Effect of oxidation of carbon material on suspension electrodes for flow electrode capacitive deionization

Hatzell, Kelsey B.; Hatzell, Marta C.; Cook, Kevin M.; Boota, Muhammad; Housel, Gabrielle M.; Mcbride, Alexander; Kumbur, E. Caglan; Gogotsi, Yury

doi:10.1021/es5055989

Effect of oxidation of carbon material on suspension electrodes for flow electrode capacitive deionization

Journal Article · Thu Jan 29 04:00:00 EST 2015 · Environmental Science and Technology

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1021/es5055989· OSTI ID:1265345

Hatzell, Kelsey B. ^[1]; Hatzell, Marta C. ^[2]; Cook, Kevin M. ^[1]; Boota, Muhammad ^[1]; Housel, Gabrielle M. ^[1]; Mcbride, Alexander ^[1]; Kumbur, E. Caglan ^[1]; Gogotsi, Yury ^[1]

Drexel Univ., Philadelphia, PA (United States)
Georgia Inst. of Technology, Atlanta, GA (United States)

Flow electrode deionization (FCDI) is an emerging area for continuous and scalable deionization, but the electrochemical and flow properties of the flow electrode need to be improved to minimize energy consumption. We examine chemical oxidation of granular activated carbon (AC) here to study the role of surface heteroatoms on rheology and electrochemical performance of a flow electrode (carbon slurry) for deionization processes. Moreover, it was demonstrated that higher mass densities could be used without increasing energy for pumping when using oxidized active material. High mass-loaded flow electrodes (28% carbon content) based on oxidized AC displayed similar viscosities (~21 Pa s) to lower mass-loaded flow electrodes (20% carbon content) based on nonoxidized AC. The 40% increased mass loading (from 20% to 28%) resulted in a 25% increase in flow electrode gravimetric capacitance (from 65 to 83 F g^–1) without sacrificing flowability (viscosity). The electrical energy required to remove ~18% of the ions (desalt) from of the feed solution was observed to be significantly dependent on the mass loading and decreased (~60%) from 92 ± 7 to 28 ± 2.7 J with increased mass densities from 5 to 23 wt %. Finally, it is shown that the surface chemistry of the active material in a flow electrode effects the electrical and pumping energy requirements of a FCDI system.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States); Energy Frontier Research Centers (EFRC) (United States). Fluid Interface Reactions, Structures and Transport Center (FIRST)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC05-00OR22725

OSTI ID:: 1265345

Journal Information:: Environmental Science and Technology, Journal Name: Environmental Science and Technology Journal Issue: 5 Vol. 49; ISSN 0013-936X

Publisher:: American Chemical Society (ACS)Copyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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References (43)

Cited By (9)

Figures / Tables (6)

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