Actinide targets for the synthesis of super-heavy elements

Roberto, J.; Alexander, Charles W.; Boll, Rose Ann; Ezold, Julie G.; Felker, Leslie Kevin; Rykaczewski, Krzysztof Piotr; Hogle, Susan L.

doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2015.06.009

Actinide targets for the synthesis of super-heavy elements

Journal Article · Thu Jun 18 00:00:00 EDT 2015 · Nuclear Physics. A

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2015.06.009· OSTI ID:1240523

Roberto, J. ^[1]; Alexander, Charles W. ^[1]; Boll, Rose Ann ^[1]; Ezold, Julie G. ^[1]; Felker, Leslie Kevin ^[1]; Rykaczewski, Krzysztof Piotr ^[1]; Hogle, Susan L. ^[1]

Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)

Since 2000, six new super-heavy elements with atomic numbers 113 through 118 have been synthesized in hot fusion reactions of 48Ca beams on actinide targets. These target materials, including ²⁴²Pu, ²⁴⁴Pu, ²⁴³Am, ²⁴⁵Cm, ²⁴⁸Cm, ²⁴⁹Cf, and ²⁴⁹Bk, are available in very limited quantities and require specialized production and processing facilities resident in only a few research centers worldwide. This report describes the production and chemical processing of heavy actinide materials for super-heavy element research, current availabilities of these materials, and related target fabrication techniques. The impact of actinide materials in super-heavy element discovery is reviewed, and strategies for enhancing the production of rare actinides including ²⁴⁹Bk, ²⁵¹Cf, and ²⁵⁴Es are described.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States). High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE; USDOE Office of Science (SC)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC05-00OR22725

OSTI ID:: 1240523

Alternate ID(s):: OSTI ID: 22569357
OSTI ID: 1251850

Journal Information:: Nuclear Physics. A, Journal Name: Nuclear Physics. A Vol. 944; ISSN 0375-9474

Publisher:: ElsevierCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

References (58)

Synthesis of the isotope of element 103 (lawrencium) with mass number 256 Donets, E. D.; Shchegolev, V. A.; Ermakov, V. A. Soviet Atomic Energy, Vol. 19, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01126414	journal	August 1965
The properties of the isotope 102254 Donets, E. D.; Shchegolev, V. A.; Ermakov, V. A. Soviet Atomic Energy, Vol. 20, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01127385	journal	March 1966
The properties of the isotope 102254 Zager, B. A.; Miller, M. B.; Mikheev, V. L. Soviet Atomic Energy, Vol. 20, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01127386	journal	March 1966
The synthesis of element 105 Flerov, G. N.; Oganesyan, Yu. Ts.; Lobanov, Yu. V. Soviet Atomic Energy, Vol. 29, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01154430	journal	October 1970
Production and decay of269110 Hofmann, S.; Ninov, V.; He�berger, F. P. Zeitschrift f�r Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, Vol. 350, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01291181	journal	December 1995
The new element 111 Hofmann, S.; Ninov, V.; He�berger, F. P. Zeitschrift f�r Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, Vol. 350, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01291182	journal	December 1995
Identification of element 107 by? correlation chains M�nzenberg, G.; Hofmann, S.; He�berger, F. P. Zeitschrift f�r Physik A: Atoms and Nuclei, Vol. 300, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01412623	journal	March 1981
Observation of one correlated?-decay in the reaction58Fe on209Bi?267109 M�nzenberg, G.; Armbruster, P.; He�berger, F. P. Zeitschrift f�r Physik A Atoms and Nuclei, Vol. 309, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01420157	journal	March 1982
The identification of element 108 M�nzenberg, G.; Armbruster, P.; Folger, H. Zeitschrift f�r Physik A Atoms and Nuclei, Vol. 317, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01421260	journal	June 1984
Preparation of actinide targets for the synthesis of the heaviest elements Runke, J.; Düllmann, Ch. E.; Eberhardt, K. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, Vol. 299, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10967-013-2616-6	journal	July 2013
Stable isotope enrichment capabilities at Oak Ridge National Laboratory Egle, Brian J.; Hart, Kevin J.; Aaron, W. Scott Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, Vol. 299, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10967-013-2630-8	journal	July 2013
High intensity target wheel at TASCA: target wheel control system and target monitoring Jäger, E.; Brand, H.; Düllmann, Ch. E. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, Vol. 299, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10967-013-2645-1	journal	July 2013
A new eluant for the separation of the actinide elements Choppin, G. R.; Harvey, B. G.; Thompson, S. G. Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry, Vol. 2, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1902(56)80105-X	journal	January 1956
Group separation of the actinides from the lanthanides by anion exchange Hulet, E. K.; Gutmacher, R. G.; Coops, M. S. Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry, Vol. 17, Issue 3-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1902(61)80161-9	journal	June 1961
Actinide target preparation by focused ion beam sputtering Kwinta, J. Nuclear Instruments and Methods, Vol. 167, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/0029-554X(79)90478-6	journal	December 1979
Synthesis and physical identification of the isotope of element 104 with mass number 260 Flerov, G. N.; Oganesyan, Yu. Ts.; Lobanov, Yu. V. Physics Letters, Vol. 13, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9163(64)90313-0	journal	November 1964
Target preparation past and present in the United Kingdom Glover, K. M. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 236, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(85)90939-8	journal	June 1985
A historical target: Ammonium diuranate Herrmann, G. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 282, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(89)90157-5	journal	October 1989
Recovery and Recrystallization Cahn, R. W. Physical Metallurgy https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-044489875-3/50033-8	book	January 1996
Practice of using the multiple painting method Drapchinsky, L. V.; Kuzmina, T. E.; Soloviev, S. M. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 438, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-9002(99)00948-1	journal	December 1999
Preparation of the thicker americium targets by molecular plating Zhi, Qin; Junsheng, Guo; Zaiguo, Gan Applied Radiation and Isotopes, Vol. 54, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0969-8043(00)00367-5	journal	May 2001
Discovery of isotopes of elements with Thoennessen, M. Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables, Vol. 99, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adt.2012.03.003	journal	May 2013
Large scale atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition of graphene Vlassiouk, Ivan; Fulvio, Pasquale; Meyer, Harry Carbon, Vol. 54 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2012.11.003	journal	April 2013
ENDF/B-VII.1 Nuclear Data for Science and Technology: Cross Sections, Covariances, Fission Product Yields and Decay Data Chadwick, M. B.; Herman, M.; Obložinský, P. Nuclear Data Sheets, Vol. 112, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nds.2011.11.002	journal	December 2011
Preparation of targets by electrodeposition for heavy element studies Eberhardt, K.; Schädel, M.; Schimpf, E. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 521, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2003.11.407	journal	March 2004
Target cooling for high-current experiments at SHIP Antalic, S.; Cagarda, P.; Ackermann, D. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 530, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2004.04.217	journal	September 2004
Preparation of targets for the gas-filled recoil separator TASCA by electrochemical deposition and design of the TASCA target wheel assembly Eberhardt, K.; Brüchle, W.; Düllmann, Ch. E. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 590, Issue 1-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2008.02.069	journal	June 2008
Metal oxide targets produced by the polymer-assisted deposition method Garcia, Mitch A.; Ali, Mazhar N.; Chang, Noel N. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 613, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2009.09.084	journal	February 2010
Targets for S3 at SPIRAL2 Stodel, Christelle; Pellemoine, Frédérique; Hue, Robert Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 613, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2009.10.008	journal	February 2010
Toward large-area targets for “TRAKULA” Vascon, A.; Düllmann, Ch. E.; Eberhardt, K. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 655, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2011.06.024	journal	November 2011
Targets on superhydrophobic surfaces for laser ablation ion sources Renisch, D.; Beyer, T.; Blaum, K. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 676 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2012.02.024	journal	June 2012
Preparation and high intensity heavy ion irradiation tests of intermetallic 243Am/Pd targets Usoltsev, I.; Eichler, R.; Vostokin, G. K. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, Vol. 318 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2013.10.019	journal	January 2014
Metal oxide films produced by polymer-assisted deposition (PAD) for nuclear science applications Garcia, Mitch André; Ali, Mazhar Nawaz; Parsons-Moss, Tashi Thin Solid Films, Vol. 516, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2007.11.127	journal	July 2008
The Chemical and Radioactive Properties of the Heavy Elements: Wartime acceleration in the study of the heavy elements above No. 88, which form a transition series of the rare earth type, has removed them from the unfamiliar. The discovery of elements 95 and 96, of a new isotope of neptunium, of the occurrence of plutonium in nature, and its large-scale production at Hanford, are outlined Seaborg, Glenn T. Chemical & Engineering News, Vol. 23, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1021/cen-v023n023.p2190	journal	December 1945
Heaviest nuclei from ⁴⁸ Ca-induced reactions Oganessian, Yuri Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics, Vol. 34, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1088/0954-3899/34/4/R01	journal	March 2007
New Element Mendelevium, Atomic Number 101 Ghiorso, A.; Harvey, B. G.; Choppin, G. R. Physical Review, Vol. 98, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.98.1518	journal	June 1955
New Elements Einsteinium and Fermium, Atomic Numbers 99 and 100 Ghiorso, A.; Thompson, S. G.; Higgins, G. H. Physical Review, Vol. 99, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.99.1048	journal	August 1955
Synthesis of superheavy nuclei in the 48 Ca + 244 Pu reaction: 288 114 Oganessian, Yu. Ts.; Utyonkov, V. K.; Lobanov, Yu. V. Physical Review C, Vol. 62, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.62.041604	journal	September 2000
Experiments on the synthesis of element 115 in the reaction Am 243 ( Ca 48 , x n ) 115 291 − x Oganessian, Yu. Ts.; Utyonkoy, V. K.; Lobanov, Yu. V. Physical Review C, Vol. 69, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.69.021601	journal	February 2004
Measurements of cross sections for the fusion-evaporation reactions Pu 244 ( Ca 48 , x n ) 292 − x 114 and Cm 245 ( Ca 48 , x n ) 293 − x 116 Oganessian, Yu. Ts.; Utyonkov, V. K.; Lobanov, Yu. V. Physical Review C, Vol. 69, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.69.054607	journal	May 2004
Synthesis of the isotopes of elements 118 and 116 in the Cf 249 and Cm 245 + Ca 48 fusion reactions Oganessian, Yu. Ts.; Utyonkov, V. K.; Lobanov, Yu. V. Physical Review C, Vol. 74, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.74.044602	journal	October 2006
Experimental studies of the 249 Bk + 48 Ca reaction including decay properties and excitation function for isotopes of element 117, and discovery of the new isotope 277 Mt Oganessian, Yu. Ts.; Abdullin, F. Sh.; Alexander, C. Physical Review C, Vol. 87, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.87.054621	journal	May 2013
Precise measurements of the Bk 97 249 ground state half-life and the β − -decay end-point energy Chen, J.; Ahmad, I.; Greene, J. P. Physical Review C, Vol. 90, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.90.044302	journal	October 2014
Independent Verification of Element 114 Production in the Ca 48 + Pu 242 Reaction Stavsetra, L.; Gregorich, K. E.; Dvorak, J. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 103, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.103.132502	journal	September 2009
Synthesis of a New Element with Atomic Number Z = 117 Oganessian, Yu. Ts.; Abdullin, F. Sh.; Bailey, P. D. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 104, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.142502	journal	April 2010
New Superheavy Element Isotopes: Pu 242 ( Ca 48 , 5 n ) 1 285 14 Ellison, P. A.; Gregorich, K. E.; Berryman, J. S. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 105, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.182701	journal	October 2010
Production and Decay of the Heaviest Nuclei 1 293 , 294 17 and 1 294 18 Oganessian, Yu. Ts.; Abdullin, F. Sh.; Alexander, C. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 109, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.109.162501	journal	October 2012
Spectroscopy of Element 115 Decay Chains Rudolph, D.; Forsberg, U.; Golubev, P. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 111, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.111.112502	journal	September 2013
Ca 48 + Bk 249 Fusion Reaction Leading to Element Z = 117 : Long-Lived α -Decaying Db 270 and Discovery of Lr 266 Khuyagbaatar, J.; Yakushev, A.; Düllmann, Ch. E. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 112, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.172501	journal	May 2014
Positive Identification of Two Alpha-Particle-Emitting Isotopes of Element 104 Ghiorso, A.; Nurmia, M.; Harris, J. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 22, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.22.1317	journal	June 1969
New Element Hahnium, Atomic Number 105 Ghiorso, Albert; Nurmia, Matti; Eskola, Kari Physical Review Letters, Vol. 24, Issue 26 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.24.1498	journal	June 1970
Element 106 Ghiorso, A.; Nitschke, J. M.; Alonso, J. R. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 33, Issue 25 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.33.1490	journal	December 1974
New Element, Lawrencium, Atomic Number 103 Ghiorso, Albert; Sikkeland, Torbjørn; Larsh, Almon E. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 6, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.6.473	journal	May 1961
The Transuranium Elements Seaborg, G. T. Science, Vol. 104, Issue 2704 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.104.2704.379	journal	October 1946
Graphene: Status and Prospects Geim, A. K. Science, Vol. 324, Issue 5934, p. 1530-1534 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1158877	journal	June 2009
The reaction 48Ca + 248Cm → 296116* studied at the GSI-SHIP Hofmann, S.; Heinz, S.; Mann, R. The European Physical Journal A, Vol. 48, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1140/epja/i2012-12062-1	journal	May 2012
Experiment on the Synthesis of Element 113 in the Reaction ²⁰⁹ Bi( ⁷⁰ Zn,n) ²⁷⁸ 113 Morita, Kosuke; Morimoto, Kouji; Kaji, Daiya Journal of the Physical Society of Japan, Vol. 73, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1143/JPSJ.73.2593	journal	October 2004
The Transuranium Elements Seaborg, Glenn T. Nuclear Science and Engineering, Vol. 9, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.13182/NSE61-A25911	journal	April 1961

Cited By (15)

Contemporary Chemistry of Berkelium and Californium White, Frankie D.; Dan, David; Albrecht‐Schmitt, Thomas E. Chemistry – A European Journal, Vol. 25, Issue 44 https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201900586	journal	June 2019
Integration of a hyphenated HPIC-ICPMS protocol for the measurement of transplutonium isotopic mass distributions for 252Cf campaigns at Oak Ridge National Laboratory Roach, Benjamin D.; Giaquinto, Joseph M.; Keever, Tamara J. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, Vol. 318, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10967-018-6072-1	journal	August 2018
Rapid measurements of 235U fission product isotope ratios using an online, high-pressure ion chromatography inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry protocol with comparison to isotopic depletion models Fenske, Emilie K.; Roach, Benjamin D.; Glasgow, David C. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, Vol. 320, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10967-019-06438-4	journal	February 2019
Ultra-selective ligand-driven separation of strategic actinides Deblonde, Gauthier J. -P.; Ricano, Abel; Abergel, Rebecca J. Nature Communications, Vol. 10, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-10240-x	journal	June 2019
Microfluidics-based separation of actinium-225 from radium-225 for medical applications Davern, Sandra; O’Neil, David; Hallikainen, Hannah Separation Science and Technology, Vol. 54, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1080/01496395.2019.1614956	journal	May 2019
Influence of hexadecapole deformation on production cross sections of superheavy nuclei Bao, X. J.; Guo, S. Q.; Zhang, H. F. Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics, Vol. 43, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1088/0954-3899/43/12/125105	journal	November 2016
Fusion and quasifission dynamics in the reactions Ca 48 + Bk 249 and Ti 50 + Bk 249 using a time-dependent Hartree-Fock approach Umar, A. S.; Oberacker, V. E.; Simenel, C. Physical Review C, Vol. 94, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevc.94.024605	journal	August 2016
Synthesis of 119 292 − 303 superheavy elements using Ca- and Ti-induced reactions Santhosh, K. P.; Safoora, V. Physical Review C, Vol. 96, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevc.96.034610	journal	September 2017
Search for the heaviest atomic nuclei among the products from reactions of mixed-Cf with a Ca 48 beam Brewer, N. T.; Utyonkov, V. K.; Rykaczewski, K. P. Physical Review C, Vol. 98, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevc.98.024317	journal	August 2018
Mechanisms Suppressing Superheavy Element Yields in Cold Fusion Reactions Banerjee, K.; Hinde, D. J.; Dasgupta, M. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 122, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.122.232503	journal	June 2019
Colloquium : Superheavy elements: Oganesson and beyond Giuliani, S. A.; Matheson, Z.; Nazarewicz, W. Reviews of Modern Physics, Vol. 91, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.91.011001	journal	January 2019
Review of even element super-heavy nuclei and search for element 120 Hofmann, S.; Heinz, S.; Mann, R. The European Physical Journal A, Vol. 52, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1140/epja/i2016-16180-4	journal	June 2016
Distinct ground state features and the decay chains of Z = 121 superheavy nuclei Saxena, G.; Singh, U. K.; Kumawat, M. International Journal of Modern Physics E, Vol. 27, Issue 09 https://doi.org/10.1142/s021830131850074x	journal	September 2018
Distinct ground state features and the decay chains of Z = 121 Superheavy Nuclei Saxena, G.; Singh, U. K.; Kumawat, M. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1804.10830	text	January 2018
Review Of Even Element Super-Heavy Nuclei And Search For Element 120 Hofmann, Sigurd; Heinz, S.; Grzywacz, R. Zenodo https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.897925	text	January 2016

Similar Records

Prompt neutron multiplicities for the transplutonium nuclides

Conference · Mon Dec 31 23:00:00 EST 1984 · OSTI ID:5559210

Preparation of a variety of transuranium nuclides in Oak Ridge facilities

Conference · Wed Dec 31 23:00:00 EST 1980 · OSTI ID:5678271

Actinide targets for the synthesis of superheavy nuclei

Journal Article · Mon Dec 25 19:00:00 EST 2023 · European Physical Journal. A, Hadrons and Nuclei (Online) · OSTI ID:2371113

Related Subjects

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

Actinide targets for the synthesis of super-heavy elements

Citation Formats

References (58)

Cited By (15)

Similar Records

Related Subjects