Photovoltaic frequency–watt curve design for frequency regulation and fast contingency reserves

Journal Article · Fri Sep 02 00:00:00 EDT 2016 · IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1109/jphotov.2016.2598275· OSTI ID:1338316

Johnson, Jay ^[1]; Neely, Jason C. ^[1]; Delhotal, Jarod J. ^[1]; Lave, Matthew ^[1]

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1. Sandia National Lab. (SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM (United States)

When renewable energy resources are installed in electricity grids, they typically increase generation variability and displace thermal generator control action and inertia. Grid operators combat these emerging challenges with advanced distributed energy resource (DER) functions to support frequency and provide voltage regulation and protection mechanisms. This paper focuses on providing frequency reserves using autonomous IEC TR 61850-90-7 pointwise frequency-watt (FW) functions that adjust DER active power as a function of measured grid frequency. The importance of incorporating FW functions into a fleet of photovoltaic (PV) systems is demonstrated in simulation. Effects of FW curve design, including curtailment, deadband, and droop, were analyzed against performance metrics using Latin hypercube sampling for 20%, 70%, and 120% PV penetration scenarios on the Hawaiian island of Lanai. Finally, to understand the financial implications of FW functions to utilities, a performance function was defined based on monetary costs attributable to curtailed PV production, load shedding, and generator wear. An optimization wrapper was then created to find the best FW function curve for each penetration level. Lastly, it was found that in all cases, the utility would save money by implementing appropriate FW functions.

• Research Organization: Sandia National Laboratories (SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM (United States)
• Sponsoring Organization: USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Solar Energy Technologies Program (EE-2A)
• Grant/Contract Number: AC04-94AL85000
• OSTI ID: 1338316
• Alternate ID(s): OSTI ID: 1368723
• Report Number(s): SAND2016-7271J; 646201
• Journal Information: IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics, Journal Name: IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics Journal Issue: 6 Vol. 6; ISSN 2156-3381
• Publisher: IEEE
• Country of Publication: United States
• Language: English

Related Subjects

14 SOLAR ENERGY
29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY