Effect of oxidation of carbon material on suspension electrodes for flow electrode capacitive deionization

Hatzell, Kelsey B.; Hatzell, Marta C.; Cook, Kevin M.; Boota, Muhammad; Housel, Gabrielle M.; Mcbride, Alexander; Kumbur, E. Caglan; Gogotsi, Yury

doi:10.1021/es5055989

Title: Effect of oxidation of carbon material on suspension electrodes for flow electrode capacitive deionization

Journal Article · Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 EST 2015 · Environmental Science and Technology

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1021/es5055989· OSTI ID:1265345

Hatzell, Kelsey B. ^[1]; Hatzell, Marta C. ^[2]; Cook, Kevin M. ^[1]; Boota, Muhammad ^[1]; Housel, Gabrielle M. ^[1]; Mcbride, Alexander ^[1]; Kumbur, E. Caglan ^[1]; Gogotsi, Yury ^[1]

Drexel Univ., Philadelphia, PA (United States)
Georgia Inst. of Technology, Atlanta, GA (United States)

Flow electrode deionization (FCDI) is an emerging area for continuous and scalable deionization, but the electrochemical and flow properties of the flow electrode need to be improved to minimize energy consumption. We examine chemical oxidation of granular activated carbon (AC) here to study the role of surface heteroatoms on rheology and electrochemical performance of a flow electrode (carbon slurry) for deionization processes. Moreover, it was demonstrated that higher mass densities could be used without increasing energy for pumping when using oxidized active material. High mass-loaded flow electrodes (28% carbon content) based on oxidized AC displayed similar viscosities (~21 Pa s) to lower mass-loaded flow electrodes (20% carbon content) based on nonoxidized AC. The 40% increased mass loading (from 20% to 28%) resulted in a 25% increase in flow electrode gravimetric capacitance (from 65 to 83 F g^–1) without sacrificing flowability (viscosity). The electrical energy required to remove ~18% of the ions (desalt) from of the feed solution was observed to be significantly dependent on the mass loading and decreased (~60%) from 92 ± 7 to 28 ± 2.7 J with increased mass densities from 5 to 23 wt %. Finally, it is shown that the surface chemistry of the active material in a flow electrode effects the electrical and pumping energy requirements of a FCDI system.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Cite

Export

Save

Research Organization:: Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States); Energy Frontier Research Centers (EFRC) (United States). Fluid Interface Reactions, Structures and Transport Center (FIRST)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC05-00OR22725

OSTI ID:: 1265345

Journal Information:: Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 49, Issue 5; ISSN 0013-936X

Publisher:: American Chemical Society (ACS)Copyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Citation Metrics:

Cited by: 154 works

Citation information provided by
Web of Science

References (43)

The Future of Seawater Desalination: Energy, Technology, and the Environment Elimelech, M.; Phillip, W. A. Science, Vol. 333, Issue 6043 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1200488	journal	August 2011
Review on the science and technology of water desalination by capacitive deionization Porada, S.; Zhao, R.; van der Wal, A. Progress in Materials Science, Vol. 58, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2013.03.005	journal	October 2013
Capacitive Deionization of NaCl and NaNO[sub 3] Solutions with Carbon Aerogel Electrodes Farmer, Joseph C. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 143, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1836402	journal	January 1996
Capacitive desalination with flow-through electrodes Suss, Matthew E.; Baumann, Theodore F.; Bourcier, William L. Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 5, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1039/c2ee21498a	journal	January 2012
Water Desalination with Wires Porada, S.; Sales, B. B.; Hamelers, H. V. M. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, Vol. 3, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1021/jz3005514	journal	June 2012
Capacitive deionization concept based on suspension electrodes without ion exchange membranes Hatzell, Kelsey B.; Iwama, Etsuro; Ferris, Anais Electrochemistry Communications, Vol. 43 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2014.03.003	journal	June 2014
Ion storage and energy recovery of a flow-electrode capacitive deionization process Jeon, Sung-il; Yeo, Jeong-gu; Yang, SeungCheol Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 2, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1039/c4ta00377b	journal	January 2014
Carbon flow electrodes for continuous operation of capacitive deionization and capacitive mixing energy generation Porada, S.; Weingarth, D.; Hamelers, H. V. M. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 2, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.1039/c4ta01783h	journal	January 2014
Desalination via a new membrane capacitive deionization process utilizing flow-electrodes Jeon, Sung-il; Park, Hong-ran; Yeo, Jeong-gu Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 6, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1039/c3ee24443a	journal	January 2013
Batch mode and continuous desalination of water using flowing carbon deionization (FCDI) technology Gendel, Youri; Rommerskirchen, Alexandra Klara Elisabeth; David, Oana Electrochemistry Communications, Vol. 46 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2014.06.004	journal	September 2014
Membrane capacitive deionization Biesheuvel, P. M.; van der Wal, A. Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 346, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2009.09.043	journal	January 2010
Direct prediction of the desalination performance of porous carbon electrodes for capacitive deionization Porada, S.; Borchardt, L.; Oschatz, M. Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 6, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1039/c3ee42209g	journal	January 2013
Enhanced charge efficiency and reduced energy use in capacitive deionization by increasing the discharge voltage Kim, T.; Dykstra, J. E.; Porada, S. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, Vol. 446 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2014.08.041	journal	May 2015
Energy Recovery in Membrane Capacitive Deionization Długołęcki, Piotr; van der Wal, Albert Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 47, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1021/es3053202	journal	April 2013
Properties of Slurry Electrodes from Activated Carbon Powder Kastening, Bertel Berichte der Bunsengesellschaft für physikalische Chemie, Vol. 92, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1002/bbpc.198800334	journal	November 1988
Activated Carbon Spheres as a Flowable Electrode in Electrochemical Flow Capacitors Boota, M.; Hatzell, K. B.; Beidaghi, M. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, Vol. 161, Issue 6, p. A1078-A1083 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.072406jes	journal	January 2014
Highly porous carbon spheres for electrochemical capacitors and capacitive flowable suspension electrodes Zhang, Chuanfang; Hatzell, Kelsey B.; Boota, Muhammad Carbon, Vol. 77, p. 155-164 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2014.05.017	journal	October 2014
Investigation of carbon materials for use as a flowable electrode in electrochemical flow capacitors Campos, Jonathan W.; Beidaghi, Majid; Hatzell, Kelsey B. Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 98 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2013.03.037	journal	May 2013
Composite Manganese Oxide Percolating Networks As a Suspension Electrode for an Asymmetric Flow Capacitor Hatzell, Kelsey B.; Fan, Lei; Beidaghi, Majid ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 6, Issue 11, p. 8886-8893 https://doi.org/10.1021/am501650q	journal	May 2014
A high performance pseudocapacitive suspension electrode for the electrochemical flow capacitor Hatzell, Kelsey B.; Beidaghi, Majid; Campos, Jonathan W. Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 111 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2013.08.095	journal	November 2013
Flowable Conducting Particle Networks in Redox-Active Electrolytes for Grid Energy Storage Hatzell, K. B.; Boota, M.; Kumbur, E. C. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, Vol. 162, Issue 5, p. A5007-A5012 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0011505jes	journal	January 2015
Surfactant for Enhanced Rheological, Electrical, and Electrochemical Performance of Suspensions for Semisolid Redox Flow Batteries and Supercapacitors Madec, Lénaïc; Youssry, Mohamed; Cerbelaud, Manuella ChemPlusChem, Vol. 80, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1002/cplu.201402042	journal	May 2014
Electronic vs Ionic Limitations to Electrochemical Performance in Li ₄ Ti ₅ O ₁₂ -Based Organic Suspensions for Lithium-Redox Flow Batteries Madec, L.; Youssry, M.; Cerbelaud, M. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 161, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.035405jes	journal	January 2014
Non-aqueous carbon black suspensions for lithium-based redox flow batteries: rheology and simultaneous rheo-electrical behavior Youssry, Mohamed; Madec, Lénaïc; Soudan, Patrick Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, Vol. 15, Issue 34 https://doi.org/10.1039/c3cp51371h	journal	January 2013
Maximizing Energetic Efficiency in Flow Batteries Utilizing Non-Newtonian Fluids Smith, Kyle C.; Chiang, Yet-Ming; Craig Carter, W. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 161, Issue 4, p. A486-A496 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.011404jes	journal	January 2014
Using Flow Electrodes in Multiple Reactors in Series for Continuous Energy Generation from Capacitive Mixing Hatzell, Marta C.; Hatzell, Kelsey B.; Logan, Bruce E. Environmental Science & Technology Letters, Vol. 1, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1021/ez5003314	journal	November 2014
Polysulfide Flow Batteries Enabled by Percolating Nanoscale Conductor Networks Fan, Frank Y.; Woodford, William H.; Li, Zheng Nano Letters, Vol. 14, Issue 4, p. 2210-2218 https://doi.org/10.1021/nl500740t	journal	March 2014
Surface functional groups of carbons and the effects of their chemical character, density and accessibility to ions on electrochemical performance Seredych, Mykola; Hulicova-Jurcakova, Denisa; Lu, Gao Qing Carbon, Vol. 46, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2008.06.027	journal	September 2008
Aqueous suspensions of carbon nanotubes: Surface oxidation, colloidal stability and uranium sorption Schierz, A.; Zänker, H. Environmental Pollution, Vol. 157, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2008.09.045	journal	April 2009
Effect of Surface Chemistry on Sorption of Water and Methanol on Activated Carbons Bandosz, Teresa J.; Jagiełło, Jacek; Schwarz, James A. Langmuir, Vol. 12, Issue 26 https://doi.org/10.1021/la960340r	journal	January 1996
Effect of HNO3 treatment on the surface acidity of activated carbons Noh, Joong S.; Schwarz, James A. Carbon, Vol. 28, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-6223(90)90069-B	journal	January 1990
Spectroscopy of carbon: from diamond to nitride films: Spectroscopy of carbon: from diamond to nitride films Kaciulis, S. Surface and Interface Analysis, Vol. 44, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1002/sia.4892	journal	February 2012
Best practice methods for determining an electrode material's performance for ultracapacitors Stoller, Meryl D.; Ruoff, Rodney S. Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 3, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1039/c0ee00074d	journal	January 2010
Surface Treatment of meso -Carbon Microbeads by Oxygen Plasma Sugiura, Masaaki; Esumi, Kunio; Meguro, Kenjiro Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan, Vol. 58, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1246/bcsj.58.2638	journal	September 1985
Aggregation of Negatively Charged Colloidal Particles in the Presence of Multivalent Cations Oncsik, Tamas; Trefalt, Gregor; Csendes, Zita Langmuir, Vol. 30, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1021/la4046644	journal	January 2014
Continuous operation of an electrochemical flow capacitor Porada, S.; Lee, J.; Weingarth, D. Electrochemistry Communications, Vol. 48 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2014.08.023	journal	November 2014
XPS O 1s binding energies for polymers containing hydroxyl, ether, ketone and ester groups López, Gabriel P.; Castner, David G.; Ratner, Buddy D. Surface and Interface Analysis, Vol. 17, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1002/sia.740170508	journal	May 1991
Combined Effect of Nitrogen- and Oxygen-Containing Functional Groups of Microporous Activated Carbon on its Electrochemical Performance in Supercapacitors Hulicova-Jurcakova, Denisa; Seredych, Mykola; Lu, Gao Qing Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 19, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.200801236	journal	February 2009
Semi-Solid Lithium Rechargeable Flow Battery Duduta, Mihai; Ho, Bryan; Wood, Vanessa C. Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 1, Issue 4, p. 511-516 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201100152	journal	May 2011
Electrochemical Characteristics and Impedance Spectroscopy Studies of Carbon-Carbon Supercapacitors Taberna, P. L.; Simon, P.; Fauvarque, J. F. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 150, Issue 3, p. A292-A300 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1543948	journal	January 2003
Electrochemical Supercapacitors Conway, B. E. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3058-6	book	January 1999
Energy consumption and constant current operation in membrane capacitive deionization Zhao, R.; Biesheuvel, P. M.; van der Wal, A. Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 5, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1039/c2ee21737f	journal	January 2012
Energy consumption in membrane capacitive deionization for different water recoveries and flow rates, and comparison with reverse osmosis Zhao, R.; Porada, S.; Biesheuvel, P. M. Desalination, Vol. 330 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2013.08.017	journal	December 2013

Cited By (8)

Three-dimensional honeycomb-like porous carbon derived from corncob for the removal of heavy metals from water by capacitive deionization Zhang, X. F.; Wang, B.; Yu, J. RSC Advances, Vol. 8, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1039/c7ra10689k	journal	January 2018
Revealing the intrinsic differences between static and flow electrode capacitive deionization by introducing semi-flow electrodes Fang, Kuo; Gong, Hui; He, Wenyan Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology, Vol. 6, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ew00836e	journal	January 2020
Retracted Article: One-pot synthesis of O-doped BN nanosheets as a capacitive deionization electrode for efficient removal of heavy metal ions from water Chen, Ming Ming; Wei, Da; Chu, Wei Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 5, Issue 32 https://doi.org/10.1039/c7ta05459a	journal	January 2017
Use of Surfactants for Continuous Operation of Aqueous Electrochemical Flow Capacitors Lee, Juhan; Weingarth, Daniel; Grobelsek, Ingrid Energy Technology, Vol. 4, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.201500243	journal	October 2015
Influence of Metal Oxide Coatings, Carbon Materials and Potentials on Ion Removal in Capacitive Deionization Wouters, Jesse J.; Tejedor-Tejedor, M. Isabel; Lado, Julio J. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 165, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0271805jes	journal	January 2018
Waste Tire Derived Carbon-Polymer Composite Paper as Pseudocapacitive Electrode with Long Cycle Life Boota, M.; Paranthaman, M. Parans; Naskar, Amit K. ChemSusChem, Vol. 8, Issue 21, p. 3576-3581 https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201500866	journal	September 2015
Facile synthesis of TiO2/ZrO2 nanofibers/nitrogen co-doped activated carbon to enhance the desalination and bacterial inactivation via capacitive deionization Yasin, Ahmed S.; Mohamed, Ibrahim M. A.; Mousa, Hamouda M. Scientific Reports, Vol. 8, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-19027-w	journal	January 2018
Implication of Non-electrostatic Contribution to Deionization in Flow-Electrode CDI: Case Study of Nitrate Removal From Contaminated Source Waters Song, Jingke; Ma, Jinxing; Zhang, Changyong Frontiers in Chemistry, Vol. 7 https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2019.00146	journal	March 2019