Real-time scanning tunneling microscopy observations of the oxidation of a Ti/Pt(111)-(2x2) surface alloy using O{sub 2} and NO{sub 2}
- Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan (China)
The authors have used scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), low energy electron diffraction (LEED), and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) to study the nascent oxidation of an ordered Ti/Pt(111)-(2x2) surface alloy exposed to oxygen (O{sub 2}) or nitrogen dioxide (NO{sub 2}) under ultrahigh vacuum conditions. The Ti/Pt(111)-(2x2) surface alloy was formed by depositing an ultrathin Ti film on Pt(111) and annealing to 1050 K. This produces an alloy film in which the surface layer is pure Pt and the second layer contains Ti atoms in a (2x2) structure, which causes the pattern observed by STM and LEED. Real-time imaging of the surface at 300 K was carried out by continuously scanning with the STM while either O{sub 2} or NO{sub 2} was introduced into the chamber. O{sub 2} exposures did not cause any gross structural changes; however oxygen was detected on the surface afterward using AES. Annealing this surface to 950 K resulted in the formation of an ordered TiO{sub x} overlayer as characterized by both LEED and STM. In contrast, NO{sub 2} exposures caused definite changes in the surface morphology at 300 K, and the root-mean-square roughness increased from 3.5 to 7.1 A after a large NO{sub 2} exposure. No ordered structures were produced by this treatment, but annealing the surface to 950 K formed an ordered pattern in LEED and corresponding clear, well-resolved structures in STM images. We account for these observations on the disruption or reconstruction of the Ti/Pt(111)-(2x2) surface alloy by arguments recalling that Ti oxidation is an activated process. The energetic barrier to TiO{sub x} formation cannot be surmounted at room temperature at low oxygen coverages, and annealing the surface was necessary to initiate this reaction. However, the higher oxygen coverages obtained using the more reactive oxidant NO{sub 2} lowered the chemical potential in the system sufficiently to overcome the activation barrier to extract Ti from the alloy at room temperature and form a disordered TiO{sub x} film. These results illustrate the importance of the surface oxygen coverage in nucleating the room temperature oxidation of the Pt-Ti surface alloys and further show the ability of NO{sub 2} in ultrahigh vacuum studies for probing the chemistry that will occur at higher O{sub 2} pressure.
- OSTI ID:
- 21192429
- Journal Information:
- Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology. A, International Journal Devoted to Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films, Vol. 26, Issue 5; Other Information: DOI: 10.1116/1.2969903; (c) 2008 American Vacuum Society; Country of input: International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA); ISSN 1553-1813
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
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Related Subjects
SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND SUPERFLUIDITY
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE
ANNEALING
AUGER ELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY
ELECTRON DIFFRACTION
LAYERS
MORPHOLOGY
NITROGEN DIOXIDE
OXIDATION
OXYGEN
PLATINUM ALLOYS
ROUGHNESS
SCANNING TUNNELING MICROSCOPY
SURFACES
TEMPERATURE RANGE
THIN FILMS
TITANIUM ALLOYS