A nanosecond pulsed laser heating system for studying liquid and supercooled liquid films in ultrahigh vacuum

Xu, Yuntao; Dibble, Collin J.; Petrik, Nikolay G.; Smith, R. Scott; Joly, Alan G.; Tonkyn, Russell G.; Kay, Bruce D.; Kimmel, Greg A.

doi:10.1063/1.4947304

A nanosecond pulsed laser heating system for studying liquid and supercooled liquid films in ultrahigh vacuum

Journal Article · Tue Apr 26 00:00:00 EDT 2016 · Journal of Chemical Physics

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4947304· OSTI ID:1327144

Xu, Yuntao ^[1]; Dibble, Collin J. ^[1]; Petrik, Nikolay G. ^[2]; ^[1]; Joly, Alan G. ^[1]; Tonkyn, Russell G. ^[1]; Kay, Bruce D. ^[1]; ^[1]

Pacific Northwest National Lab. (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States). Physical Sciences Division
Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, USA

A pulsed laser heating system has been developed that enables investigations of the dynamics and kinetics of nanoscale liquid films and liquid/solid interfaces on the nanosecond timescale in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV). Details of the design, implementation and characterization of a nanosecond pulsed laser system for transiently heating nanoscale films are described herein. Nanosecond pulses from a Nd:YAG laser are used to rapidly heat thin films of adsorbed water or other volatile materials on a clean, well-characterized Pt(111) crystal in UHV. Heating rates of ~1010 K/s for temperature increases of ~100 – 200 K are obtained. Subsequent rapid cooling (~5 × 109 K/s) quenches the film, permitting in-situ, post-mortem analysis using a variety of surface science techniques. Lateral variations in the laser pulse energy are ~ ± 3% leading to a temperature uncertainty of ~ ± 5 K for a temperature jump of 200 K. Initial experiments with the apparatus demonstrate that crystalline ice films initially held at 90 K can be rapidly transformed into liquid water films with T > 273 K. No discernable recrystallization occurs during the rapid cooling back to cryogenic temperatures. In contrast, amorphous solid water films heated below the melting point rapidly crystallize. The nanosecond pulsed laser heating system can prepare nanoscale liquid and supercooled liquid films that persist for nanoseconds per heat pulse in an UHV environment, enabling experimental studies of a wide range of phenomena in liquids and at liquid/solid interfaces.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: Pacific Northwest National Lab. (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States). Environmental Molecular Sciences Lab. (EMSL)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES) (SC-22). Chemical Sciences, Geosciences & Biosciences Division; USDOE Office of Science (SC), Biological and Environmental Research (BER) (SC-23)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC05-76RL01830

OSTI ID:: 1327144

Report Number(s):: PNNL-SA--115728; 49144; KC0301050

Journal Information:: Journal of Chemical Physics, Journal Name: Journal of Chemical Physics Journal Issue: 16 Vol. 144; ISSN JCPSA6; ISSN 0021-9606

Publisher:: American Institute of Physics (AIP)Copyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

References (73)

A molecular beam study of the evaporation of water from a liquid jet Faubel, M.; Schlemmer, S.; Toennies, J. P. Zeitschrift f�r Physik D Atoms, Molecules and Clusters, Vol. 10, Issue 2-3 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01384861	journal	June 1988
Measurement of fast desorption kinetics of D2, from tungsten by laser induced thermal desorption Cowin, J. P.; Auerbach, D. J.; Becker, C. Surface Science, Vol. 78, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/0039-6028(78)90232-7	journal	December 1978
The infrared spectra of amorphous solid water and ice Ic between 10 and 140 K Hagen, W.; Tielens, A. G. G. M.; Greenberg, J. M. Chemical Physics, Vol. 56, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-0104(81)80158-9	journal	April 1981
The self-diffusivity of amorphous solid water near 150 K Smith, R. Scott; Dohnálek, Z.; Kimmel, Greg A. Chemical Physics, Vol. 258, Issue 2-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-0104(00)00130-0	journal	August 2000
Heterogeneous photocatalysis: fundamentals and applications to the removal of various types of aqueous pollutants Herrmann, Jean-Marie Catalysis Today, Vol. 53, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0920-5861(99)00107-8	journal	October 1999
Thermodynamics of stoichiometric biochemical networks in living systems far from equilibrium Qian, Hong; Beard, Daniel A. Biophysical Chemistry, Vol. 114, Issue 2-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpc.2004.12.001	journal	April 2005
Photoelectron spectroscopy of surfaces under humid conditions Bluhm, Hendrik Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena, Vol. 177, Issue 2-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elspec.2009.08.006	journal	March 2010
Effect of liquid layering at the liquid–solid interface on thermal transport Xue, L.; Keblinski, P.; Phillpot, S. R. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 47, Issue 19-20 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2004.05.016	journal	September 2004
Water adsorption and the wetting of metal surfaces Hodgson, A.; Haq, S. Surface Science Reports, Vol. 64, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfrep.2009.07.001	journal	September 2009
Anomalous Behavior of the Homogeneous Ice Nucleation Rate in “No-Man’s Land” Laksmono, Hartawan; McQueen, Trevor A.; Sellberg, Jonas A. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, Vol. 6, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b01164	journal	July 2015
Complete Wetting of Pt(111) by Nanoscale Liquid Water Films Xu, Yuntao; Dibble, Collin J.; Petrik, Nikolay G. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, Vol. 7, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b02748	journal	January 2016
Thermal and Nonthermal Physiochemical Processes in Nanoscale Films of Amorphous Solid Water Smith, R. Scott; Petrik, Nikolay G.; Kimmel, Greg A. Accounts of Chemical Research, Vol. 45, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1021/ar200070w	journal	May 2011
Light-Induced Redox Reactions in Nanocrystalline Systems Hagfeldt, Anders.; Graetzel, Michael. Chemical Reviews, Vol. 95, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1021/cr00033a003	journal	January 1995
Photocatalysis on TiO2 Surfaces: Principles, Mechanisms, and Selected Results Linsebigler, Amy L.; Lu, Guangquan.; Yates, John T. Chemical Reviews, Vol. 95, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1021/cr00035a013	journal	May 1995
Molecular Structure of Water at Interfaces: Wetting at the Nanometer Scale Verdaguer, A.; Sacha, G. M.; Bluhm, H. Chemical Reviews, Vol. 106, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1021/cr040376l	journal	April 2006
Photoemission from Liquid Aqueous Solutions Winter, Bernd; Faubel, Manfred Chemical Reviews, Vol. 106, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1021/cr040381p	journal	April 2006
Surface Science Studies of the Photoactivation of TiO ₂ New Photochemical Processes Thompson, Tracy L.; Yates, John T. Chemical Reviews, Vol. 106, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1021/cr050172k	journal	October 2006
No Confinement Needed: Observation of a Metastable Hydrophobic Wetting Two-Layer Ice on Graphene Kimmel, Greg A.; Matthiesen, Jesper; Baer, Marcel Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 131, Issue 35 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja904708f	journal	September 2009
The Nature of Water Nucleation Sites on TiO ₂ (110) Surfaces Revealed by Ambient Pressure X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Ketteler, Guido; Yamamoto, Susumu; Bluhm, Hendrik The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 111, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp068606i	journal	June 2007
Ultrafast Electron-Induced Desorption of Water from Nanometer Amorphous Solid Water Films Backus, Ellen H. G.; Grecea, Mihail L.; Kleyn, Aart W. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, Vol. 111, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp071226s	journal	June 2007
Hydroxyl-Induced Wetting of Metals by Water at Near-Ambient Conditions Yamamoto, Susumu; Andersson, Klas; Bluhm, Hendrik The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 111, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp0731654	journal	June 2007
Crystallization Kinetics and Excess Free Energy of H ₂ O and D ₂ O Nanoscale Films of Amorphous Solid Water Smith, R. Scott; Matthiesen, Jesper; Knox, Jake The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, Vol. 115, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp110297q	journal	June 2011
Amorphous Solid Water (ASW): Pulsed Laser Ablation of ASW/CO ₂ Thin Films Rebolledo-Mayoral, Oscar; Stomberg, Jaimie; McKean, Stephanie The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 116, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp203916m	journal	December 2011
X-ray Photoemission and Density Functional Theory Study of the Interaction of Water Vapor with the Fe ₃ O ₄ (001) Surface at Near-Ambient Conditions Kendelewicz, T.; Kaya, S.; Newberg, J. T. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 117, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp3078024	journal	February 2013
Freezing of Heavy Water (D ₂ O) Nanodroplets Bhabhe, Ashutosh; Pathak, Harshad; Wyslouzil, Barbara E. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, Vol. 117, Issue 26 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp400070v	journal	June 2013
Dissociative Adsorption of Water on an H ₂ O/GaAs(100) Interface: In Situ Near-Ambient Pressure XPS Studies Zhang, Xueqiang; Ptasinska, Sylwia The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 118, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp411977p	journal	February 2014
The Effect of the Incident Collision Energy on the Porosity of Vapor-Deposited Amorphous Solid Water Films Smith, R. Scott; Zubkov, Tykhon; Dohnálek, Zdenek The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, Vol. 113, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp804902p	journal	April 2009
Dynamical Crossover and Breakdown of the Stokes−Einstein Relation in Confined Water and in Methanol-Diluted Bulk Water Mallamace, Francesco; Branca, Caterina; Corsaro, Carmelo The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, Vol. 114, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp910038j	journal	February 2010
Polarization- and Azimuth-Resolved Infrared Spectroscopy of Water on TiO ₂ (110): Anisotropy and the Hydrogen-Bonding Network Kimmel, Greg A.; Baer, Marcel; Petrik, Nikolay G. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, Vol. 3, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1021/jz3001079	journal	March 2012
Growth and Structure of Water on SiO ₂ Films on Si Investigated by Kelvin Probe Microscopy and in Situ X-ray Spectroscopies Verdaguer, Albert; Weis, Christoph; Oncins, Gerard Langmuir, Vol. 23, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1021/la700893w	journal	September 2007
Painting a picture of development Smith, John Maynard Nature, Vol. 398, Issue 6725 https://doi.org/10.1038/18601	journal	March 1999
The relationship between liquid, supercooled and glassy water Mishima, Osamu; Stanley, H. Eugene Nature, Vol. 396, Issue 6709 https://doi.org/10.1038/24540	journal	November 1998
The glass–liquid transition of hyperquenched water Johari, G. P.; Hallbrucker, Andreas; Mayer, Erwin Nature, Vol. 330, Issue 6148 https://doi.org/10.1038/330552a0	journal	December 1987
Supercooled liquids and the glass transition Debenedetti, Pablo G.; Stillinger, Frank H. Nature, Vol. 410, Issue 6825 https://doi.org/10.1038/35065704	journal	March 2001
Photoelectrochemical cells Grätzel, Michael Nature, Vol. 414, Issue 6861 https://doi.org/10.1038/35104607	journal	November 2001
A low-cost, high-efficiency solar cell based on dye-sensitized colloidal TiO₂ films O'Regan, Brian; Grätzel, Michael Nature, Vol. 353, Issue 6346, p. 737-740 https://doi.org/10.1038/353737a0	journal	October 1991
Ice nanoclusters at hydrophobic metal surfaces Michaelides, Angelos; Morgenstern, Karina Nature Materials, Vol. 6, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat1940	journal	June 2007
Freezing water in no-man's land Manka, Alexandra; Pathak, Harshad; Tanimura, Shinobu Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, Vol. 14, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1039/c2cp23116f	journal	January 2012
Small angle neutron scattering from D2O–H2O nanodroplets and binary nucleation rates in a supersonic nozzle Heath, Christopher H.; Streletzky, Kiril A.; Wyslouzil, Barbara E. The Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 118, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1554736	journal	March 2003
Homogeneous nucleation rates for D2O in a supersonic Laval nozzle Khan, Amjad; Heath, Christopher H.; Dieregsweiler, Uta M. The Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 119, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1590640	journal	August 2003
Supercooled and Glassy Water Debenedetti, Pablo G.; Stanley, H. Eugene Physics Today, Vol. 56, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1595053	journal	June 2003
Reflectivity of Metals at High Temperatures Ujihara, Kikuo Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 43, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1661506	journal	May 1972
Electron-stimulated production of molecular hydrogen at the interfaces of amorphous solid water films on Pt(111) Petrik, Nikolay G.; Kimmel, Greg A. The Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 121, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1773152	journal	August 2004
The vaporization rate of ice at temperatures near its melting point Sadtchenko, Vlad; Brindza, M.; Chonde, M. The Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 121, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1817820	journal	December 2004
The effect of the incident collision energy on the phase and crystallization kinetics of vapor deposited water films Scott Smith, R.; Zubkov, Tykhon; Kay, Bruce D. The Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 124, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2177658	journal	March 2006
The fragile-to-strong dynamic crossover transition in confined water: nuclear magnetic resonance results Mallamace, F.; Broccio, M.; Corsaro, C. The Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 124, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2193159	journal	April 2006
Layer-by-layer growth of thin amorphous solid water films on Pt(111) and Pd(111) Kimmel, Greg A.; Petrik, Nikolay G.; Dohnálek, Zdenek The Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 125, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2218844	journal	July 2006
Glass transition in pure and doped amorphous solid water: An ultrafast microcalorimetry study Chonde, M.; Brindza, M.; Sadtchenko, Vlad The Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 125, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2338524	journal	September 2006
Crystalline ice growth on Pt(111) and Pd(111): Nonwetting growth on a hydrophobic water monolayer Kimmel, Greg A.; Petrik, Nikolay G.; Dohnálek, Zdenek The Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 126, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2672869	journal	March 2007
Molecular dynamics simulations of thermal resistance at the liquid-solid interface Kim, Bo Hung; Beskok, Ali; Cagin, Tahir The Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 129, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3001926	journal	November 2008
Breaking through the glass ceiling: The correlation between the self-diffusivity in and krypton permeation through deeply supercooled liquid nanoscale methanol films Smith, R. Scott; Matthiesen, Jesper; Kay, Bruce D. The Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 132, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3361664	journal	March 2010
Transient thermoreflectance from thin metal films Paddock, Carolyn A.; Eesley, Gary L. Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 60, Issue 1, p. 285-290 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.337642	journal	July 1986
The OH stretching region infrared spectra of low density amorphous solid water and polycrystalline ice Ih Bergren, Michael S.; Schuh, Daniel; Sceats, Mark G. The Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 69, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.437080	journal	October 1978
Picosecond time‐resolved adsorbate response to substrate heating: Spectroscopy and dynamics of CO/Cu(100) Germer, T. A.; Stephenson, J. C.; Heilweil, E. J. The Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 101, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.467792	journal	July 1994
The evaporation rate, free energy, and entropy of amorphous water at 150 K Speedy, Robin J.; Debenedetti, Pablo G.; Smith, R. Scott The Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 105, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.471869	journal	July 1996
Photoelectron spectroscopy of liquid water, some alcohols, and pure nonane in free micro jets Faubel, Manfred; Steiner, Björn; Toennies, J. Peter The Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 106, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.474034	journal	June 1997
Electron-stimulated reactions in layered CO/H ₂ O films: Hydrogen atom diffusion and the sequential hydrogenation of CO to methanol Petrik, Nikolay G.; Monckton, Rhiannon J.; Koehler, Sven P. K. The Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 140, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4878658	journal	May 2014
Characterization of the temperature dependence of the thermoreflectance coefficient for conductive thin films Favaloro, T.; Bahk, J. -H.; Shakouri, A. Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 86, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4907354	journal	February 2015
Experimental Innovations in Surface Science: A Guide to Practical Laboratory Methods and Instruments Yates, John T.; Rubin, Lawrence G. Physics Today, Vol. 51, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.882349	journal	August 1998
Supercooled and glassy water Debenedetti, Pablo G. Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, Vol. 15, Issue 45 https://doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/15/45/R01	journal	October 2003
The dynamical crossover phenomenon in bulk water, confined water and protein hydration water Mallamace, Francesco; Corsaro, Carmelo; Baglioni, Piero Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, Vol. 24, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/24/6/064103	journal	January 2012
Macroscopic theory of pulsed-laser annealing. I. Thermal transport and melting Wood, R. F.; Giles, G. E. Physical Review B, Vol. 23, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.23.2923	journal	March 1981
Modeling of nonequilibrium melting and solidification in laser-irradiated materials Wood, R. F.; Geist, G. A. Physical Review B, Vol. 34, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.34.2606	journal	August 1986
Femtosecond investigation of electron thermalization in gold Sun, C. -K.; Vallée, F.; Acioli, L. Physical Review B, Vol. 48, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.48.12365	journal	October 1993
Pentagons and Heptagons in the First Water Layer on Pt(111) Nie, S.; Feibelman, Peter J.; Bartelt, N. C. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 105, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.026102	journal	July 2010
Femtosecond studies of nonequilibrium electronic processes in metals Schoenlein, R. W.; Lin, W. Z.; Fujimoto, J. G. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 58, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.58.1680	journal	April 1987
Crystalline Ice Growth on Pt(111): Observation of a Hydrophobic Water Monolayer Kimmel, Greg A.; Petrik, Nikolay G.; Dohnálek, Zdenek Physical Review Letters, Vol. 95, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.166102	journal	October 2005
Time-resolved observation of electron-phonon relaxation in copper Elsayed-Ali, H. E.; Norris, T. B.; Pessot, M. A. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 58, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.58.1212	journal	March 1987
Novel Water Overlayer Growth on Pd(111) Characterized with Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Density Functional Theory Cerdá, J.; Michaelides, A.; Bocquet, M. -L. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 93, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.93.116101	journal	September 2004
Water Diffusion and Clustering on Pd(111) Mitsui, T. Science, Vol. 297, Issue 5588 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1075095	journal	September 2002
Energetics of Hydrogen Bond Network Rearrangements in Liquid Water Smith, J. D. Science, Vol. 306, Issue 5697 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1102560	journal	October 2004
Optical Constants of Water in the 200-nm to 200-μm Wavelength Region Hale, George M.; Querry, Marvin R. Applied Optics, Vol. 12, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.12.000555	journal	January 1973
Thermoreflectance of metal transducers for optical pump-probe studies of thermal properties Wilson, R. B.; Apgar, Brent A.; Martin, Lane W. Optics Express, Vol. 20, Issue 27 https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.20.028829	journal	January 2012

Cited By (3)

A ConFlat iris diaphragm device for direct beam control and alignment inside a vacuum chamber Zhang, Yi C.; Lee, David Y. AIP Advances, Vol. 9, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5095525	journal	July 2019
Homogeneous ice nucleation rates and crystallization kinetics in transiently-heated, supercooled water films from 188 K to 230 K Kimmel, Greg A.; Xu, Yuntao; Brumberg, Alexandra The Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 150, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5100147	journal	May 2019
Growth rate of crystalline ice and the diffusivity of supercooled water from 126 to 262 K Xu, Yuntao; Petrik, Nikolay G.; Smith, R. Scott Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 113, Issue 52 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1611395114	journal	December 2016

Similar Records

Complete wetting of Pt(111) by nanoscale liquid water films

Journal Article · Wed Feb 03 23:00:00 EST 2016 · Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters · OSTI ID:1243221

Homogeneous Nucleation of Ice in Transiently-Heated, Supercooled Liquid Water Films

Journal Article · Wed Dec 06 23:00:00 EST 2017 · Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters · OSTI ID:1512396

Reversible structural transformations in supercooled liquid water from 135 to 245 K

Journal Article · Thu Sep 17 00:00:00 EDT 2020 · Science · OSTI ID:1664458

Related Subjects

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION
Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory
chemical dynamics and kinetics
fast heating and cooling
nanoscale liquid and liquid/solid interface far from equilibrium
nanosecond pulsed laser heating

A nanosecond pulsed laser heating system for studying liquid and supercooled liquid films in ultrahigh vacuum

Citation Formats

References (73)

Cited By (3)

Similar Records

Related Subjects