A sodium–aluminum hybrid battery

Sun, Xiao-Guang; Zhang, Zhizhen; Guan, Hong Yu; Bridges, Craig A.; Fang, Youxing; Hu, Yong-Sheng; Veith, Gabriel M.; Dai, Sheng

doi:10.1039/C7TA00191F

A sodium–aluminum hybrid battery

Journal Article · Tue Mar 07 00:00:00 EST 2017 · Journal of Materials Chemistry. A

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1039/C7TA00191F· OSTI ID:1352758

^[1]; Zhang, Zhizhen ^[2]; Guan, Hong Yu ^[3]; Bridges, Craig A. ^[1]; Fang, Youxing ^[4]; Hu, Yong-Sheng ^[2]; Veith, Gabriel M. ^[5]; ^[6]

Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States). Chemical Sciences Division
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing (China). Key Laboratory for Renewable Energy, Beijing Key Laboratory for New Energy Materials and Devices, Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, School of Physical Sciences
Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States). Chemical Sciences Division; Northeast Normal University (China). Department of Chemistry
Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States). Chemical Sciences Division ; Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (United States). Department of Chemistry
Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States). Materials Science and Technology Division
Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States). Chemical Sciences Division; Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (United States). Department of Chemistry

We present novel hybrid batteries that are fabricated using an aluminum anode, a sodium intercalation cathode Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃ (NVP), and a sodium/aluminum dual salt electrolyte based on NaAlCl₄ and an eutectic mixture of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (EMImC) and aluminum chloride. Cyclic voltammograms indicate that increasing the molar concentration of AlCl₃ in the electrolyte is beneficial to high coulombic efficiency of aluminum deposition/stripping, which, unfortunately, results in lower coulombic efficiency of sodium extraction/insertion in the cathode. Therefore, EMImC–AlCl₃ with a molar ratio of 1–1.1 is used for battery evaluation. The hybrid battery with 1.0 M NaAlCl₄ exhibits a discharge voltage of 1.25 V and a cathodic capacity of 99 mA h g^-1 at a current rate of C/10. In addition, the hybrid battery exhibits good rate performance and long-term cycling stability while maintaining a high coulombic efficiency of 98%. It is also demonstrated that increasing salt concentration can further enhance the cycling performance of the hybrid battery. X-ray diffraction analysis of the NVP electrodes under different conditions confirms that the main cathode reaction is indeed Na extraction/insertion. Based on all earth-abundant elements, the new Na–Al hybrid battery is very attractive for stationary and grid energy storage applications.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES) (SC-22)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC05-00OR22725

OSTI ID:: 1352758

Journal Information:: Journal of Materials Chemistry. A, Journal Name: Journal of Materials Chemistry. A Journal Issue: 14 Vol. 5; ISSN 2050-7488; ISSN JMCAET

Publisher:: Royal Society of ChemistryCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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