The environmental impact, carbon emissions and sustainability of computing in the ATLAS experiment

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A.; Ruscelli, S.; Russell, H. L.; Russo, G.; Rutherfoord, J. P.; Colmenares, S. Rutherford; Rybar, M.; Rybczynski, P.; Ryzhov, A.; Iglesias, J. A. Sabater; Sadrozinski, H. F-W.; Tehrani, F. Safai; Saha, S.; Sahinsoy, M.; Sahoo, B.; Saibel, A.; Saifuddin, B. T.; Saimpert, M.; Saito, G. T.; Saito, M.; Saito, T.; Sala, A.; Salnikov, A.; Salt, J.; Salas, A. Salvador; Salvatore, F.; Salzburger, A.; Sammel, D.; Sampson, E.; Sampsonidis, D.; Sampsonidou, D.; Sánchez, J.; Sebastian, V. Sanchez; Sandaker, H.; Sander, C. O.; Sandesara, J. A.; Sandhoff, M.; Sandoval, C.; Sanfilippo, L.; Sankey, D. P. C.; Sano, T.; Sansoni, A.; Queiroz, M. Santana; Santi, L.; Santoni, C.; Santos, H.; Santra, A.; Sanzani, E.; Saoucha, K. A.; Saraiva, J. G.; Sardain, J.; Sasaki, O.; Sato, K.; Sauer, C.; Sauvan, E.; Savard, P.; Sawada, R.; Sawyer, C.; Sawyer, L.; Sbarra, C.; Sbrizzi, A.; Scanlon, T.; Schaarschmidt, J.; Schäfer, U.; Schaffer, A. C.; Schaile, D.; Schamberger, R. D.; Scharf, C.; Schefer, M. 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B.; Shaw, K.; Shaw, S. M.; Shen, Q.; Sheppard, D. J.; Sherwood, P.; Shi, L.; Shi, X.; Shimizu, S.; Shimmin, C. O.; Shipsey, I. P. J.; Shirabe, S.; Shiyakova, M.; Shochet, M. J.; Shope, D. R.; Shrestha, B.; Shrestha, S.; Shreyber, I.; Shroff, M. J.; Sicho, P.; Sickles, A. M.; Haddad, E. Sideras; Sidley, A. C.; Sidoti, A.; Siegert, F.; Sijacki, Dj.; Sili, F.; Silva, J. M.; Ferreira, I. Silva; Oliveira, M. V. Silva; Silverstein, S. B.; Simili, E.; Simion, S.; Simoniello, R.; Simpson, E. L.; Simpson, H.; Simpson, L. R.; Simsek, S.; Sindhu, S.; Sinervo, P.; Singh, S. N.; Singh, S.; Sinha, S.; Sinha, S.; Sioli, M.; Sioulas, K.; Siral, I.; Sitnikova, E.; Sjölin, J.; Skaf, A.; Skorda, E.; Skubic, P.; Slawinska, M.; Slazyk, I.; Sliusar, I.; Smakhtin, V.; Smart, B. H.; Smirnov, S. Yu.; Smirnov, Y.; Smirnova, L. N.; Smirnova, O.; Smith, A. C.; Smith, D. R.; Smith, J. L.; Smith, M. B.; Smith, R.; Smitmanns, H.; Smizanska, M.; Smolek, K.; Smolyanskiy, P.; Snesarev, A. A.; Snoek, H. L.; Snyder, S.; Sobie, R.; Soffer, A.; Sanchez, C. A. Solans; Soldatov, E. Yu.; Soldevila, U.; Solodkov, A. A.; Solomon, S.; Soloshenko, A.; Solovieva, K.; Solovyanov, O. V.; Sommer, P.; Sonay, A.; Sopczak, A.; Sopio, A. L.; Sopkova, F.; Sorenson, J. D.; Alvarez, I. R. Sotarriva; Sothilingam, V.; Sandoval, O. J. Soto; Sottocornola, S.; Soualah, R.; Soumaimi, Z.; South, D.; Soybelman, N.; Spagnolo, S.; Spalla, M.; Sperlich, D.; Spisso, B.; Spiteri, D. P.; Splendori, L.; Spousta, M.; Staats, E. J.; Stamen, R.; Stanecka, E.; Stanek-Maslouska, W.; Stange, M. V.; Stanislaus, B.; Stanitzki, M. M.; Stapf, B.; Starchenko, E. A.; Stark, G. H.; Stark, J.; Staroba, P.; Starovoitov, P.; Staszewski, R.; Stauch, C.; Stavropoulos, G.; Stefl, A.; Stein, A.; Steinberg, P.; Stelzer, B.; Stelzer, H. J.; Stelzer-Chilton, O.; Stenzel, H.; Stevenson, T. J.; Stewart, G.; Stewart, G. A.; Stewart, J. R.; Stoicea, G.; Stolarski, M.; Stonjek, S.; Straessner, A.; Strandberg, J.; Strandberg, S.; Stratmann, M.; Strauss, M.; Strebler, T.; Strizenec, P.; Ströhmer, R.; Strom, D. M.; Stroynowski, R.; Strubig, A.; Stucci, S. A.; Stugu, B.; Stupak, J.; Styles, N. A.; Su, D.; Su, S.; Su, X.; Suchy, D.; Sugizaki, K.; Sulin, V. V.; Sultan, D. M. S.; Sultanaliyeva, L.; Sultansoy, S.; Sun, S.; Sun, W.; Gudnadottir, O. Sunneborn; Sur, N.; Sutton, M. R.; Svatos, M.; Swallow, P. N.; Swiatlowski, M.; Swirski, T.; Swoboda, A.; Sykora, I.; Sykora, M.; Sykora, T.; Szczepanek, N. D.; Ta, D.; Tackmann, K.; Taffard, A.; Tafirout, R.; Takubo, Y.; Talby, M.; Talyshev, A. A.; Tam, K. C.; Tamir, N. M.; Tanaka, A.; Tanaka, J.; Tanaka, R.; Tanasini, M.; Tao, Z.; Araya, S. Tapia; Tapprogge, S.; Mohamed, A. Tarek Abouelfadl; Tarem, S.; Tariq, K.; Tarna, G.; Tartarelli, G. F.; Tartarin, M. J.; Tas, P.; Tasevsky, M.; Tassi, E.; Tate, A. C.; Tayalati, Y.; Taylor, G. N.; Taylor, W.; Tegetmeier, A. S.; Teixeira-Dias, P.; Teoh, J. J.; Terashi, K.; Terron, J.; Terzo, S.; Testa, M.; Teuscher, R. J.; Thaler, A.; Theiner, O.; Theveneaux-Pelzer, T.; Thomas, D. W.; Thomas, J. P.; Thompson, E. A.; Thompson, P. D.; Thomson, E.; Thornberry, R. E.; Tian, C.; Tian, Y.; Tikhomirov, V.; Tikhonov, Yu. A.; Timoshenko, S.; Timoshyn, D.; Ting, E. X. L.; Tipton, P.; Tishelman-Charny, A.; Todome, K.; Todorova-Nova, S.; Toffolin, L.; Togawa, M.; Tojo, J.; Tokár, S.; Toldaiev, O.; Tolkachev, G.; Tomoto, M.; Tompkins, L.; Torrence, E.; Torres, H.; Pastor, E. Torró; Toscani, M.; Tosciri, C.; Tost, M.; Tovey, D. R.; Trefzger, T.; Tricarico, P. M.; Tricoli, A.; Trigger, I. M.; Trincaz-Duvoid, S.; Trischuk, D. A.; Tropina, A.; Truong, L.; Trzebinski, M.; Trzupek, A.; Tsai, F.; Tsai, M.; Tsiamis, A.; Tsiareshka, P. V.; Tsigaridas, S.; Tsirigotis, A.; Tsiskaridze, V.; Tskhadadze, E. G.; Tsopoulou, M.; Tsujikawa, Y.; Tsukerman, I. I.; Tsulaia, V.; Tsuno, S.; Tsuri, K.; Tsybychev, D.; Tu, Y.; Tudorache, A.; Tudorache, V.; Tuncay, S. B.; Turchikhin, S.; Cakir, I. Turk; Turra, R.; Turtuvshin, T.; Tuts, P. M.; Tzamarias, S.; Tzovara, E.; Uematsu, Y.; Ukegawa, F.; Poblete, P. A. Ulloa; Umaka, E. N.; Unal, G.; Undrus, A.; Unel, G.; Urban, J.; Urrejola, P.; Usai, G.; Ushioda, R.; Usman, M.; Ustuner, F.; Uysal, Z.; Vacek, V.; Vachon, B.; Vafeiadis, T.; Vaitkus, A.; Valderanis, C.; Santurio, E. Valdes; Valente, M.; Valentinetti, S.; Valero, A.; Moreno, E. Valiente; Vallier, A.; Ferrer, J. A. Valls; Van Arneman, D. R.; Van Der Graaf, A.; Van Der Schyf, H. Z.; Van Gemmeren, P.; Van Rijnbach, M.; Van Stroud, S.; Van Vulpen, I.; Vana, P.; Vanadia, M.; Voorde, U. M. Vande; Vandelli, W.; Vandewall, E. R.; Vannicola, D.; Vannoli, L.; Vari, R.; Varma, M.; Varnes, E. W.; Varni, C.; Varouchas, D.; Varriale, L.; Varvell, K. E.; Vasile, M. E.; Vaslin, L.; Vassilev, M. D.; Vasyukov, A.; Vaughan, L. M.; Vavricka, R.; Schroeder, T. Vazquez; Veatch, J.; Vecchio, V.; Veen, M. J.; Veliscek, I.; Velkovska, I.; Veloce, L. M.; Veloso, F.; Veneziano, S.; Ventura, A.; Verbytskyi, A.; Verducci, M.; Vergis, C.; De Araujo, M. Verissimo; Verkerke, W.; Vermeulen, J. C.; Vernieri, C.; Vessella, M.; Vetterli, M. C.; Vgenopoulos, A.; Maira, N. Viaux; Vickey, T.; Boeriu, O. E. Vickey; Viehhauser, G. H. A.; Vigani, L.; Vigl, M.; Villa, M.; Perez, M. Villaplana; Villhauer, E. M.; Vilucchi, E.; Vincent, M.; Vincter, M. G.; Visibile, A.; Vittori, C.; Vivarelli, I.; Voevodina, E.; Vogel, F.; Voigt, J. C.; Vokac, P.; Volkotrub, Yu.; Vomberg, L.; Toerne, E. Von; Vormwald, B.; Vorobev, K.; Vos, M.; Voss, K.; Vozak, M.; Vozdecky, L.; Vranjes, N.; Milosavljevic, M. Vranjes; Vreeswijk, M.; Vu, N. K.; Vuillermet, R.; Vujinovic, O.; Vukotic, I.; Vyas, I. K.; Wack, J. F.; Wada, S.; Wagner, C.; Wagner, J. M.; Wagner, W.; Wahdan, S.; Wahlberg, H.; Waits, C. H.; Walder, J.; Walker, R.; Pass, K. Walkingshaw; Walkowiak, W.; Wall, A.; Wallin, E. 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doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-025-14976-3

Title: The environmental impact, carbon emissions and sustainability of computing in the ATLAS experiment

Journal Article · Tue Dec 09 00:00:00 UTC 2025 · European Physical Journal. C, Particles and Fields (Online)

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-025-14976-3 · OSTI ID:3020336

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CNRS/IN2P3
University of Bergen
University of Oklahoma
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Georg-August-Universität Göttingen
Technische Universität Dortmund
Brookhaven National Laboratory
Southern Methodist University
Université Mohammed V
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CERN
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Institute of Science
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Iowa State University
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CERN Tier-0
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Hellenic Open University
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Grenoble INP; Stellenbosch University
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CERN; Université de Genève
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University of Alberta
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National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY; University of Chinese Academy of Science (UCAS)
Georg-August-Universität Göttingen; University of Uppsala
Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas-LIP; Centro de Física Nuclear da Universidade de Lisboa
University of Toronto; TRIUMF
Southern Methodist University; Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3
University of Bristol
Affiliated with an International Laboratory Covered by a Cooperation Agreement with CERN; Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy (INRNE) of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
Ohio State University; Washington College
University of the Witwatersrand; University of West Attica
Stockholm University
Millennium Institute for Subatomic physics at high energy frontier (SAPHIR)
Millennium Institute for Subatomic physics at high energy frontier (SAPHIR); Universidad de La Serena
Khalifa University of Science and Technology
Simon Fraser University; TRIUMF
Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen
TOBB University of Economics and Technology
Université Mohammed V; Mohammed VI Polytechnic University
University of Toronto; Institute of Particle Physics (IPP)
SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory; Stanford University
Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University
Affiliated with an International Laboratory Covered by a Cooperation Agreement with CERN; Mongolian Academy of Sciences
Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
Tokyo Metropolitan University
Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas-LIP; Universidade de Coimbra
Universidad Andres Bello

ATLAS, a general-purpose experiment at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), makes use of a large internationally-distributed computing infrastructure, including over 10⁶ TB of managed data on disk and tape and almost one million simultaneously running CPU cores. Upgrades for the High-Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) will increase the required computing resources by a factor of 3–4 by the beginning of the 2030s, and by an order of magnitude before the conclusion of data taking at the beginning of the 2040s. These resources are spread over around 100 computing sites worldwide. Efforts are underway within the experiment to evaluate and mitigate various aspects of the environmental impact of the sites, with the additional long-term goal of making recommendations to the sites that will significantly reduce the total expected environmental impact in the HL-LHC era. These efforts take several forms: building awareness in the experiment community, adjusting aspects of the computing policy, and modifications of data center configurations, either in ways that take advantage of particular features of ATLAS workloads or in generic ways that reduce the environmental impact of the computing resources. This paper describes the ongoing investigations and approaches that have already provided useful and actionable outcomes.

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Research Organization:: Univ. of Colorado, Boulder, CO (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Nuclear Physics (NP)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-76SF00515; FG02-03ER41244

OSTI ID:: 3020336

Journal Information:: European Physical Journal. C, Particles and Fields (Online), Journal Name: European Physical Journal. C, Particles and Fields (Online) Journal Issue: 12 Vol. 85; ISSN 1434-6052

Publisher:: Springer NatureCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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