Measurement of correlations among net-charge, net-proton, and net-kaon multiplicity distributions in Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 5.02 TeV

Acharya, S.; Agarwal, A.; Aglieri Rinella, G.; Aglietta, L.; Agnello, M.; Agrawal, N.; Ahammed, Z.; Ahmad, S.; Ahn, S. U.; Ahuja, I.; Akindinov, A.; Akishina, V.; Al-Turany, M.; Aleksandrov, D.; Alessandro, B.; Alfanda, H. M.; Alfaro Molina, R.; Ali, B.; Alici, A.; Alizadehvandchali, N.; Alkin, A.; Alme, J.; Alocco, G.; Alt, T.; Altamura, A. R.; Altsybeev, I.; Alvarado, J. R.; Anaam, M. N.; Andrei, C.; Andreou, N.; Andronic, A.; Andronov, E.; Anguelov, V.; Antinori, F.; Antonioli, P.; Apadula, N.; Appelshäuser, H.; Arata, C.; Arcelli, S.; Arnaldi, R.; Arneiro, J. G. M. C. A.; Arsene, I. C.; Arslandok, M.; Augustinus, A.; Averbeck, R.; Averyanov, D.; Azmi, M. D.; Baba, H.; Badalà, A.; Bae, J.; Bae, Y.; Baek, Y. W.; Bai, X.; Bailhache, R.; Bailung, Y.; Bala, R.; Baldisseri, A.; Balis, B.; Bangalia, S.; Banoo, Z.; Barbasova, V.; Barile, F.; Barioglio, L.; Barlou, M.; Barman, B.; Barnaföldi, G. G.; Barnby, L. S.; Barreau, E.; Barret, V.; Barreto, L.; Barth, K.; Bartsch, E.; Bastid, N.; Basu, S.; Batigne, G.; Battistini, D.; Batyunya, B.; Bauri, D.; Bazo Alba, J. L.; Bearden, I. G.; Becht, P.; Behera, D.; Belikov, I.; Bell Hechavarria, A. D. C.; Bellini, F.; Bellwied, R.; Belokurova, S.; Beltran, L. G. E.; Beltran, Y. A. V.; Bencedi, G.; Bensaoula, A.; Beole, S.; Berdnikov, Y.; Berdnikova, A.; Bergmann, L.; Bernardinis, L.; Betev, L.; Bhaduri, P. P.; Bhasin, A.; Bhattacharjee, B.; Bhattarai, S.; Bianchi, L.; Bielčík, J.; Bielčíková, J.; Bigot, A. P.; Bilandzic, A.; Binoy, A.; Biro, G.; Biswas, S.; Bize, N.; Blau, D.; Blidaru, M. B.; Bluhme, N.; Blume, C.; Bock, F.; Bodova, T.; Bok, J.; Boldizsár, L.; Bombara, M.; Bond, P. M.; Bonomi, G.; Borel, H.; Borissov, A.; Borquez Carcamo, A. G.; Botta, E.; Bouziani, Y. E. M.; Brandibur, D. C.; Bratrud, L.; Braun-Munzinger, P.; Bregant, M.; Broz, M.; Bruno, G. E.; Buchakchiev, V. D.; Buckland, M. D.; Budnikov, D.; Buesching, H.; Bufalino, S.; Buhler, P.; Burmasov, N.; Buthelezi, Z.; Bylinkin, A.; Bysiak, S. A.; Cabanillas Noris, J. C.; Cabrera, M. F. T.; Caines, H.; Caliva, A.; Calvo Villar, E.; Camacho, J. M. M.; Camerini, P.; Camerlingo, M. T.; Canedo, F. D. M.; Cannito, S.; Cantway, S. L.; Carabas, M.; Carnesecchi, F.; Carvalho, L. A. D.; Castillo Castellanos, J.; Castoldi, M.; Catalano, F.; Cattaruzzi, S.; Cerri, R.; Chakaberia, I.; Chakraborty, P.; Chandra, S.; Chapeland, S.; Chartier, M.; Chattopadhay, S.; Chen, M.; Cheng, T.; Cheshkov, C.; Chiappara, D.; Chibante Barroso, V.; Chinellato, D. D.; Chinu, F.; Chizzali, E. S.; Cho, J.; Cho, S.; Chochula, P.; Chochulska, Z. A.; Choudhury, D.; Choudhury, S.; Christakoglou, P.; Christensen, C. H.; Christiansen, P.; Chujo, T.; Ciacco, M.; Cicalo, C.; Cimador, G.; Cindolo, F.; Ciupek, M. R.; Clai, G.; Colamaria, F.; Colburn, J. S.; Colella, D.; Colelli, A.; Colocci, M.; Concas, M.; Conesa Balbastre, G.; Conesa del Valle, Z.; Contin, G.; Contreras, J. G.; Coquet, M. L.; Cortese, P.; Cosentino, M. R.; Costa, F.; Costanza, S.; Crochet, P.; Czarnynoga, M. M.; Dainese, A.; Dange, G.; Danisch, M. C.; Danu, A.; Das, P.; Das, S.; Dash, A. R.; Dash, S.; De Caro, A.; de Cataldo, G.; de Cuveland, J.; De Falco, A.; De Gruttola, D.; De Marco, N.; De Martin, C.; De Pasquale, S.; Deb, R.; Del Grande, R.; Dello Stritto, L.; Devereaux, K. C.; de Souza, G. G. A.; Dhankher, P.; Di Bari, D.; Di Costanzo, M.; Di Mauro, A.; Di Ruzza, B.; Diab, B.; Diaz, R. A.; Ding, Y.; Ditzel, J.; Divià, R.; Djuvsland, Ø.; Dmitrieva, U.; Dobrin, A.; Dönigus, B.; Dubinski, J. M.; Dubla, A.; Dupieux, P.; Dzalaiova, N.; Eder, T. M.; Ehlers, R. J.; Eisenhut, F.; Ejima, R.; Elia, D.; Erazmus, B.; Ercolessi, F.; Espagnon, B.; Eulisse, G.; Evans, D.; Evdokimov, S.; Fabbietti, L.; Faggin, M.; Faivre, J.; Fan, F.; Fan, W.; Fang, T.; Fantoni, A.; Fasel, M.; Feofilov, G.; Fernández Téllez, A.; Ferrandi, L.; Ferrer, M. B.; Ferrero, A.; Ferrero, C.; Ferretti, A.; Feuillard, V. J. G.; Filova, V.; Finogeev, D.; Fionda, F. M.; Flor, F.; Flores, A. N.; Foertsch, S.; Fokin, I.; Fokin, S.; Follo, U.; Fragiacomo, E.; Frajna, E.; Fribert, H.; Fuchs, U.; Funicello, N.; Furget, C.; Furs, A.; Fusayasu, T.; Gaardhøje, J. J.; Gagliardi, M.; Gago, A. M.; Gahlaut, T.; Galvan, C. D.; Gami, S.; Gangadharan, D. R.; Ganoti, P.; Garabatos, C.; Garcia, J. M.; García Chávez, T.; Garcia-Solis, E.; Garetti, S.; Gargiulo, C.; Gasik, P.; Gaur, H. M.; Gautam, A.; Gay Ducati, M. B.; Germain, M.; Gernhaeuser, R. A.; Ghosh, C.; Giacalone, M.; Gioachin, G.; Giri, S. K.; Giubellino, P.; Giubilato, P.; Glaenzer, A. M. C.; Glässel, P.; Glimos, E.; Gonzalez, V.; Gordeev, P.; Gorgon, M.; Goswami, K.; Gotovac, S.; Grabski, V.; Graczykowski, L. K.; Grecka, E.; Grelli, A.; Grigoras, C.; Grigoriev, V.; Grigoryan, S.; Groettvik, O. S.; Grosa, F.; Grosse-Oetringhaus, J. F.; Grosso, R.; Grund, D.; Grunwald, N. A.; Guernane, R.; Guilbaud, M.; Gulbrandsen, K.; Gumprecht, J. K.; Gündem, T.; Gunji, T.; Guo, J.; Guo, W.; Gupta, A.; Gupta, R.; Gupta, R.; Gwizdziel, K.; Gyulai, L.; Hadjidakis, C.; Haider, F. U.; Haidlova, S.; Haldar, M.; Hamagaki, H.; Han, Y.; Hanley, B. G.; Hannigan, R.; Hansen, J.; Harris, J. W.; Harton, A.; Hartung, M. V.; Hassan, H.; Hatzifotiadou, D.; Hauer, P.; Havener, L. B.; Hellbär, E.; Helstrup, H.; Hemmer, M.; Herman, T.; Hernandez, S. G.; Herrera Corral, G.; Herrmann, S.; Hetland, K. F.; Heybeck, B.; Hillemanns, H.; Hippolyte, B.; Hobus, I. P. M.; Hoffmann, F. W.; Hofman, B.; Horst, M.; Horzyk, A.; Hou, Y.; Hristov, P.; Huhn, P.; Huhta, L. M.; Humanic, T. J.; Hutson, A.; Hutter, D.; Hwang, M. C.; Ilkaev, R.; Inaba, M.; Ippolitov, M.; Isakov, A.; Isidori, T.; Islam, M. S.; Iurchenko, S.; Ivanov, M.; Ivanov, M.; Ivanov, V.; Iversen, K. E.; Jablonski, M.; Jacak, B.; Jacazio, N.; Jacobs, P. M.; Jadlovska, S.; Jadlovsky, J.; Jaelani, S.; Jahnke, C.; Jakubowska, M. J.; Janik, M. A.; Ji, S.; Jia, S.; Jiang, T.; Jimenez, A. A. P.; Jin, S.; Jonas, F.; Jones, D. M.; Jowett, J. M.; Jung, J.; Jung, M.; Junique, A.; Jusko, A.; Kaewjai, J.; Kalinak, P.; Kalweit, A.; Karasu Uysal, A.; Karatzenis, N.; Karavichev, O.; Karavicheva, T.; Karpechev, E.; Karwowska, M. J.; Kebschull, U.; Keil, M.; Ketzer, B.; Keul, J.; Khade, S. S.; Khan, A. M.; Khan, S.; Khanzadeev, A.; Kharlov, Y.; Khatun, A.; Khuntia, A.; Khuranova, Z.; Kileng, B.; Kim, B.; Kim, C.; Kim, D. J.; Kim, D.; Kim, E. J.; Kim, G.; Kim, H.; Kim, J.; Kim, J.; Kim, J.; Kim, M.; Kim, S.; Kim, T.; Kimura, K.; Kirsch, S.; Kisel, I.; Kiselev, S.; Kisiel, A.; Klay, J. L.; Klein, J.; Klein, S.; Klein-Bösing, C.; Kleiner, M.; Klemenz, T.; Kluge, A.; Kobdaj, C.; Kohara, R.; Kollegger, T.; Kondratyev, A.; Kondratyeva, N.; Konig, J.; Konigstorfer, S. A.; Konopka, P. J.; Kornakov, G.; Korwieser, M.; Koryciak, S. D.; Koster, C.; Kotliarov, A.; Kovacic, N.; Kovalenko, V.; Kowalski, M.; Kozhuharov, V.; Kozlov, G.; Králik, I.; Kravčáková, A.; Krcal, L.; Krivda, M.; Krizek, F.; Krizkova Gajdosova, K.; Krug, C.; Krüger, M.; Krupova, D. M.; Kryshen, E.; Kučera, V.; Kuhn, C.; Kuijer, P. G.; Kumaoka, T.; Kumar, D.; Kumar, L.; Kumar, N.; Kumar, S.; Kundu, S.; Kuo, M.; Kurashvili, P.; Kurepin, A. B.; Kuryakin, A.; Kushpil, S.; Kuskov, V.; Kutyla, M.; Kuznetsov, A.; Kweon, M. J.; Kwon, Y.; La Pointe, S. L.; La Rocca, P.; Lakrathok, A.; Lamanna, M.; Lambert, S.; Landou, A. R.; Langoy, R.; Larionov, P.; Laudi, E.; Lautner, L.; Laveaga, R. A. N.; Lavicka, R.; Lea, R.; Lee, H.; Legrand, I.; Legras, G.; Lejeune, A. M.; Lelek, T. M.; Lemmon, R. 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G.; Nikolaev, S.; Nikulin, V.; Noferini, F.; Noh, S.; Nomokonov, P.; Norman, J.; Novitzky, N.; Nystrand, J.; Ockleton, M. R.; Ogino, M.; Oh, S.; Ohlson, A.; Okorokov, V. A.; Oleniacz, J.; Oppedisano, C.; Ortiz Velasquez, A.; Otwinowski, J.; Oya, M.; Oyama, K.; Padhan, S.; Pagano, D.; Paić, G.; Paisano-Guzmán, S.; Palasciano, A.; Panasenko, I.; Panebianco, S.; Panigrahi, P.; Pantouvakis, C.; Park, H.; Park, J.; Park, S.; Parkkila, J. E.; Patley, Y.; Patra, R. N.; Paudel, P.; Paul, B.; Pei, H.; Peitzmann, T.; Peng, X.; Pennisi, M.; Perciballi, S.; Peresunko, D.; Perez, G. M.; Pestov, Y.; Petersen, M. T.; Petrov, V.; Petrovici, M.; Piano, S.; Pikna, M.; Pillot, P.; Pinazza, O.; Pinsky, L.; Pinto, C.; Pisano, S.; Płoskoń, M.; Planinic, M.; Plociennik, D. K.; Poghosyan, M. G.; Polichtchouk, B.; Politano, S.; Poljak, N.; Pop, A.; Porteboeuf-Houssais, S.; Pozdniakov, V.; Pozos, I. Y.; Pradhan, K. K.; Prasad, S. K.; Prasad, S.; Preghenella, R.; Prino, F.; Pruneau, C. 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V.; Ryu, J.; Rzesa, W.; Sabiu, B.; Sadhu, S.; Sadovsky, S.; Saetre, J.; Saha, S.; Sahoo, B.; Sahoo, R.; Sahu, D.; Sahu, P. K.; Saini, J.; Sajdakova, K.; Sakai, S.; Sambyal, S.; Samitz, D.; Sanna, I.; Saramela, T. B.; Sarkar, D.; Sarma, P.; Sarritzu, V.; Sarti, V. M.; Sas, M. H. P.; Sawan, S.; Scapparone, E.; Schambach, J.; Scheid, H. S.; Schiaua, C.; Schicker, R.; Schlepper, F.; Schmah, A.; Schmidt, C.; Schmidt, M. O.; Schmidt, M.; Schmidt, N. V.; Schmier, A. R.; Schoengarth, J.; Schotter, R.; Schröter, A.; Schukraft, J.; Schweda, K.; Scioli, G.; Scomparin, E.; Seger, J. E.; Sekiguchi, Y.; Sekihata, D.; Selina, M.; Selyuzhenkov, I.; Senyukov, S.; Seo, J. J.; Serebryakov, D.; Serkin, L.; Šerkšnytė, L.; Sevcenco, A.; Shaba, T. J.; Shabetai, A.; Shahoyan, R.; Shangaraev, A.; Sharma, B.; Sharma, D.; Sharma, H.; Sharma, M.; Sharma, S.; Sharma, U.; Shatat, A.; Sheibani, O.; Shigaki, K.; Shimomura, M.; Shirinkin, S.; Shou, Q.; Sibiriak, Y.; Siddhanta, S.; Siemiarczuk, T.; Silva, T. 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doi:10.1007/JHEP08(2025)210

Title: Measurement of correlations among net-charge, net-proton, and net-kaon multiplicity distributions in Pb-Pb collisions at $$\sqrt{s_{NN}}$$ = 5.02 TeV

Journal Article · Tue Aug 26 00:00:00 UTC 2025 · Journal of High Energy Physics (Online)

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP08(2025)210 · OSTI ID:3011926

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Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Bari (Italy). Sezione di Bari; The ALICE collaboration; et al.
Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute
European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN)
Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università and Sezione INFN
Dipartimento DISAT del Politecnico and Sezione INFN
Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell’Università and Sezione INFN
Aligarh Muslim University
Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information
P.J. Šafárik University
Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt
GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH
INFN, Sezione di Torino
Central China Normal University
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
University of Houston
Sungkyunkwan University
University of Bergen
INFN, Sezione di Bari
Technische Universität München
Universidad Autónoma de Puebla
Horia Hulubei National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering
University of Derby
Universität Münster, Institut für Kernphysik
Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg
INFN, Sezione di Padova
INFN, Sezione di Bologna
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de CosmologieUniversité Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS-IN2P3
Universidade de São Paulo (USP)
University of Oslo
Yale University
University of Tokyo
INFN, Sezione di Catania
Gangneung-Wonju National University
University of Science and Technology of China
Indian Institute of Technology Indore
University of Jammu
Université Paris-Saclay, Centre d’Etudes de Saclay (CEA), IRFU, Départment de Physique Nucléaire (DPhN)
AGH University of Krakow
University of Kansas
Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica ‘M. Merlin’ and Sezione INFN
National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Science, Department of Physics
Gauhati University, Department of Physics
HUN-REN Wigner Research Centre for Physics
SUBATECH, IMT Atlantique, Nantes Université, CNRS-IN2P3
Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS/IN2P3, LPC
Lund University Department of Physics, Division of Particle Physics
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IIT)
Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
University of Copenhagen
Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178
Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa
Czech Technical University in Prague
Nuclear Physics Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences
Bose Institute, Department of Physics and Centre for Astroparticle Physics and Space Science (CAPSS)
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Pusan National University
INFN, Sezione di Pavia; Università di Brescia
Institute of Space Science (ISS)
Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica ‘M. Merlin’ and Sezione INFN; Politecnico di Bari and Sezione INFN
Sofia University
Nuclear Physics Group, STFC Daresbury Laboratory
Stefan Meyer Institut für Subatomare Physik (SMI)
iThemba LABS, National Research Foundation; University of the Witwatersrand
Polish Academy of Sciences
Dipartimento di Fisica ‘E.R. Caianiello’ dell’Università and Gruppo Collegato INFN
Universitatea Nationala de Stiinta si Tehnologie Politehnica Bucuresti
Warsaw University of Technology
University of Liverpool
Fudan University
Université de Lyon, CNRS/IN2P3, Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon
Technische Universität München; Max-Planck-Institut fur Physik
Inha University
Homi Bhabha National Institute
Nikhef, National institute for subatomic physics
University of Tsukuba
INFN, Sezione di Cagliari
INFN, Sezione di Bologna; Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA)
University of Birmingham
Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab
INFN, Sezione di Torino; Università del Piemonte Orientale
Universidade Federal do ABC
Università di Pavia
Università di Brescia
University of California
Universidade de São Paulo (USP); Instituto de Fisica da Universidade de Sao Paulo
Università degli Studi di Foggia
Comenius University Bratislava, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics
Hiroshima University
INFN, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati
INFN, Sezione di Torino; Dipartimento DET del Politecnico di Torino
The University of Texas at Austin
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Correlations among conserved quantum numbers, such as the net-electric charge, the net-baryon, and the net-strangeness in heavy-ion collisions, are crucial for exploring the QCD phase diagram. In this paper, these correlations are investigated using net-proton number (as a proxy for the net-baryon), net-kaon number (for the net-strangeness), and net-charged particle number in Pb-Pb collisions at $$\sqrt{s_{NN}}$$ = 5.02 TeV with the ALICE detector. The observed correlations deviate from the Poissonian baseline, with a more pronounced deviation at LHC energies than at RHIC. Theoretical calculations of the Thermal-FIST hadron resonance gas model, HIJING, and EPOS LHC event generators are compared with experimental results, where a significant impact of resonance decays is observed. Thermal-FIST calculations under the grand canonical and canonical ensembles highlight significant differences, underscoring the role of local charge conservation in explaining the data. Recent lattice QCD studies have demonstrated that the magnetic field generated by spectator protons in heavy-ion collisions affects susceptibility ratios, in particular those related to the net-electric charge and the net-baryon numbers. The experimental findings are in qualitative agreement with the expectations of lattice QCD.

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Research Organization:: European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva (Switzerland); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States); Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States); Yale Univ., New Haven, CT (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: Czech Science Foundation; European Research Council; German Research Foundation; US Department of Energy; USDOE; USDOE Office of Science (SC), High Energy Physics (HEP); USDOE Office of Science (SC), High Energy Physics (HEP) (SC-25); USDOE Office of Science (SC), Nuclear Physics (NP); USDOE Office of Science (SC), Nuclear Physics (NP) (SC-26)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-05CH11231; AC05-00OR22725; SC0004168

OSTI ID:: 3011926

Journal Information:: Journal of High Energy Physics (Online), Journal Name: Journal of High Energy Physics (Online) Journal Issue: 8 Vol. 2025; ISSN 1029-8479

Publisher:: Springer NatureCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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