Study of $\langle {p}_{\text{T}}\rangle $ and its higher moments, and extraction of the speed of sound in Pb-Pb collisions with ALICE

Abualrob, I. J.; Acharya, S.; Aglieri Rinella, G.; Aglietta, L.; Agnello, M.; Agrawal, N.; Ahammed, Z.; Ahmad, S.; Ahuja, I.; Akbar, Z.; Akindinov, A.; Akishina, V.; Al-Turany, M.; Aleksandrov, D.; Alessandro, B.; Alfanda, H. M.; Alfaro Molina, R.; Ali, B.; Alici, A.; Alkin, A.; Alme, J.; Alocco, G.; Alt, T.; Altamura, A. R.; Altsybeev, I.; Andrei, C.; Andreou, N.; Andronic, A.; Andronov, E.; Anguelov, V.; Antinori, F.; Antonioli, P.; Apadula, N.; Appelshäuser, H.; Arata, C.; Arcelli, S.; Arnaldi, R.; Arneiro, J. G. M. C. A.; Arsene, I. C.; Arslandok, M.; Augustinus, A.; Averbeck, R.; Averyanov, D.; Azmi, M. D.; Baba, H.; Babu, A. R. J.; Badalà, A.; Bae, J.; Bae, Y.; Baek, Y. W.; Bai, X.; Bailhache, R.; Bailung, Y.; Bala, R.; Baldisseri, A.; Balis, B.; Bangalia, S.; Banoo, Z.; Barbasova, V.; Barile, F.; Barioglio, L.; Barlou, M.; Barman, B.; Barnaföldi, G. G.; Barnby, L. S.; Barreau, E.; Barret, V.; Barreto, L.; Barth, K.; Bartsch, E.; Bastid, N.; Basu, S.; Batigne, G.; Battistini, D.; Batyunya, B.; Bauri, D.; Bazo Alba, J. L.; Bearden, I. G.; Becht, P.; Behera, D.; Belikov, I.; Bella, V. D.; Bellini, F.; Bellwied, R.; Belokurova, S.; Beltran, L. G. E.; Beltran, Y. A. V.; Bencedi, G.; Bensaoula, A.; Beole, S.; Berdnikov, Y.; Berdnikova, A.; Bergmann, L.; Bernardinis, L.; Betev, L.; Bhaduri, P. P.; Bhalla, T.; Bhasin, A.; Bhattacharjee, B.; Bhattarai, S.; Bianchi, L.; Bielčík, J.; Bielčíková, J.; Bilandzic, A.; Binoy, A.; Biro, G.; Biswas, S.; Blau, D.; Blidaru, M. B.; Bluhme, N.; Blume, C.; Bock, F.; Bodova, T.; Bok, J.; Boldizsár, L.; Bombara, M.; Bond, P. M.; Bonomi, G.; Borel, H.; Borissov, A.; Borquez Carcamo, A. G.; Botta, E.; Bouziani, Y. E. M.; Brandibur, D. C.; Bratrud, L.; Braun-Munzinger, P.; Bregant, M.; Broz, M.; Bruno, G. E.; Buchakchiev, V. D.; Buckland, M. D.; Budnikov, D.; Buesching, H.; Bufalino, S.; Buhler, P.; Burmasov, N.; Buthelezi, Z.; Bylinkin, A.; Carr, C.; Cabanillas Noris, J. C.; Cabrera, M. F. T.; Caines, H.; Caliva, A.; Calvo Villar, E.; Camacho, J. M. M.; Camerini, P.; Camerlingo, M. T.; Canedo, F. D. M.; Cannito, S.; Cantway, S. L.; Carabas, M.; Carnesecchi, F.; Carvalho, L. A. D.; Castillo Castellanos, J.; Castoldi, M.; Catalano, F.; Cattaruzzi, S.; Cerri, R.; Chakaberia, I.; Chakraborty, P.; Chan, J. W. O.; Chandra, S.; Chapeland, S.; Chartier, M.; Chattopadhay, S.; Chen, M.; Cheng, T.; Cheshkov, C.; Chiappara, D.; Chibante Barroso, V.; Chinellato, D. D.; Chinu, F.; Chizzali, E. S.; Cho, J.; Cho, S.; Chochula, P.; Chochulska, Z. A.; Choudhury, D.; Christakoglou, P.; Christensen, C. H.; Christiansen, P.; Chujo, T.; Ciacco, M.; Cicalo, C.; Cimador, G.; Cindolo, F.; Ciupek, M. R.; Clai, G.; Colamaria, F.; Colburn, J. S.; Colella, D.; Colelli, A.; Colocci, M.; Concas, M.; Conesa Balbastre, G.; Conesa del Valle, Z.; Contin, G.; Contreras, J. G.; Coquet, M. L.; Cortese, P.; Cosentino, M. R.; Costa, F.; Costanza, S.; Crochet, P.; Czarnynoga, M. M.; Dainese, A.; Dange, G.; Danisch, M. C.; Danu, A.; Das, P.; Das, S.; Dash, A. R.; Dash, S.; De Caro, A.; de Cataldo, G.; de Cuveland, J.; De Falco, A.; De Gruttola, D.; De Marco, N.; De Martin, C.; De Pasquale, S.; Deb, R.; Del Grande, R.; Dello Stritto, L.; de Souza, G. G. A.; Dhankher, P.; Di Bari, D.; Di Costanzo, M.; Di Mauro, A.; Di Ruzza, B.; Diab, B.; Ding, Y.; Ditzel, J.; Divià, R.; Djuvsland, Ø.; Dmitrieva, U.; Dobrin, A.; Dönigus, B.; Döpper, L.; Dubinski, J. M.; Dubla, A.; Dupieux, P.; Dzalaiova, N.; Eder, T. M.; Ehlers, Raymond J.; Eisenhut, F.; Ejima, R.; Elia, D.; Erazmus, B.; Ercolessi, F.; Espagnon, B.; Eulisse, G.; Evans, D.; Evdokimov, S.; Fabbietti, L.; Faggin, M.; Faivre, J.; Fan, F.; Fan, W.; Fang, T.; Fantoni, A.; Fasel, M.; Feofilov, G.; Fernández Téllez, A.; Ferrandi, L.; Ferrer, M. B.; Ferrero, A.; Ferrero, C.; Ferretti, A.; Feuillard, V. J. G.; Finogeev, D.; Fionda, F. M.; Flores, A. N.; Foertsch, S.; Fokin, I.; Fokin, S.; Follo, U.; Forynski, R.; Fragiacomo, E.; Frajna, E.; Fribert, H.; Fuchs, U.; Funicello, N.; Furget, C.; Furs, A.; Fusayasu, T.; Gaardhøje, J. J.; Gagliardi, M.; Gago, A. M.; Gahlaut, T.; Galvan, C. D.; Gami, S.; Gangadharan, D. R.; Ganoti, P.; Garabatos, C.; Garcia, J. M.; García Chávez, T.; Garcia-Solis, E.; Garetti, S.; Gargiulo, C.; Gasik, P.; Gaur, H. M.; Gautam, A.; Gay Ducati, M. B.; Germain, M.; Gernhaeuser, R. A.; Ghosh, C.; Giacalone, M.; Gioachin, G.; Giri, S. K.; Giubellino, P.; Giubilato, P.; Glässel, P.; Glimos, E.; Gonzalez, V.; Gordeev, P.; Gorgon, M.; Goswami, K.; Gotovac, S.; Grabski, V.; Graczykowski, L. K.; Grecka, E.; Grelli, A.; Grigoras, C.; Grigoriev, V.; Grigoryan, S.; Groettvik, O. S.; Grosa, F.; Grosse-Oetringhaus, J. F.; Grosso, R.; Grund, D.; Grunwald, N. A.; Guernane, R.; Guilbaud, M.; Gulbrandsen, K.; Gumprecht, J. K.; Gündem, T.; Gunji, T.; Guo, J.; Guo, W.; Gupta, A.; Gupta, R.; Gupta, R.; Gwizdziel, K.; Gyulai, L.; Hadjidakis, C.; Haider, F. U.; Haidlova, S.; Haldar, M.; Hamagaki, H.; Han, Y.; Hanley, B. G.; Hannigan, R.; Hansen, J.; Harris, J. W.; Harton, A.; Hartung, M. V.; Hassan, H.; Hatzifotiadou, D.; Hauer, P.; Havener, L. B.; Hellbär, E.; Helstrup, H.; Hemmer, M.; Herman, T.; Hernandez, S. G.; Herrera Corral, G.; Hetland, K. F.; Heybeck, B.; Hillemanns, H.; Hippolyte, B.; Hobus, I. P. M.; Hoffmann, F. W.; Hofman, B.; Horst, M.; Horzyk, A.; Hou, Y.; Hristov, P.; Huhn, P.; Huhta, L. M.; Humanic, T. J.; Humlova, V.; Hutson, A.; Hutter, D.; Hwang, M. C.; Ilkaev, R.; Inaba, M.; Ippolitov, M.; Isakov, A.; Isidori, T.; Islam, M. S.; Iurchenko, S.; Ivanov, M.; Ivanov, M.; Ivanov, V.; Iversen, K. E.; Kim, J. G.; Jablonski, M.; Jacak, B.; Jacazio, N.; Jacobs, P. M.; Jadlovska, S.; Jadlovsky, J.; Jaelani, S.; Jahnke, C.; Jakubowska, M. J.; Janik, M. A.; Ji, S.; Jia, S.; Jiang, T.; Jimenez, A. A. P.; Jin, S.; Jonas, F.; Jones, D. M.; Jowett, J. M.; Jung, J.; Jung, M.; Junique, A.; Jusko, A.; Kaewjai, J.; Kalinak, P.; Kalweit, A.; Karasu Uysal, A.; Karatzenis, N.; Karavichev, O.; Karavicheva, T.; Karpechev, E.; Karwowska, M. J.; Kebschull, U.; Keil, M.; Ketzer, B.; Keul, J.; Khade, S. S.; Khan, A. M.; Khanzadeev, A.; Kharlov, Y.; Khatun, A.; Khuntia, A.; Khuranova, Z.; Kileng, B.; Kim, B.; Kim, C.; Kim, D. J.; Kim, D.; Kim, E. J.; Kim, G.; Kim, H.; Kim, J.; Kim, J.; Kim, J.; Kim, M.; Kim, S.; Kim, T.; Kimura, K.; Kirsch, S.; Kisel, I.; Kiselev, S.; Kisiel, A.; Klay, J. L.; Klein, J.; Klein, Spencer; Klein-Bösing, C.; Kleiner, M.; Kluge, A.; Kobdaj, C.; Kohara, R.; Kollegger, T.; Kondratyev, A.; Kondratyeva, N.; Konig, J.; Konopka, P. J.; Kornakov, G.; Korwieser, M.; Koryciak, S. D.; Koster, C.; Kotliarov, A.; Kovacic, N.; Kovalenko, V.; Kowalski, M.; Kozhuharov, V.; Kozlov, G.; Králik, I.; Kravčáková, A.; Krcal, L.; Krivda, M.; Krizek, F.; Krizkova Gajdosova, K.; Krug, C.; Krupova, D. M.; Kryshen, E.; Kučera, V.; Kuhn, C.; Kumaoka, T.; Kumar, D.; Kumar, L.; Kumar, N.; Kumar, S.; Kundu, S.; Kuo, M.; Kurashvili, P.; Kurepin, A. B.; Kurita, S.; Kuryakin, A.; Kushpil, S.; Kuskov, V.; Kutyla, M.; Kuznetsov, A.; Kweon, M. J.; Kwon, Y.; La Pointe, S. L.; La Rocca, P.; Lakrathok, A.; Lamanna, M.; Lambert, S.; Landou, A. R.; Langoy, R.; Larionov, P.; Laudi, E.; Lautner, L.; Laveaga, R. A. N.; Lavicka, R.; Lea, R.; Lee, H.; Legrand, I.; Legras, G.; Lejeune, A. M.; Lelek, T. M.; Lemmon, R. C.; León Monzón, I.; Lesch, M. M.; Lévai, P.; Li, M.; Li, P.; Li, X.; Liang-Gilman, B. E.; Lien, J.; Lietava, R.; Likmeta, I.; Lim, B.; Lim, H.; Lim, S. H.; Lin, S.; Lindenstruth, V.; Lippmann, C.; Liskova, D.; Liu, D. H.; Liu, J.; Liveraro, G. S. S.; Lofnes, I. M.; Loizides, C.; Lokos, S.; Lömker, J.; Lopez, X.; López Torres, E.; Lotteau, C.; Lu, P.; Lu, W.; Lu, Z.; Lugo, F. V.; Luo, J.; Luparello, G.; Johnson, M. A. T.; Ma, Y. G.; Mager, M.; Maire, A.; Majerz, E. M.; Makariev, M. V.; Malaev, M.; Malfattore, G.; Malik, N. M.; Malik, N.; Malik, S. K.; Mallick, D.; Mallick, N.; Mandaglio, G.; Mandal, S. K.; Manea, A.; Manko, V.; Manna, A. K.; Manso, F.; Mantzaridis, G.; Manzari, V.; Mao, Y.; Marcjan, R. W.; Margagliotti, G. V.; Margotti, A.; Marín, A.; Markert, C.; Martinengo, P.; Martínez, M. I.; Martínez García, G.; Martins, M. P. P.; Masciocchi, S.; Masera, M.; Masoni, A.; Massacrier, L.; Massen, O.; Mastroserio, A.; Mattei, L.; Mattiazzo, S.; Matyja, A.; Mazzaschi, F.; Mazzilli, M.; Melikyan, Y.; Melo, M.; Menchaca-Rocha, A.; Mendez, J. E. M.; Meninno, E.; Menon, A. S.; Menzel, M. W.; Meres, M.; Micheletti, L.; Mihai, D.; Mihaylov, D. L.; Mikalsen, A. U.; Mikhaylov, K.; Millot, L.; Minafra, N.; Miśkowiec, D.; Modak, A.; Mohanty, B.; Mohisin Khan, M.; Molander, M. A.; Mondal, M. M.; Monira, S.; Moreira De Godoy, D. A.; Morozov, I.; Morsch, A.; Mrnjavac, T.; Mrozinski, S.; Muccifora, V.; Muhuri, S.; Mulliri, A.; Munhoz, M. G.; Munzer, R. H.; Murakami, H.; Musa, L.; Musinsky, J.; Myrcha, J. W.; Naik, B.; Nambrath, A. I.; Nandi, B. K.; Nania, R.; Nappi, E.; Nassirpour, A. F.; Nastase, V.; Nath, A.; Nathanson, N. F.; Nattrass, C.; Naumov, K.; Neagu, A.; Nellen, L.; Nepeivoda, R.; Nese, S.; Nicassio, N.; Nielsen, B. S.; Nielsen, E. G.; Nikolaev, S.; Nikulin, V.; Noferini, F.; Noh, S.; Nomokonov, P.; Norman, J.; Novitzky, N.; Nystrand, J.; Ockleton, M. R.; Ogino, M.; Oh, S.; Ohlson, A.; Oida, M.; Okorokov, V. A.; Oleniacz, J.; Oppedisano, C.; Ortiz Velasquez, A.; Osanai, H.; Otwinowski, J.; Oya, M.; Oyama, K.; Padhan, S.; Pagano, D.; Paić, G.; Paisano-Guzmán, S.; Palasciano, A.; Panasenko, I.; Panebianco, S.; Panigrahi, P.; Pantouvakis, C.; Park, H.; Park, J.; Park, S.; Park, T. Y.; Parkkila, J. E.; Pati, P. B.; Patley, Y.; Patra, R. N.; Paudel, P.; Paul, B.; Pei, H.; Peitzmann, T.; Peng, X.; Pennisi, M.; Perciballi, S.; Peresunko, D.; Perez, G. M.; Pestov, Y.; Petrov, V.; Petrovici, M.; Piano, S.; Pikna, M.; Pillot, P.; Pinazza, O.; Pinsky, L.; Pinto, C.; Pisano, S.; Płoskoń, M.; Planinic, M.; Plociennik, D. K.; Poghosyan, M. G.; Polichtchouk, B.; Politano, S.; Poljak, N.; Pop, A.; Porteboeuf-Houssais, S.; Pozos, I. Y.; Pradhan, K. K.; Prasad, S. K.; Prasad, S.; Preghenella, R.; Prino, F.; Pruneau, C. A.; Pshenichnov, I.; Puccio, M.; Pucillo, S.; Quaglia, L.; Radhakrishnan, A. M. K.; Ragoni, S.; Rai, A.; Rakotozafindrabe, A.; Ramasubramanian, N.; Ramello, L.; Ramírez-Álvarez, C. O.; Rasa, M.; Räsänen, S. S.; Rauch, M. P.; Ravasenga, I.; Read, K. F.; Reckziegel, C.; Redelbach, A. R.; Redlich, K.; Reetz, C. A.; Regules-Medel, H. D.; Rehman, A.; Reidt, F.; Reme-Ness, H. A.; Reygers, K.; Riabov, V.; Ricci, R.; Richter, M.; Riedel, A. A.; Riegler, W.; Riffero, A. G.; Rignanese, M.; Ripoli, C.; Ristea, C.; Rodriguez, M. V.; Rodríguez Cahuantzi, M.; Røed, K.; Rogalev, R.; Rogochaya, E.; Rohr, D.; Röhrich, D.; Rojas Torres, S.; Rokita, P. S.; Romanenko, G.; Ronchetti, F.; Rosales Herrera, D.; Rosas, E. D.; Roslon, K.; Rossi, A.; Roy, A.; Roy, S.; Rubini, N.; Rudolph, J. A.; Ruggiano, D.; Rui, R.; Russek, P. G.; Russo, R.; Rustamov, A.; Ryabinkin, E.; Ryabov, Y.; Rybicki, A.; Ryder, L. C. V.; Ryu, J.; Rzesa, W.; Sabiu, B.; Sadhu, S.; Sadovsky, S.; Saetre, J.; Saha, S.; Sahoo, B.; Sahoo, R.; Sahu, D.; Sahu, P. K.; Saini, J.; Sajdakova, K.; Sakai, S.; Sambyal, S.; Samitz, D.; Sanna, I.; Saramela, T. B.; Sarkar, D.; Sarma, P.; Sarritzu, V.; Sarti, V. M.; Sas, M. H. P.; Sawan, S.; Scapparone, E.; Schambach, J.; Scheid, H. S.; Schiaua, C.; Schicker, R.; Schlepper, F.; Schmah, A.; Schmidt, C.; Schmidt, M. O.; Schmidt, M.; Schmidt, N. V.; Schmier, A. R.; Schoengarth, J.; Schotter, R.; Schröter, A.; Schukraft, J.; Schweda, K.; Scioli, G.; Scomparin, E.; Seger, J. E.; Sekiguchi, Y.; Sekihata, D.; Selina, M.; Selyuzhenkov, I.; Senyukov, S.; Seo, J. J.; Serebryakov, D.; Serkin, L.; Šerkšnytė, L.; Sevcenco, A.; Shaba, T. J.; Shabetai, A.; Shahoyan, R.; Shangaraev, A.; Sharma, B.; Sharma, D.; Sharma, H.; Sharma, M.; Sharma, S.; Sharma, T.; Sharma, U.; Shatat, A.; Sheibani, O.; Shigaki, K.; Shimomura, M.; Shirinkin, S.; Shou, Q.; Sibiriak, Y.; Siddhanta, S.; Siemiarczuk, T.; Silva, T. F.; Silvermyr, D.; Simantathammakul, T.; Simeonov, R.; Singh, B.; Singh, B.; Singh, K.; Singh, R.; Singh, R.; Singh, S.; Singh, V. K.; Singhal, V.; Sinha, T.; Sitar, B.; Sitta, M.; Skaali, T. B.; Skorodumovs, G.; Smirnov, N.; Snellings, R. J. M.; Solheim, E. H.; Sonnabend, C.; Sonneveld, J. M.; Soramel, F.; Soto-Hernandez, A. B.; Spijkers, R.; Sputowska, I.; Staa, J.; Stachel, J.; Stan, I.; Stellhorn, T.; Stiefelmaier, S. F.; Stocco, D.; Storehaug, I.; Strangmann, N. J.; Stratmann, P.; Strazzi, S.; Sturniolo, A.; Stylianidis, C. P.; Suaide, A. A. P.; Suire, C.; Suiu, A.; Sukhanov, M.; Suljic, M.; Sultanov, R.; Sumberia, V.; Sumowidagdo, S.; Sundstrom, N. B.; Tabares, L. H.; Taghavi, S. F.; Takahashi, J.; Tambave, G. 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doi:10.1007/JHEP11(2025)076

Title: Study of $$\langle {p}_{\text{T}}\rangle $$ and its higher moments, and extraction of the speed of sound in Pb-Pb collisions with ALICE

Journal Article · Thu Nov 13 00:00:00 UTC 2025 · Journal of High Energy Physics (Online)

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP11(2025)076 · OSTI ID:3011942

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University of Houston
INFN, Sezione di Bari
European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN)
Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università and Sezione INFN
Dipartimento DISAT del Politecnico and Sezione INFN
Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell’Università and Sezione INFN
Homi Bhabha National Institute
Aligarh Muslim University
P.J. Šafárik University
National Research and Innovation Agency - BRIN
Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt
Research Division and ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH
INFN, Sezione di Torino
Central China Normal University
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
Sungkyunkwan University
University of Bergen
Technische Universität München
Horia Hulubei National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering
University of Derby
Universität Münster, Institut für Kernphysik
Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg
INFN, Sezione di Padova
INFN, Sezione di Bologna
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de CosmologieUniversité Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS-IN2P3
Universidade de São Paulo (USP)
University of Oslo
Yale University
University of Tokyo
Wayne State University
INFN, Sezione di Catania
Gangneung-Wonju National University
University of Science and Technology of China
Indian Institute of Technology Indore
University of Jammu
Université Paris-Saclay, Centre d’Etudes de Saclay (CEA), IRFU, Départment de Physique Nucléaire (DPhN)
AGH University of Krakow
University of Kansas
Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica ‘M. Merlin’ and Sezione INFN
Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università and Sezione INFN; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Science, Department of Physics
Gauhati University, Department of Physics
HUN-REN Wigner Research Centre for Physics
SUBATECH, IMT Atlantique, Nantes Université, CNRS-IN2P3
Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS/IN2P3, LPC
Lund University Department of Physics, Division of Particle Physics
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IIT)
Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
University of Copenhagen
Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178
Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa
Universidad Autónoma de Puebla
Panjab University
Czech Technical University in Prague
Nuclear Physics Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences
Bose Institute, Department of Physics and Centre for Astroparticle Physics and Space Science (CAPSS)
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Pusan National University
INFN, Sezione di Pavia; Università di Brescia
Institute of Space Science (ISS)
Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica ‘M. Merlin’ and Sezione INFN; Politecnico di Bari and Sezione INFN
Sofia University
Nuclear Physics Group, STFC Daresbury Laboratory
Stefan Meyer Institut für Subatomare Physik (SMI)
National Research Foundation; University of the Witwatersrand
University of Birmingham
Dipartimento di Fisica ‘E.R. Caianiello’ dell’Università and Gruppo Collegato INFN
Universitatea Nationala de Stiinta si Tehnologie Politehnica Bucuresti
Warsaw University of Technology
University of Liverpool
Fudan University
Université de Lyon, CNRS/IN2P3, Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon
Technische Universität München; Max-Planck-Institut fur Physik
Inha University
Nikhef, National institute for subatomic physics
University of Tsukuba
INFN, Sezione di Cagliari
INFN, Sezione di Bologna; Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA)
Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab
INFN, Sezione di Torino; Università del Piemonte Orientale
Universidade Federal do ABC
Università di Pavia
Università di Brescia
Universidade de São Paulo (USP); Instituto de Fisica da Universidade de Sao Paulo
University of California
Università degli Studi di Foggia
Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn
Comenius University Bratislava, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics
Hiroshima University
INFN, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati
INFN, Sezione di Torino; Dipartimento DET del Politecnico di Torino
The University of Texas at Austin
National Research Foundation
INFN, Sezione di Trieste
Saga University
National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Science, Department of Physics
Chicago State University
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS)
INFN, Sezione di Torino; Research Division and ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH
University of Tennessee
University of Split
Utrecht University/Nikhef
A.I. Alikhanyan National Science Laboratory (Yerevan Physics Institute) Foundation
China Nuclear Data Center, China Institute of Atomic Energy
Nagasaki Institute of Applied Science
Yonsei University
University of Jyväskylä
Faculty of Technology, Environmental and Social Sciences
Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV)
Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe Universität Frankfurt Institut für InformatikFachbereich Informatik und Mathematik
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Ohio State University
University of California; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Technical University of Košice
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European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN); Research Division and ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH
Suranaree University of Technology
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Jeonbuk National University
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Slovak Academy of Sciences; University of Birmingham
National Centre for Nuclear Research
University of South-Eastern Norway
Centro de Aplicaciones Tecnológicas y Desarrollo Nuclear (CEADEN)
Research Division and ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH; University of Science and Technology of China
Università di Messina; INFN, Sezione di Catania
European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN); Universidade de São Paulo (USP)
INFN, Sezione di Bari; Università degli Studi di Foggia
Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università and Sezione INFN; Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS/IN2P3, LPC
Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica ‘M. Merlin’ and Sezione INFN; University of Houston
Helsinki Institute of Physics (HIP)
European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN); Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg
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Aligarh Muslim University; Aligarh Muslim University
University of the Witwatersrand
Chungbuk National University
China University of Geosciences
European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN); INFN, Sezione di Bologna
Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università and Sezione INFN; European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN)
Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università and Sezione INFN; Dipartimento di Fisica ‘E.R. Caianiello’ dell’Università and Gruppo Collegato INFN
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National Nuclear Research Center
European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN); Technische Universität München
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Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
Nara Women’s University (NWU)
INFN, Sezione di Padova; Research Division and ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH
European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN); Universitatea Nationala de Stiinta si Tehnologie Politehnica Bucuresti
European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN); Universität Münster, Institut für Kernphysik
Politecnico di Bari and Sezione INFN
European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN); INFN, Sezione di Catania
National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
INFN, Sezione di Pavia
Central China Normal University; Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell’Università and Sezione INFN
Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences
Central China Normal University; Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS/IN2P3, LPC
Central China Normal University; INFN, Sezione di Padova

Ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions produce a state of hot and dense strongly interacting QCD matter called quark-gluon plasma (QGP). On an event-by-event basis, the volume of the QGP in ultracentral collisions is mostly constant, while its total entropy can vary significantly due to quantum fluctuations, leading to variations in the temperature of the system. Exploiting this unique feature of ultracentral collisions allows for the interpretation of the correlation of the mean transverse momentum ($$\langle$$p_T$$\rangle$$) of produced charged hadrons and the number of charged hadrons as a measure for the speed of sound, c_s. This speed is related to the rate at which compression waves travel in the QGP and is determined by fitting the relative increase in $$\langle$$p_T$$\rangle$$ with respect to the relative change in the average charged-particle density ($$\langle$$dN_ch/dη$$\rangle$$) measured at mid-rapidity. This study reports the event-average $$\langle$$p_T$$\rangle$$ of charged particles as well as the variance, skewness, and kurtosis of the event-by-event transverse momentum per charged particle ([p_T]) distribution in ultracentral Pb-Pb collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 5.02 TeV per nucleon pair using the ALICE detector. Different centrality estimators based on charged-particle multiplicity or the transverse energy of the event are used to select ultracentral collisions. By ensuring a pseudorapidity gap between the region used to define the centrality and the region used to perform the measurement, the influence of biases and their potential effects on the rise of the mean transverse momentum is tested. The measured c$$^{2}_{s}$$ is found to strongly depend on the exploited centrality estimator and ranges between 0.1146±0.0028 (stat.)±0.0065 (syst.) and 0.4374±0.0006 (stat.)±0.0184 (syst.) in natural units. The self-normalized variance shows a steep decrease towards ultracentral collisions, while the self-normalized skewness variables show a maximum, followed by a fast decrease. These non-Gaussian features are understood in terms of the vanishing of the impact-parameter fluctuations contributing to the event-to-event [p_T] distribution.

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Research Organization:: European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva (Switzerland); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States); Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States); University of Houston, TX (United States); Yale University, New Haven, CT (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE; USDOE Office of Science (SC), High Energy Physics (HEP); USDOE Office of Science (SC), Nuclear Physics (NP); USDOE Office of Science (SC), Nuclear Physics (NP) (SC-26)

Contributing Organization:: The ALICE collaboration

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-05CH11231; AC05-00OR22725; FG02-07ER41521; SC0004168

OSTI ID:: 3011942

Journal Information:: Journal of High Energy Physics (Online), Journal Name: Journal of High Energy Physics (Online) Journal Issue: 11 Vol. 2025; ISSN 1029-8479

Publisher:: Springer NatureCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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