxial strain induced band transition and valley–spin coupling in the ferromagnetic semiconducting WSe ₂ /1T-FeCl ₂ heterostructure Mao, Xiujuan; Li, Jia; Li, Congcong Journal of Materials Chemistry C, Vol. 7, Issue 30 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9tc01988j	journal	January 2019
Enhanced stability and stacking dependent magnetic/electronic properties of 2D monolayer FeTiO ₃ on a Ti ₂ CO ₂ substrate Jin, Cui; Shang, Jing; Tang, Xiao Journal of Materials Chemistry C, Vol. 7, Issue 48 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9tc04979g	journal	January 2019
Effects of hydrostatic pressure on spin-lattice coupling in two-dimensional ferromagnetic Cr ₂ Ge ₂ Te ₆ Sun, Y.; Xiao, R. C.; Lin, G. T. Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 112, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5016568	journal	February 2018
The direct observation of ferromagnetic domain of single crystal CrSiTe ₃ Wu, Shenghang; Wang, Lihai; Gao, Bin AIP Advances, Vol. 8, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5024576	journal	May 2018
Electrical-field-induced magnetic Skyrmion ground state in a two-dimensional chromium tri-iodide ferromagnetic monolayer Liu, Jie; Shi, Mengchao; Mo, Pinghui AIP Advances, Vol. 8, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5030441	journal	May 2018
MOKE setup exploiting a nematic liquid crystal modulator Ciprian, R.; Loi, F.; Busetto, E. Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 89, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5033433	journal	October 2018
Electrical and anisotropic magnetic properties in layered Mn _1/3 TaS ₂ crystals Zhang, Hongwei; Wei, Wensen; Zheng, Guolin Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 113, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5034502	journal	August 2018
Two-dimensional multiferroic semiconductors with coexisting ferroelectricity and ferromagnetism Qi, Jingshan; Wang, Hua; Chen, Xiaofang Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 113, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5038037	journal	July 2018
Magnetic and electrocatalytic properties of transition metal doped MoS ₂ nanocrystals Martinez, L. M.; Delgado, J. A.; Saiz, C. L. Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 124, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5043208	journal	October 2018
Ferromagnetic insulator Cr ₂ Ge ₂ Te ₆ thin films with perpendicular remanence Mogi, M.; Tsukazaki, A.; Kaneko, Y. APL Materials, Vol. 6, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5046166	journal	September 2018
Tuned optical and magnetic properties of Ce ³⁺ doped SnS ₂ quantum dots Zhao, Qi; Lu, Qing; Liu, Yi Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 114, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5083934	journal	February 2019
Magnetic and electronic properties of Cr ₂ Ge ₂ Te ₆ monolayer by strain and electric-field engineering Wang, Kangying; Hu, Tao; Jia, Fanhao Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 114, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5083992	journal	March 2019
First principles study of the electronic and magnetic properties of (Co,Ga) co-doped LiNbO 3 Lin, Long; Huang, Jingtao; Yu, Weiyang Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 125, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5085162	journal	February 2019
Strain controlling transport properties of heterostructure composed of monolayer CrI ₃ Yang, Baishun; Zhang, Xiaolin; Yang, Hongxin Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 114, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5091958	journal	May 2019
Microwave absorption properties of heterostructure composites of two dimensional layered magnetic materials and graphene nanosheets Mu, Congpu; Du, Xia; Nie, Anmin Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 115, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5099315	journal	July 2019
Electric field control of the semiconductor-metal transition in two dimensional CuInP ₂ S ₆ /germanene van der Waals heterostructure Zhu, Ziye; Chen, Xiaofang; Li, Wenbin Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 114, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5100240	journal	June 2019
Revealing antiferromagnetic transition of van der Waals MnPS ₃ via vertical tunneling electrical resistance measurement Luong, Dinh Hoa; Phan, Thanh Luan; Ghimire, Ganesh APL Materials, Vol. 7, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5112130	journal	August 2019
Two-dimensional van der Waals spinterfaces and magnetic-interfaces Dayen, Jean-Francois; Ray, Soumya J.; Karis, Olof Applied Physics Reviews, Vol. 7, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5112171	journal	March 2020
Design of metal contacts for monolayer Fe ₃ GeTe ₂ based devices Wu, Qingyun; Ang, Yee Sin; Cao, Liemao Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 115, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5118304	journal	August 2019
Thickness dependence of domain size in 2D ferroelectric CuInP ₂ S ₆ nanoflakes Chen, Liufang; Li, Yongqiang; Li, Chuanfu AIP Advances, Vol. 9, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5123366	journal	November 2019
Theoretical study of strain induced magnetic transition of single-layer CrTe ₃ Lu, Zhi-Wei; Qiu, Shao-Bin; Xie, Wen-Qiang Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 127, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5126246	journal	January 2020
High tunnel magnetoresistance based on 2D Dirac spin gapless semiconductor VCl ₃ Feng, Yulin; Wu, Xuming; Gao, Guoying Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 116, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5128204	journal	January 2020
Single-layer LaBr ₂ : Two-dimensional valleytronic semiconductor with spontaneous spin and valley polarizations Zhao, Pei; Ma, Yandong; Lei, Chengan Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 115, Issue 26 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5129311	journal	December 2019
Observation of large anomalous Nernst effect in 2D layered materials Fe 3 GeTe 2 Fang, C.; Wan, C. H.; Guo, C. Y. Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 115, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5129370	journal	November 2019
Increased Curie temperature and enhanced perpendicular magneto anisotropy of Cr ₂ Ge ₂ Te ₆ /NiO heterostructures Idzuchi, H.; Llacsahuanga Allcca, A. E.; Pan, X. C. Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 115, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5130930	journal	December 2019
Theoretical model of spintronic device based on tunable anomalous Hall conductivity of monolayer CrI 3 Zhu, Mingfeng; Yao, Haibo; Jiang, Liwei Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 116, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5132356	journal	January 2020
γ-GeSe: A two-dimensional ferroelectric material with doping-induced ferromagnetism Liu, Chang; Guan, Shan; Yin, Huabing Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 115, Issue 25 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5133022	journal	December 2019
Switching of the magnetic anisotropy via strain in two dimensional multiferroic materials: CrSX (X = Cl, Br, I) Xu, Bo; Li, Shenchang; Jiang, Kun Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 116, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5140644	journal	February 2020
Substrate-modulated ferromagnetism of two-dimensional Fe ₃ GeTe ₂ Zhang, Luman; Song, Luyao; Dai, Hongwei Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 116, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5142077	journal	January 2020
Ferromagnetism found in two-dimensional materials Miller, Johanna L. Physics Today https://doi.org/10.1063/pt.6.1.20170608a	posted_content	June 2017
Electrically induced 2D half-metallic antiferromagnets and spin field effect transistors Gong, Shi-Jing; Gong, Cheng; Sun, Yu-Yun Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 115, Issue 34 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1715465115	journal	August 2018
Itinerant ferromagnetism of the Pd-terminated polar surface of PdCoO ₂ Mazzola, Federico; Sunko, Veronika; Khim, Seunghyun Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 115, Issue 51 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1811873115	journal	December 2018
Evolution of interlayer and intralayer magnetism in three atomically thin chromium trihalides Kim, Hyun Ho; Yang, Bowen; Li, Siwen Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 116, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1902100116	journal	May 2019
Experimental Realization of an Intrinsic Magnetic Topological Insulator ^* Gong, Yan; Guo, Jingwen; Li, Jiaheng Chinese Physics Letters, Vol. 36, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1088/0256-307x/36/7/076801	journal	June 2019
The 2017 Magnetism Roadmap Sander, D.; Valenzuela, S. O.; Makarov, D. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, Vol. 50, Issue 36 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/aa81a1	journal	August 2017
High-efficiency spin polarization in electron transport through the graphene nanoribbon coupled to chromium triiodide Han, Xiao; Zheng, Tian-Fang; Jiang, Cui Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, Vol. 52, Issue 43 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/ab35a2	journal	August 2019
Anisotropic magnetoresistance behaviors in the layered ferromagnetic Cr ₂ Ge ₂ Te ₆ Liu, Wei; Wang, Yamei; Han, Yuyan Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, Vol. 53, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/ab4a38	journal	October 2019
Orbital localization induced magnetization in nonmetal-doped phosphorene Huang, Le; Zhang, Peng; Huo, Nengjie Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, Vol. 53, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/ab6b97	journal	February 2020
Computational methods for 2D materials: discovery, property characterization, and application design Paul, J. T.; Singh, A. K.; Dong, Z. Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, Vol. 29, Issue 47 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-648x/aa9305	journal	November 2017
Anisotropic bulk and planar Heisenberg ferromagnets in uniform, arbitrarily oriented magnetic fields Vanherck, Joren; Sorée, Bart; Magnus, Wim Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, Vol. 30, Issue 27 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-648x/aac65f	journal	June 2018
Physical realization of 2D spin liquid state by ab initio design and strain engineering in FeX ₃ Liu, Pan; Luo, Xiaoguang; Cheng, Yahui Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, Vol. 30, Issue 32 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-648x/aad0d1	journal	July 2018
Spin dependence of crossed Andreev reflection and electron tunneling induced by Majorana fermions Zhang, Kunhua; Zeng, Junjie; Dong, Xinlong Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, Vol. 30, Issue 50 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-648x/aaedf6	journal	November 2018
Topological magnon insulator with a Kekulé bond modulation Pantaleón, Pierre A.; Carrillo-Bastos, Ramon; Xian, Y. Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, Vol. 31, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-648x/aaf77b	journal	January 2019
Electric manipulation of magnetism in bilayer van der Waals magnets Sun, Yu-Yun; Zhu, Liang-Qing; Li, Zhongyao Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, Vol. 31, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-648x/ab03ec	journal	March 2019
Strain-induced N–N bonding and magnetic changes in monolayer intrinsic ferromagnetic TmN ₂ (Tm = Tc and Nb) Li, Ruixin; Yang, Baishun; Li, Fangfang Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, Vol. 31, Issue 33 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-648x/ab1fbb	journal	May 2019
Strain induced electronic and magnetic properties of 2D magnet CrI ₃ : a DFT approach Mukherjee, Tista; Chowdhury, Suman; Jana, Debnarayan Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, Vol. 31, Issue 33 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-648x/ab1fcf	journal	May 2019
Pressure-induced ferromagnetism and enhanced perpendicular magnetic anisotropy of bilayer CrI ₃ Subhan, Fazle; Khan, Imran; Hong, Jisang Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, Vol. 31, Issue 35 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-648x/ab2308	journal	June 2019
Weak ferromagnetic insulator with huge coercivity in monoclinic double perovskite La ₂ CuIrO ₆ Zhang, Xingyu; Li, Bin; Cheng, Jie Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, Vol. 31, Issue 43 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-648x/ab2ff8	journal	July 2019
Two dimensional ferromagnetic semiconductor: monolayer CrGeS ₃ Ren, Yulu; Ge, Yanfeng; Wan, Wenhui Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, Vol. 32, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-648x/ab4395	journal	October 2019
2D CrCl ₂ (pyrazine) ₂ monolayer: high-temperature ferromagnetism and half-metallicity Xie, Huanhuan; Qie, Yu; Muhammad, Imran Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, Vol. 32, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-648x/ab5ca4	journal	December 2019
A low-temperature Kerr effect microscope for the simultaneous magneto-optic and magneto-transport study of magnetic topological insulators Liu, Jieyi; Singh, Angadjit; Llandro, Justin Measurement Science and Technology, Vol. 30, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab39b4	journal	September 2019
Antiferromagnetic coupling of van der Waals ferromagnetic Fe ₃ GeTe ₂ Kim, Dongseuk; Park, Sijin; Lee, Jinhwan Nanotechnology, Vol. 30, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/ab0a37	journal	March 2019
Raman spectroscopy of two-dimensional magnetic van der Waals materials Kim, Kangwon; Lee, Jae-Ung; Cheong, Hyeonsik Nanotechnology, Vol. 30, Issue 45 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/ab37a4	journal	August 2019
Floquet many-body engineering: topology and many-body physics in phase space lattices Liang, Pengfei; Marthaler, Michael; Guo, Lingzhen New Journal of Physics, Vol. 20, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/aaa7c3	journal	February 2018
Electrically tunable exchange splitting in bilayer graphene on monolayer Cr ₂ X ₂ Te ₆ with X = Ge, Si, and Sn Zollner, Klaus; Gmitra, Martin; Fabian, Jaroslav New Journal of Physics, Vol. 20, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/aace51	journal	July 2018
Crystallographic and magnetic properties of van der Waals layered FePS ₃ crystal Xie, Qi-Yun; Wu, Min; Chen, Li-Min Chinese Physics B, Vol. 28, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1088/1674-1056/28/5/056102	journal	May 2019
The Computational 2D Materials Database: high-throughput modeling and discovery of atomically thin crystals Haastrup, Sten; Strange, Mikkel; Pandey, Mohnish 2D Materials, Vol. 5, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1583/aacfc1	journal	September 2018
Novel single-layer vanadium sulphide phases Arnold, Fabian; Stan, Raluca-Maria; Mahatha, Sanjoy K. 2D Materials, Vol. 5, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1583/aad0c8	journal	July 2018
Half-metallicity in two-dimensional Co ₂ Se ₃ monolayer with superior mechanical flexibility Lv, Peng; Tang, Gang; Yang, Chao 2D Materials, Vol. 5, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1583/aadb5a	journal	September 2018
Calculating critical temperatures for ferromagnetic order in two-dimensional materials Torelli, Daniele; Olsen, Thomas 2D Materials, Vol. 6, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1583/aaf06d	journal	December 2018
Giant spin Hall effect in two-dimensional monochalcogenides Sławińska, Jagoda; Cerasoli, Frank T.; Wang, Haihang 2D Materials, Vol. 6, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1583/ab0146	journal	February 2019
Control of magnetism in bilayer CrI ₃ by an external electric field Suárez Morell, E.; León, Andrea; Miwa, R. Hiroki 2D Materials, Vol. 6, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1583/ab04fb	journal	February 2019
Experimental progress on layered topological semimetals Ma, Junchao; Deng, Ke; Zheng, Lu 2D Materials, Vol. 6, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1583/ab0902	journal	April 2019
Mechanical and liquid phase exfoliation of cylindrite: a natural van der Waals superlattice with intrinsic magnetic interactions Niu, Yue; Villalva, Julia; Frisenda, Riccardo 2D Materials, Vol. 6, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1583/ab1a4c	journal	May 2019
Antiferromagnetic ordering in van der Waals 2D magnetic material MnPS ₃ probed by Raman spectroscopy Kim, Kangwon; Lim, Soo Yeon; Kim, Jungcheol 2D Materials, Vol. 6, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1583/ab27d5	journal	July 2019
High throughput computational screening for 2D ferromagnetic materials: the critical role of anisotropy and local correlations Torelli, Daniele; Thygesen, Kristian S.; Olsen, Thomas 2D Materials, Vol. 6, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1583/ab2c43	journal	July 2019
Electronic structure and magnetic properties of few-layer Cr ₂ Ge ₂ Te ₆ : the key role of nonlocal electron–electron interaction effects Menichetti, Guido; Calandra, Matteo; Polini, Marco 2D Materials, Vol. 6, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1583/ab2f06	journal	September 2019
Low-temperature monoclinic layer stacking in atomically thin CrI ₃ crystals Ubrig, Nicolas; Wang, Zhe; Teyssier, Jérémie 2D Materials, Vol. 7, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1583/ab4c64	journal	November 2019
Growth and stabilization of two-dimensional multiferroics MnI ₂ Zhuo, La; Li, Yongkai; Wang, Xiangzhuo Materials Research Express, Vol. 6, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab1a93	journal	May 2019
Probing magnetism via spin dynamics in graphene/2D-ferromagnet heterostructures Cummings, Aron W. Journal of Physics: Materials, Vol. 2, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7639/ab3b64	journal	September 2019
Magnonic quantum spin Hall state in the zigzag and stripe phases of the antiferromagnetic honeycomb lattice Lee, Ki Hoon; Chung, Suk Bum; Park, Kisoo Physical Review B, Vol. 97, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.97.180401	journal	May 2018
Van der Waals Spin Valves Cardoso, C.; Soriano, D.; García-Martínez, N. A. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 121, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.067701	journal	August 2018
Discovery of Weyl Nodal Lines in a Single-Layer Ferromagnet Feng, Baojie; Zhang, Run-Wu; Feng, Ya Physical Review Letters, Vol. 123, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.123.116401	journal	September 2019
Two-Dimensional Photogalvanic Spin-Battery Xie, Yiqun; Chen, Mingyan; Wu, Zewen Physical Review Applied, Vol. 10, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevapplied.10.034005	journal	September 2018
Strain-Induced Room-Temperature Ferromagnetic Semiconductors with Large Anomalous Hall Conductivity in Two-Dimensional Cr 2 Ge 2 Se 6 Dong, Xue-Juan; You, Jing-Yang; Gu, Bo Physical Review Applied, Vol. 12, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevapplied.12.014020	journal	July 2019
Magnetic Proximity Effect in a van der Waals Moiré Superlattice Tong, Qingjun; Chen, Mingxing; Yao, Wang Physical Review Applied, Vol. 12, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevapplied.12.024031	journal	August 2019
Two-Dimensional Room-Temperature Ferromagnetic Semiconductors with Quantum Anomalous Hall Effect You, Jing-Yang; Zhang, Zhen; Gu, Bo Physical Review Applied, Vol. 12, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevapplied.12.024063	journal	August 2019
Path to Overcome Material and Fundamental Obstacles in Spin Valves Based on Mo S 2 and Other Transition-Metal Dichalcogenides Galbiati, Marta; Tatay, Sergio; Dubois, Simon M. -M. Physical Review Applied, Vol. 12, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevapplied.12.044022	journal	October 2019
Noninvasive Subsurface Electrical Probe for Encapsulated Layers in van der Waals Heterostructures Pandey, Mrityunjay; Soni, Radhika; Mathur, Avi Physical Review Applied, Vol. 12, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevapplied.12.064032	journal	December 2019
Ferromagnetic nodal-line metal in monolayer h -InC Jeon, Sunam; Oh, Yun-Tak; Kim, Youngkuk Physical Review B, Vol. 100, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.100.035406	journal	July 2019
Two-dimensional Weyl half-semimetal and tunable quantum anomalous Hall effect You, Jing-Yang; Chen, Cong; Zhang, Zhen Physical Review B, Vol. 100, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.100.064408	journal	August 2019
Proximity exchange effects in MoSe 2 and WSe 2 heterostructures with CrI 3 : Twist angle, layer, and gate dependence Zollner, Klaus; Faria Junior, Paulo E.; Fabian, Jaroslav Physical Review B, Vol. 100, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.100.085128	journal	August 2019
Anisotropic magnetic entropy change in the hard ferromagnetic semiconductor V I 3 Yan, J.; Luo, X.; Chen, F. C. Physical Review B, Vol. 100, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.100.094402	journal	September 2019
Field-dependent anisotropic magnetic coupling in layered ferromagnetic Fe 3 − x GeTe 2 Liu, Wei; Wang, Yamei; Fan, Jiyu Physical Review B, Vol. 100, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.100.104403	journal	September 2019
Tunable skyrmion-skyrmion binding on the surface of a topological insulator Tiwari, Kunal L.; Lavoie, J.; Pereg-Barnea, T. Physical Review B, Vol. 100, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.100.125414	journal	September 2019
Magnetic anisotropy of the two-dimensional ferromagnetic insulator MnBi 2 Te 4 Li, Yang; Jiang, Zeyu; Li, Jiaheng Physical Review B, Vol. 100, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.100.134438	journal	October 2019
Strain-tunable orbital, spin-orbit, and optical properties of monolayer transition-metal dichalcogenides Zollner, Klaus; Junior, Paulo E. Faria; Fabian, Jaroslav Physical Review B, Vol. 100, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.100.195126	journal	November 2019
Curie temperature of emerging two-dimensional magnetic structures Lu, Xiaobo; Fei, Ruixiang; Yang, Li Physical Review B, Vol. 100, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.100.205409	journal	November 2019
First-principles studies of spin-phonon coupling in monolayer C r 2 G e 2 T e 6 Zhang, B. H.; Hou, Y. S.; Wang, Z. Physical Review B, Vol. 100, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.100.224427	journal	December 2019
Ab initio prediction of a two-dimensional variant of the iridate IrO 2 Smolyanyuk, Andriy; Aichhorn, Markus; Mazin, I. I. Physical Review B, Vol. 100, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.100.235114	journal	December 2019
DFT study of itinerant ferromagnetism in p -doped monolayers of MoS 2 Gao, Yuqiang; Ganguli, Nirmal; Kelly, Paul J. Physical Review B, Vol. 100, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.100.235440	journal	December 2019
Interfacial coupling induced critical thickness for the ferroelectric bistability of two-dimensional ferromagnet/ferroelectric van der Waals heterostructures Huang, Xiaokun; Li, Guannan; Chen, Chao Physical Review B, Vol. 100, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.100.235445	journal	December 2019
Magnetic anisotropy and entropy change in trigonal Cr 5 Te 8 Liu, Yu; Abeykoon, Milinda; Stavitski, Eli Physical Review B, Vol. 100, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.100.245114	journal	December 2019
Modulating superexchange strength to achieve robust ferromagnetic couplings in two-dimensional semiconductors Xiao, Jiewen; Legut, Dominik; Luo, Weidong Physical Review B, Vol. 101, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.101.014431	journal	January 2020
Crystal and magnetic structures of magnetic topological insulators MnBi 2 Te 4 and MnBi 4 Te 7 Ding, Lei; Hu, Chaowei; Ye, Feng Physical Review B, Vol. 101, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.101.020412	journal	January 2020
Electric dipole spin resonance of two-dimensional semiconductor spin qubits Brooks, Matthew; Burkard, Guido Physical Review B, Vol. 101, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.101.035204	journal	January 2020
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Circular dichroism and Faraday and Kerr rotation in two-dimensional materials with intrinsic Hall conductivities Pratama, F. R.; Ukhtary, M. Shoufie; Saito, Riichiro Physical Review B, Vol. 101, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.101.045426	journal	January 2020
Topological spin texture in Janus monolayers of the chromium trihalides Cr(I, X ) 3 Xu, Changsong; Feng, Junsheng; Prokhorenko, Sergei Physical Review B, Vol. 101, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.101.060404	journal	February 2020
Manipulation of valley pseudospin in WSe 2 / CrI 3 heterostructures by the magnetic proximity effect Hu, Tao; Zhao, Guodong; Gao, Heng Physical Review B, Vol. 101, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.101.125401	journal	March 2020
Assessing the performance of the random phase approximation for exchange and superexchange coupling constants in magnetic crystalline solids Olsen, Thomas Physical Review B, Vol. 96, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.96.125143	journal	September 2017
Three-dimensional magnetic critical behavior in CrI 3 Liu, Yu; Petrovic, C. Physical Review B, Vol. 97, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.97.014420	journal	January 2018
Analysis of electrical-field-dependent Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction and magnetocrystalline anisotropy in a two-dimensional ferromagnetic monolayer Liu, Jie; Shi, Mengchao; Lu, Jiwu Physical Review B, Vol. 97, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.97.054416	journal	February 2018
Strong magnetization and Chern insulators in compressed graphene / CrI 3 van der Waals heterostructures Zhang, Jiayong; Zhao, Bao; Zhou, Tong Physical Review B, Vol. 97, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.97.085401	journal	February 2018
Anisotropic magnetocaloric effect in single crystals of CrI 3 Liu, Yu; Petrovic, C. Physical Review B, Vol. 97, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.97.174418	journal	May 2018
Layer and doping tunable ferromagnetic order in two-dimensional Cr S 2 layers Wang, Cong; Zhou, Xieyu; Pan, Yuhao Physical Review B, Vol. 97, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.97.245409	journal	June 2018
Zero Hall conductivity and its electronic origin in a Cr-doped topological insulator Kim, Jeongwoo; Hou, Yusheng; Park, Noejung Physical Review B, Vol. 98, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.98.081117	journal	August 2018
Raman spectrum of CrI 3 : An ab initio study Larson, Daniel T.; Kaxiras, Efthimios Physical Review B, Vol. 98, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.98.085406	journal	August 2018
Lattice dynamics and phase transition in CrI 3 single crystals Djurdjić-Mijin, S.; Šolajić, A.; Pešić, J. Physical Review B, Vol. 98, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.98.104307	journal	September 2018
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Charge-Spin Correlation in van der Waals Antiferromagnet NiPS 3 Kim, So Yeun; Kim, Tae Yun; Sandilands, Luke J. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 120, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.120.136402	journal	March 2018
Flatbands and Emergent Ferromagnetic Ordering in Fe 3 Sn 2 Kagome Lattices Lin, Zhiyong; Choi, Jin-Ho; Zhang, Qiang Physical Review Letters, Vol. 121, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.121.096401	journal	August 2018
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Real space mapping of topological invariants using artificial neural networks Carvalho, D.; Garcia-Martinez, N. A.; Lado, J. L. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1801.09655	text	January 2018
Electrical Control of 2D Magnetism in Bilayer CrI3 Huang, Bevin; Clark, Genevieve; Klein, Dahlia R. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1802.06979	text	January 2018
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Gate-tunable Room-temperature Ferromagnetism in Two-dimensional Fe$_3$GeTe$_2$ Deng, Yujun; Yu, Yijun; Song, Yichen arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1803.02038	text	January 2018
Ferromagnetic Mott State in Twisted Graphene Bilayers at the Magic Angle Seo, Kangjun; Kotov, Valeri N.; Uchoa, Bruno arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1812.02550	text	January 2018
Magnon transport in quasi-two-dimensional van der Waals antiferromagnets Xing, Wenyu; Qiu, Luyi; Wang, Xirui arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1902.04719	text	January 2019
Physical origin of giant excitonic and magneto-optical responses in two-dimensional ferromagnetic insulators Wu, Meng; Li, Zhenglu; Cao, Ting arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1903.07787	text	January 2019
Magnetic Skyrmions in Atomic Thin CrI$_3$ Monolayer Behera, Aroop K.; Chowdhury, Sugata; Das, Suprem R. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1903.08797	text	January 2019
Direct observation of van der Waals stacking dependent interlayer magnetism Chen, Weijong; Sun, Zeyuan; Gu, Lehua arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1906.03383	text	January 2019
Thickness-dependent magnetic order in CrI$_3$ single crystals Liu, Yu; Wu, Lijun; Tong, Xiao arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1908.09969	text	January 2019
Increased Curie temperature and enhanced perpendicular magneto anisotropy of Cr2Ge2Te6/NiO heterostructure Idzuchi, H.; Allcca, A. E. Llacsahuanga; Pan, X. C. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1912.03147	text	January 2019
Tunable Topological Energy Bands in 2D Dialkali-Metal Monoxides Hua, Chenqiang; Li, Si; Xu, Zhu-An arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1912.08019	text	January 2019
Van der Waals heterostructures for high-performance device applications: challenges and opportunities Liang, Shi-Jun; Cheng, Bin; Cui, Xinyi arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1912.10886	text	January 2019
Strain-tunable orbital, spin-orbit, and optical properties of monolayer transition-metal dichalcogenides Zollner, Klaus; Faria Junior, Paulo E.; Fabian, Jaroslav Universität Regensburg https://doi.org/10.5283/epub.41297	text	January 2019
Magnetic proximity in a van der Waals heterostructure of magnetic insulator and graphene Karpiak, Bogdan; Cummings, Aron W.; Zollner, Klaus Universität Regensburg https://doi.org/10.5283/epub.41300	text	January 2019

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Layer-dependent ferromagnetism in a van der Waals crystal down to the monolayer limit

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