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Title: Density- and wavefunction-normalized Cartesian spherical harmonics for l ≤ 20

Journal Article · · Acta Crystallographica. Section A, Foundations and Advances (Online)
 [1];  [2]
  1. Middle Tennessee State University, Murphreesboro, TN (United States). Computational Science Program
  2. Middle Tennessee State University, Murphreesboro, TN (United States). Computational Science Program and Dept. of Chemistry

The widely used pseudoatom formalism in experimental X-ray charge-density studies makes use of real spherical harmonics when describing the angular component of aspherical deformations of the atomic electron density in molecules and crystals. The analytical form of the density-normalized Cartesian spherical harmonic functions for up to l ≤ 7 and the corresponding normalization coefficients were reported previously by Paturle & Coppens. It was shown that the analytical form for normalization coefficients is available primarily forl ≤ 4. Only in very special cases it is possible to derive an analytical representation of the normalization coefficients for 4 < l ≤ 7. In most cases for l > 4 the density normalization coefficients were calculated numerically to within seven significant figures. In this study we review the literature on the density-normalized spherical harmonics, clarify the existing notations, use the Paturle–Coppens method in the Wolfram Mathematicasoftware to derive the Cartesian spherical harmonics for l ≤ 20 and determine the density normalization coefficients to 35 significant figures, and computer-generate a Fortran90 code. The article primarily targets researchers who work in the field of experimental X-ray electron density, but may be of some use to all who are interested in Cartesian spherical harmonics.

Research Organization:
Middle Tennessee State Univ., Murfreesboro, TN (United States)
Sponsoring Organization:
USDOE Office of Science (SC), Biological and Environmental Research (BER)
Grant/Contract Number:
SC0005094
OSTI ID:
1172304
Journal Information:
Acta Crystallographica. Section A, Foundations and Advances (Online), Vol. 71, Issue 2; ISSN 2053-2733
Publisher:
International Union of CrystallographyCopyright Statement
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Citation Metrics:
Cited by: 6 works
Citation information provided by
Web of Science

References (14)

Net atomic charges and molecular dipole moments from spherical-atom X-ray refinements, and the relation between atomic charge and shape journal January 1979
Testing aspherical atom refinements on small-molecule data sets journal November 1978
Difference densities by least-squares refinement. II. Tetracyanocyclobutane journal January 1975
Difference densities by least-squares refinement: fumaramic acid journal April 1971
Appendix 2. A Deformation Density Refinement Program journal January 1977
Some properties of the coupling coefficients of real spherical harmonics and their relation to Gaunt coefficients journal September 1996
Introducing the Intel i860 64-bit microprocessor journal August 1989
New Directions in Pseudoatom-Based X-Ray Charge Density Analysis book December 2010
Normalization factors for spherical harmonic density functions journal January 1988
Rotation matrices for real spherical harmonics: general rotations of atomic orbitals in space-fixed axes journal January 2007
Valence Structure from X‐Ray Diffraction Data: Physical Properties journal August 1972
Electron population analysis with rigid pseudoatoms journal July 1976
On the calculation of the electrostatic potential, electric field and electric field gradient from the aspherical pseudoatom model journal August 2006
On the basis-set dependence of local and integrated electron density properties: Application of a new computer program for quantum-chemical density analysis journal July 2009

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