Durability of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells Operated at Subfreezing Temperatures

Macauley, Natalia; Lujan, Roger W.; Spernjak, Dusan; Hussey, Daniel S.; Jacobson, David L.; More, Karren; Borup, Rodney L.; Mukundan, Rangachary

doi:10.1149/2.0191613jes

Durability of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells Operated at Subfreezing Temperatures

Journal Article · Thu Sep 15 04:00:00 EDT 2016 · Journal of the Electrochemical Society

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0191613jes· OSTI ID:1374332

Macauley, Natalia ^[1]; Lujan, Roger W. ^[1]; Spernjak, Dusan ^[1]; Hussey, Daniel S. ^[2]; Jacobson, David L. ^[2]; More, Karren ^[3]; Borup, Rodney L. ^[1]; Mukundan, Rangachary ^[1]

Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)
National Inst. of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD (United States). Center for Neutron Research
Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)

The structure, composition, and interfaces of membrane electrode assemblies (MEA) and gas-diffusion layers (GDLs) have a significant effect on the performance of single-proton-exchange-membrane (PEM) fuel cells operated isothermally at subfreezing temperatures. During isothermal constant-current operation at subfreezing temperatures, water forming at the cathode initially hydrates the membrane, then forms ice in the catalyst layer and/or GDL. This ice formation results in a gradual decay in voltage. High-frequency resistance initially decreases due to an increase in membrane water content and then increases over time as the contact resistance increases. The water/ice holding capacity of a fuel cell decreases with decreasing subfreezing temperature (-10°C vs. -20°C vs. -30°C) and increasing current density (0.02 A cm^-2 vs. 0.04 A cm^-2). Ice formation monitored using in-situ high-resolution neutron radiography indicated that the ice was concentrated near the cathode catalyst layer at low operating temperatures (≈-20°C) and high current densities (0.04 A cm^-2). Significant ice formation was also observed in the GDLs at higher subfreezing temperatures (≈-10°C) and lower current densities (0.02 A cm^-2). These results are in good agreement with the long-term durability observations that show more severe degradation at lower temperatures (-20°C and -30°C).

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States); National Inst. of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD (United States); Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Fuel Cell Technologies Office (EE-3F); Dept. of Commerce (United States)

Grant/Contract Number:: AI01-01EE50660

OSTI ID:: 1374332

Report Number(s):: LA-UR--17-22338

Journal Information:: Journal of the Electrochemical Society, Journal Name: Journal of the Electrochemical Society Journal Issue: 13 Vol. 163; ISSN 0013-4651

Publisher:: The Electrochemical SocietyCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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