Connecting agriculture and renewable energy: insights into microclimatic changes, physiological, biochemical, and yield responses under agrivoltaics: a review

Priya, Manu; Sandler, Hilary A.; Jeranyama, Peter; Nayyar, Harsh; Mupambi, Giverson

doi:10.3389/fhort.2026.1645374

Title: Connecting agriculture and renewable energy: insights into microclimatic changes, physiological, biochemical, and yield responses under agrivoltaics: a review

Journal Article · Wed Feb 04 00:00:00 UTC 2026 · Frontiers in Horticulture

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fhort.2026.1645374 · OSTI ID:3022892

Priya, Manu ^[1]; Sandler, Hilary A. ^[1]; Jeranyama, Peter ^[1]; Nayyar, Harsh ^[2]; Mupambi, Giverson ^[1]

Univ. of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA (United States)
Panjab Univ. (India)

Agrivoltaics, the synergistic integration of agriculture and solar energy production on the same piece of land, has emerged as a compelling dual-use solution that maximizes land productivity while simultaneously addressing the need for sustainable agricultural practices and renewable energy generation. Despite the growing global interest in this dual-use system, the microclimatic shifts created beneath solar panels and their consequences for crop performance remain insufficiently synthesized. This review highlights the intricate interactions between agrivoltaics systems and plant microclimates, discussing their impacts on various physiological processes, metabolic pathways, and overall yield responses in different crop species. Evidence indicates that moderated light intensity and altered microclimates can enhance water-use efficiency, stabilize photosynthetic function, and trigger beneficial metabolic adjustments; however, responses remain highly species-specific and strongly dependent on regional climate conditions and panel configuration. Yield outcomes vary widely among vegetables, cereals, pulses, and fruit crops, highlighting the necessity for tailored agronomic strategies and crop selection within agrivoltaic designs. A critical knowledge gap identified in this review concerns the limited understanding of molecular and omics-level responses underlying plant adaptation to agrivoltaic environments. We further provide a detailed and interdisciplinary overview of adaptive agronomic strategies, and optimal crop selection, tailored to agrivoltaic systems. Despite the benefits of land use efficiency and simultaneous food and energy production, challenges remain concerning initial investment, technological adaptation, social and legal barriers, and shade-induced yield penalties. Further research in this area will be critical to enhancing the agricultural, environmental, and economic sustainability of agrivoltaics while simultaneously augmenting their practical utility and appeal to farmers in the future.

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Research Organization:: Univ. of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Renewable Power Office. Solar Energy Technologies Office

Grant/Contract Number:: EE0009374

OSTI ID:: 3022892

Journal Information:: Frontiers in Horticulture, Journal Name: Frontiers in Horticulture Vol. 5; ISSN 2813-3595

Publisher:: Frontiers Media S.A.Copyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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Crop-Specific Optimization of Bifacial PV Arrays for Agrivoltaic Food-Energy Production: The Light-Productivity-Factor Approach Riaz, Muhammad Hussnain; Imran, Hassan; Alam, Habeel IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics, Vol. 12, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1109/jphotov.2021.3136158	journal	March 2022
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Effects of Environmental Changes by an Agrivoltaic System on Growth and Quality Characteristics of Kimchi Cabbage Min, Sang Yoon; Kim, Bo Myung; Yun, Hae Keun Journal of People, Plants, and Environment, Vol. 25, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.11628/ksppe.2022.25.6.659	journal	December 2022
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Grapevine Growth and Berry Development under the Agrivoltaic Solar Panels in the Vineyards Ahn, Soon Young; Lee, Dan Bi; Lee, Hae In Journal of Bio-Environment Control, Vol. 31, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.12791/KSBEC.2022.31.4.356	journal	October 2022
Water Scenarios Modelling for Renewable Energy Development in Southern Morocco Ersoy, Sibel R.; Terrapon-Pfaff, Julia; Ribbe, Lars Journal of Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems, Vol. 9, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.13044/j.sdewes.d8.0335	journal	March 2021
Remarkable agrivoltaic influence on soil moisture, micrometeorology and water-use efficiency Hassanpour Adeh, Elnaz; Selker, John S.; Higgins, Chad W. PLOS ONE, Vol. 13, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0203256	journal	November 2018
Efficiency Improvement of Ground-Mounted Solar Power Generation in Agrivoltaic System by Cultivation of Bok Choy (Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis L.) Under the Panels Kumpanalaisatit, Manoch; Setthapun, Worajit; Sintuya, Hathaitip International Journal of Renewable Energy Development, Vol. 11, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.14710/ijred.2022.41116	journal	February 2022
Growth and Physiological Characteristics of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) and Rocket (Eruca sativa Mill.) Plants Cultivated under Photovoltaic Panels Kavga, Angeliki; Trypanagnostopoulos, Georgios; Zervoudakis, George Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, Vol. 46, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.15835/nbha46110846	journal	January 2018
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Effects of Agrivoltaics (Photovoltaic Power Generation Facilities on Farmland) on Growing Condition and Yield of Komatsuna, Mizuna, Kabu, and Spinach Kirimura, Masaaki; Takeshita, Shinichi; Matsuo, Mitsuhiro Environment Control in Biology, Vol. 60, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.2525/ecb.60.117	journal	April 2022
Characterisation of bioactive compounds in berries from plants grown under innovative photovoltaic greenhouses Blando, Federica; Gerardi, Carmela; Renna, Massimiliano Journal of Berry Research, Vol. 8, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3233/JBR-170258	journal	March 2018
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Shade Delayed Flowering Phenology and Decreased Reproductive Growth of Medicago sativa L. Qin, Fengfei; Shen, Yixin; Li, Zhihua Frontiers in Plant Science, Vol. 13 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.835380	journal	June 2022
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The effect of additional shading utilizing agriphotovoltaic structures on the visual qualities and metabolites of broccoli Moon, Hyeon-Woo; Ku, Kang-Mo Frontiers in Plant Science, Vol. 14 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2023.1111069	journal	March 2023
Solar Sharing for Both Food and Clean Energy Production: Performance of Agrivoltaic Systems for Corn, A Typical Shade-Intolerant Crop Sekiyama, Takashi; Nagashima, Akira Environments, Vol. 6, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.3390/Environments6060065	journal	June 2019
Agrivoltaic Systems Design and Assessment: A Critical Review, and a Descriptive Model towards a Sustainable Landscape Vision (Three-Dimensional Agrivoltaic Patterns) Toledo, Carlos; Scognamiglio, Alessandra Sustainability, Vol. 13, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.3390/SU13126871	journal	June 2021
Comparison of Yield and Yield Components of Several Crops Grown under Agro-Photovoltaic System in Korea Jo, Hyun; Asekova, Sovetgul; Bayat, Mohammad Amin Agriculture, Vol. 12, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12050619	journal	April 2022
Modeling of Stochastic Temperature and Heat Stress Directly Underneath Agrivoltaic Conditions with Orthosiphon Stamineus Crop Cultivation Othman, Noor Fadzlinda; Yaacob, Mohammad Effendy; Mat Su, Ahmad Suhaizi Agronomy, Vol. 10, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10101472	journal	September 2020
A First Investigation of Agriculture Sector Perspectives on the Opportunities and Barriers for Agrivoltaics Pascaris, Alexis S.; Schelly, Chelsea; Pearce, Joshua M. Agronomy, Vol. 10, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10121885	journal	November 2020
Agrivoltaic Systems Enhance Farmers’ Profits through Broccoli Visual Quality and Electricity Production without Dramatic Changes in Yield, Antioxidant Capacity, and Glucosinolates Chae, Seung-Hun; Kim, Hye Joung; Moon, Hyeon-Woo Agronomy, Vol. 12, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12061415	journal	June 2022
Agrivoltaics: The Environmental Impacts of Combining Food Crop Cultivation and Solar Energy Generation Wagner, Moritz; Lask, Jan; Kiesel, Andreas Agronomy, Vol. 13, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13020299	journal	January 2023
Effects of a Photovoltaic Plant on Microclimate and Crops’ Growth in a Mediterranean Area Fagnano, Massimo; Fiorentino, Nunzio; Visconti, Donato Agronomy, Vol. 14, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14030466	journal	February 2024
The Early Effects of an Agrivoltaic System within a Different Crop Cultivation on Soil Quality in Dry–Hot Valley Eco-Fragile Areas Luo, Jiufu; Luo, Zhongxin; Li, Wen Agronomy, Vol. 14, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14030584	journal	March 2024
Fruit Crop Species with Agrivoltaic Systems: A Critical Review Magarelli, Andrea; Mazzeo, Andrea; Ferrara, Giuseppe Agronomy, Vol. 14, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14040722	journal	March 2024
Productivity and Morphological Adaptation of Phaseolus vulgaris L. in Agrivoltaic Systems with Different Photovoltaic Technologies: A Case Study in Chachapoyas, Amazonas, Peru Gosgot Angeles, Wildor; Banda Martinez, Duber; Barrena Gurbillón, Miguel Ángel Agronomy, Vol. 15, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15030529	journal	February 2025
The Effect of Different Levels of Shading in a Photovoltaic Greenhouse with a North–South Orientation López-Díaz, Guadalupe; Carreño-Ortega, Angel; Fatnassi, Hicham Applied Sciences, Vol. 10, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.3390/app10030882	journal	January 2020
Photosynthetic Active Radiation, Solar Irradiance and the CIE Standard Sky Classification García-Rodríguez, Ana; García-Rodríguez, Sol; Díez-Mediavilla, Montserrat Applied Sciences, Vol. 10, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.3390/app10228007	journal	November 2020
Effects of the Agrivoltaic System on Crop Production: The Case of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Scarano, Aurelia; Semeraro, Teodoro; Calisi, Antonio Applied Sciences, Vol. 14, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.3390/app14073095	journal	April 2024
Sustainable and Intelligent Phytoprotection in Photovoltaic Agriculture: New Challenges and Opportunities Huang, Kai; Shu, Lei; Li, Kailiang Electronics, Vol. 12, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12051221	journal	March 2023
Application of Photovoltaic Systems for Agriculture: A Study on the Relationship between Power Generation and Farming for the Improvement of Photovoltaic Applications in Agriculture Cho, Jaiyoung; Park, Sung Min; Park, A. Reum Energies, Vol. 13, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.3390/en13184815	journal	September 2020
Worldwide Research Trends in Agrivoltaic Systems—A Bibliometric Review Chalgynbayeva, Aidana; Gabnai, Zoltán; Lengyel, Péter Energies, Vol. 16, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3390/en16020611	journal	January 2023
A Mini-Review of Current Activities and Future Trends in Agrivoltaics Klokov, Alexander; Loktionov, Egor; Loktionov, Yuri Energies, Vol. 16, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.3390/en16073009	journal	March 2023
Agri-PV (Agrivoltaics) in Developing Countries: Advancing Sustainable Farming to Address the Water–Energy–Food Nexus Mehta, Kedar; Shah, Meeth Jeetendra; Zörner, Wilfried Energies, Vol. 17, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.3390/en17174440	journal	September 2024
Analysis of the Rice Yield under an Agrivoltaic System: A Case Study in Japan Gonocruz, Ruth Anne; Nakamura, Ren; Yoshino, Kota Environments, Vol. 8, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.3390/environments8070065	journal	July 2021
Impact of an Agriphotovoltaic System on Metabolites and the Sensorial Quality of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) and Its High-Temperature-Extracted Juice Moon, Hyeon-Woo; Ku, Kang-Mo Foods, Vol. 11, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11040498	journal	February 2022
Growth and Leaf Color of Coleus under Light Conditions Modified by Translucent Agrivoltaic Panels and Light-Emitting Diodes in a Greenhouse Park, Suhyun; Kim, Jiseon; Oh, Wook Horticulturae, Vol. 10, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10020115	journal	January 2024
Exploring the Grape Agrivoltaic System: Climate Modulation and Vine Benefits in the Puglia Region, Southeastern Italy Magarelli, Andrea; Mazzeo, Andrea; Ferrara, Giuseppe Horticulturae, Vol. 11, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11020160	journal	February 2025
Agrivoltaic System and Modelling Simulation: A Case Study of Soybean (Glycine max L.) in Italy Potenza, Eleonora; Croci, Michele; Colauzzi, Michele Horticulturae, Vol. 8, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8121160	journal	December 2022
Multidimensional Role of Agrovoltaics in Era of EU Green Deal: Current Status and Analysis of Water–Energy–Food–Land Dependencies Roxani, Aikaterini; Zisos, Athanasios; Sakki, Georgia-Konstantina Land, Vol. 12, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.3390/land12051069	journal	May 2023
Antidepressant Effect of Shaded White Leaf Tea Containing High Levels of Caffeine and Amino Acids Unno, Keiko; Furushima, Daisuke; Nomura, Yuzuki Molecules, Vol. 25, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25153550	journal	August 2020
Berry Quality and Anthocyanin Content of ‘Consort’ Black Currants Grown under Artificial Shade Wolske, Eric; Chatham, Laura; Juvik, John Plants, Vol. 10, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10040766	journal	April 2021
Agrivoltaic, a Synergistic Co-Location of Agricultural and Energy Production in Perpetual Mutation: A Comprehensive Review Sarr, Aminata; Soro, Y. M.; Tossa, Alain K. Processes, Vol. 11, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11030948	journal	March 2023
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Compatibility between Crops and Solar Panels: An Overview from Shading Systems Aroca-Delgado, Raúl; Pérez-Alonso, José; Callejón-Ferre, Ángel Sustainability, Vol. 10, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.3390/su10030743	journal	March 2018
The Role of Smart Technology in Sustainable Agriculture: A Case Study of Wangree Plant Factory Santiteerakul, Salinee; Sopadang, Apichat; Yaibuathet Tippayawong, Korrakot Sustainability, Vol. 12, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.3390/su12114640	journal	June 2020
An Organizing Principle for the Water-Energy-Food Nexus Higgins, Chad W.; Abou Najm, Majdi Sustainability, Vol. 12, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.3390/su12198135	journal	October 2020
A Case Study of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicon var. Legend) Production and Water Productivity in Agrivoltaic Systems AL-agele, Hadi A.; Proctor, Kyle; Murthy, Ganti Sustainability, Vol. 13, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.3390/su13052850	journal	March 2021
Solar Photovoltaic Architecture and Agronomic Management in Agrivoltaic System: A Review Zainol Abidin, Mohd Ashraf; Mahyuddin, Muhammad Nasiruddin; Mohd Zainuri, Muhammad Ammirrul Atiqi Sustainability, Vol. 13, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.3390/su13147846	journal	July 2021
Biomass Quantity and Quality from Different Year-Round Cereal–Legume Cropping Systems as Forage or Fodder for Livestock Manoj, Konapura Nagaraja; Shekara, Bommalapura Gundanaik; Sridhara, Shankarappa Sustainability, Vol. 13, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.3390/su13169414	journal	August 2021
Effects of Agrivoltaic Systems on the Surrounding Rooftop Microclimate Teng, Jerome Wei Chiang; Soh, Chew Beng; Devihosur, Shiddalingeshwar Channabasappa Sustainability, Vol. 14, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.3390/su14127089	journal	June 2022
Association between Dynamic Agrivoltaic System and Cultivation: Viability, Yields and Qualitative Assessment of Medical Plants Disciglio, Grazia; Frabboni, Laura; Tarantino, Annalisa Sustainability, Vol. 15, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.3390/su152316252	journal	November 2023
Hydraulic Performance and Modelling of Pressurized Drip Irrigation System Sharu, Eddy Herman; Ab Razak, Mohd Shahrizal Water, Vol. 12, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.3390/w12082295	journal	August 2020
Cropping Systems and Agronomic Management Practices in Smallholder Farms in South Africa: Constraints, Challenges and Opportunities Moswetsi, Goitsemodimo; Fanadzo, Morris; Ncube, Bongani Journal of Agronomy, Vol. 16, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3923/ja.2017.51.64	journal	March 2017
Irrigation Scheduling Based on Soil Moisture Sensors and Evapotranspiration Aguilar, J.; Rogers, D.; Kisekka, I. Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports, Vol. 1, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.4148/2378-5977.1087	journal	January 2015
Effects of Agrivoltaics on the Microclimate in Horticulture Jung, David; Schönberger, Frederik; Spera, Fabian AgriVoltaics Conference Proceedings, Vol. 2 https://doi.org/10.52825/agripv.v2i.1033	journal	May 2024
Specific Leaf Area and Photosynthesis of Apple Trees Under a Dynamic Agrivoltaic System Juillion, Perrine; Lopez, Gerardo; Verambre, Gilles AgriVoltaics Conference Proceedings, Vol. 2 https://doi.org/10.52825/agripv.v2i.999	journal	May 2024
Agrivoltaics: A Sustainable Method Of Farming For Various Suitable Crops Agriculture Association of Textile Chemical and Critical Reviews Journal, Vol. 11, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.58321/AATCCReview.2023.11.04.208	journal	December 2023

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14 SOLAR ENERGY
29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY
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crop physiology
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Title: Connecting agriculture and renewable energy: insights into microclimatic changes, physiological, biochemical, and yield responses under agrivoltaics: a review

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