Surface-Functionalized, Two-Dimensional Polymer Electrochromic Layers as Ultrafast, Multi-State Infrared Optical Gates

Das, Dibakar; Hasan, A M Mahmudul; Roy, Rupam; Davis, Ani N.; Treaster, Kiana A.; Gitter, Sean R.; Goswami, Swapnanil; Shastry, Thanmayee; Atterberry, Benjamin; Epps, Thomas H.; Bowers, Clifford R.; Sumerlin, Brent S.; Evans, Austin M.

doi:10.1021/jacs.5c19303

Title: Surface-Functionalized, Two-Dimensional Polymer Electrochromic Layers as Ultrafast, Multi-State Infrared Optical Gates

Journal Article · Fri Mar 20 00:00:00 UTC 2026 · Journal of the American Chemical Society

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.5c19303 · OSTI ID:3028156

Das, Dibakar ^[1]; Hasan, A M Mahmudul ^[1]; Roy, Rupam ^[1]; Davis, Ani N. ^[1]; Treaster, Kiana A. ^[1];

^[1]; Goswami, Swapnanil ^[1]; Shastry, Thanmayee ^[2]; Atterberry, Benjamin ^[1];

^[2]; Bowers, Clifford R. ^[1];

^[1];

^[1]

Univ. of Florida, Gainesville, FL (United States)
Univ. of Delaware, Newark, DE (United States)

Electrochromic devices have widespread application potential, but the currently available switching speeds limit broad real-world implementation of this technology. Here, we report surface-engineered two-dimensional polymers with ionophilic pores that offer unprecedented switching speeds in solid-state, two-terminal, electrochromic devices. In particular, we demonstrate that a crystalline donor–acceptor 2DP functionalized with ethylene glycol oligomers exhibits multistate infrared absorption that is 4× faster (t_c = 320 ms) with 3× coloration efficiency (491 cm² C^–1) compared to an alkyl functionalized 2DP constructed from the same chromophores. The functionalized nanoporous surfaces enable rapid switching in these materials under either oxidative or reductive conditions, allowing us to access a range of robust, stable optical responses in a single electrochromic layer. These attributes led us to leverage surface-functionalized 2DPs as multistate infrared logic gates. Collectively, this work demonstrates that surface engineering of nanoporous crystalline lattices is a promising approach to co-optimize the electronic and ionic conductivities required to achieve rapidly switchable electrochromic layers. Beyond speed and efficiency, the demonstration of multistate infrared characteristics shows that electrochromic frameworks are useful in integrated optoelectronic circuits. This positions surface-engineered 2DPs as improved electrochromic coatings and a new material platform for photonic information processing and adaptive devices.

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Research Organization:: Univ. of Delaware, Newark, DE (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-07CH11358; SC0021166

OSTI ID:: 3028156

Journal Information:: Journal of the American Chemical Society, Journal Name: Journal of the American Chemical Society Journal Issue: 12 Vol. 148; ISSN 0002-7863; ISSN 1520-5126

Publisher:: American Chemical Society (ACS)Copyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
Functionalization
Infrared light
Layers
Materials
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Title: Surface-Functionalized, Two-Dimensional Polymer Electrochromic Layers as Ultrafast, Multi-State Infrared Optical Gates

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