Toxic volatile organic compounds in environmental tobacco smoke: Emission factors for modeling exposures of California populations
- Lawrence Berkeley Lab., CA (United States)
The primary objective of this study was to measure emission factors for selected toxic air contaminants in environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) using a room-sized environmental chamber. The emissions of 23 volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including, 1,3-butadiene, three aldehydes and two vapor-phase N-nitrosamines were determined for six commercial brands of cigarettes and reference cigarette 1R4F. The commercial brands were selected to represent 62.5% of the cigarettes smoked in California. For each brand, three cigarettes were machine smoked in the chamber. The experiments were conducted over four hours to investigate the effects of aging. Emission factors of the target compounds were also determined for sidestream smoke (SS). For almost all target compounds, the ETS emission factors were significantly higher than the corresponding SS values probably due to less favorable combustion conditions and wall losses in the SS apparatus. Where valid comparisons could be made, the ETS emission factors were generally in good agreement with the literature. Therefore, the ETS emission factors, rather than the SS values, are recommended for use in models to estimate population exposures from this source. The variabilities in the emission factors ({mu}g/cigarette) of the selected toxic air contaminants among brands, expressed as coefficients of variation, were 16 to 29%. Therefore, emissions among brands were Generally similar. Differences among brands were related to the smoked lengths of the cigarettes and the masses of consumed tobacco. Mentholation and whether a cigarette was classified as light or regular did not significantly affect emissions. Aging was determined not to be a significant factor for the target compounds. There were, however, deposition losses of the less volatile compounds to chamber surfaces.
- Research Organization:
- Lawrence Berkeley Lab., CA (United States); California State Air Resources Board, Sacramento, CA (United States)
- Sponsoring Organization:
- USDOE, Washington, DC (United States); California State Government, Sacramento, CA (United States)
- DOE Contract Number:
- AC03-76SF00098
- OSTI ID:
- 10114768
- Report Number(s):
- LBL--36379; ON: DE95006717; CNN: ARB Contract Number A133-186
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
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63 RADIATION, THERMAL, AND OTHER ENVIRON. POLLUTANT EFFECTS ON LIVING ORGS. AND BIOL. MAT.
AIR POLLUTION
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
CALIFORNIA
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
CHEMICALS METABOLISM AND TOXICOLOGY
CHEMICALS MONITORING AND TRANSPORT
EMISSION
EXPERIMENTAL DATA
HUMAN POPULATIONS
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
TOBACCO SMOKES