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Effect of oxidation of carbon material on suspension electrodes for flow electrode capacitive deionization

Journal Article · · Environmental Science and Technology
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1021/es5055989· OSTI ID:1265345
 [1];  [2];  [1];  [1];  [1];  [1];  [1];  [1]
  1. Drexel Univ., Philadelphia, PA (United States)
  2. Georgia Inst. of Technology, Atlanta, GA (United States)
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Flow electrode deionization (FCDI) is an emerging area for continuous and scalable deionization, but the electrochemical and flow properties of the flow electrode need to be improved to minimize energy consumption. We examine chemical oxidation of granular activated carbon (AC) here to study the role of surface heteroatoms on rheology and electrochemical performance of a flow electrode (carbon slurry) for deionization processes. Moreover, it was demonstrated that higher mass densities could be used without increasing energy for pumping when using oxidized active material. High mass-loaded flow electrodes (28% carbon content) based on oxidized AC displayed similar viscosities (~21 Pa s) to lower mass-loaded flow electrodes (20% carbon content) based on nonoxidized AC. The 40% increased mass loading (from 20% to 28%) resulted in a 25% increase in flow electrode gravimetric capacitance (from 65 to 83 F g–1) without sacrificing flowability (viscosity). The electrical energy required to remove ~18% of the ions (desalt) from of the feed solution was observed to be significantly dependent on the mass loading and decreased (~60%) from 92 ± 7 to 28 ± 2.7 J with increased mass densities from 5 to 23 wt %. Finally, it is shown that the surface chemistry of the active material in a flow electrode effects the electrical and pumping energy requirements of a FCDI system.

Research Organization:
Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States); Energy Frontier Research Centers (EFRC) (United States). Fluid Interface Reactions, Structures and Transport Center (FIRST)
Sponsoring Organization:
USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES)
Grant/Contract Number:
AC05-00OR22725
OSTI ID:
1265345
Journal Information:
Environmental Science and Technology, Journal Name: Environmental Science and Technology Journal Issue: 5 Vol. 49; ISSN 0013-936X
Publisher:
American Chemical Society (ACS)Copyright Statement
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English

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Cited By (9)

Facile synthesis of TiO2/ZrO2 nanofibers/nitrogen co-doped activated carbon to enhance the desalination and bacterial inactivation via capacitive deionization journal January 2018
Implication of Non-electrostatic Contribution to Deionization in Flow-Electrode CDI: Case Study of Nitrate Removal From Contaminated Source Waters journal March 2019
Waste Tire Derived Carbon-Polymer Composite Paper as Pseudocapacitive Electrode with Long Cycle Life journal September 2015
Use of Surfactants for Continuous Operation of Aqueous Electrochemical Flow Capacitors journal October 2015
Three-dimensional honeycomb-like porous carbon derived from corncob for the removal of heavy metals from water by capacitive deionization journal January 2018
Retracted Article: One-pot synthesis of O-doped BN nanosheets as a capacitive deionization electrode for efficient removal of heavy metal ions from water journal January 2017
Selective ion separation by capacitive deionization (CDI) based technologies: a state-of-the-art review journal January 2020
Revealing the intrinsic differences between static and flow electrode capacitive deionization by introducing semi-flow electrodes journal January 2020
Influence of Metal Oxide Coatings, Carbon Materials and Potentials on Ion Removal in Capacitive Deionization journal January 2018

Figures / Tables (6)

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36 MATERIALS SCIENCE
37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY