DESI DR2 results. II. Measurements of baryon acoustic oscillations and cosmological constraints

Abdul Karim, M.; Aguilar, J.; Ahlen, S.; Alam, S.; Allen, L.; Prieto, C. Allende; Alves, O.; Anand, A.; Andrade, U.; Armengaud, E.; Aviles, A.; Bailey, S.; Baltay, C.; Bansal, P.; Bault, A.; Behera, J.; BenZvi, S.; Bianchi, D.; Blake, C.; Brieden, S.; Brodzeller, A.; Brooks, D.; Buckley-Geer, E.; Burtin, E.; Calderon, R.; Canning, R.; Rosell, A. Carnero; Carrilho, P.; Casas, L.; Castander, F. J.; Charles, M.; Chaussidon, E.; Chaves-Montero, J.; Chebat, D.; Chen, X.; Claybaugh, T.; Cole, S.; Cooper, A. P.; Cuceu, A.; Dawson, K. S.; de la Macorra, A.; de Mattia, A.; Deiosso, N.; Della Costa, J.; Demina, R.; Dey, A.; Dey, B.; Ding, Z.; Doel, P.; Edelstein, J.; Eisenstein, D. J.; Elbers, W.; Fagrelius, P.; Fanning, K.; Fernández-García, E.; Ferraro, S.; Font-Ribera, A.; Forero-Romero, J. E.; Frenk, C. S.; Garcia-Quintero, C.; Garrison, L. H.; Gaztañaga, E.; Gil-Marín, H.; Gontcho, S. Gontcho A.; Gonzalez, D.; Gonzalez-Morales, A. X.; Gordon, C.; Green, D.; Gutierrez, G.; Guy, J.; Hadzhiyska, B.; Hahn, C.; He, S.; Herbold, M.; Herrera-Alcantar, H. K.; Ho, M.-F.; Honscheid, K.; Howlett, C.; Huterer, D.; Ishak, M.; Juneau, S.; Kamble, N. V.; Karaçayl𝚤, N. G.; Kehoe, R.; Kent, S.; Kim, A. G.; Kirkby, D.; Kisner, T.; Koposov, S. E.; Kremin, A.; Krolewski, A.; Lahav, O.; Lamman, C.; Landriau, M.; Lang, D.; Lasker, J.; Le Goff, J. M.; Le Guillou, L.; Leauthaud, A.; Levi, M. E.; Li, Q.; Li, T. S.; Lodha, K.; Lokken, M.; Lozano-Rodríguez, F.; Magneville, C.; Manera, M.; Martini, P.; Matthewson, W. L.; Meisner, A.; Mena-Fernández, J.; Menegas, A.; Mergulhão, T.; Miquel, R.; Moustakas, J.; Muñoz-Gutiérrez, A.; Muñoz-Santos, D.; Myers, A. D.; Nadathur, S.; Naidoo, K.; Napolitano, L.; Newman, J. A.; Niz, G.; Noriega, H. E.; Paillas, E.; Palanque-Delabrouille, N.; Pan, J.; Peacock, J. A.; Ibanez, M. P.; Percival, W. J.; Pérez-Fernández, A.; Pérez-Ràfols, I.; Pieri, M. M.; Poppett, C.; Prada, F.; Rabinowitz, D.; Raichoor, A.; Ramírez-Pérez, C.; Rashkovetskyi, M.; Ravoux, C.; Rich, J.; Rocher, A.; Rockosi, C.; Rohlf, J.; Román-Herrera, J. O.; Ross, A. J.; Rossi, G.; Ruggeri, R.; Ruhlmann-Kleider, V.; Samushia, L.; Sanchez, E.; Sanders, N.; Schlegel, D.; Schubnell, M.; Seo, H.; Shafieloo, A.; Sharples, R.; Silber, J.; Sinigaglia, F.; Sprayberry, D.; Tan, T.; Tarlé, G.; Taylor, P.; Turner, W.; Ureña-López, L. A.; Vaisakh, R.; Valdes, F.; Valogiannis, G.; Vargas-Magaña, M.; Verde, L.; Walther, M.; Weaver, B. A.; Weinberg, D. H.; White, M.; Wolfson, M.; Yèche, C.; Yu, J.; Zaborowski, E. A.; Zarrouk, P.; Zhai, Z.; Zhang, H.; Zhao, C.; Zhao, G. B.; Zhou, R.; Zou, H.

doi:10.1103/tr6y-kpc6

Title: DESI DR2 results. II. Measurements of baryon acoustic oscillations and cosmological constraints

Journal Article · Mon Oct 06 00:00:00 UTC 2025 · Physical Review. D.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/tr6y-kpc6 · OSTI ID:3011041

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Université Paris-Saclay
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Boston University
Tata Institute of Fundamental Research
NSF NOIRLab
Universidad de La Laguna (ULL); Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias
University of Michigan
University of Michigan; University of Michigan
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Instituto Avanzado de Cosmología A. C.
Yale University
Kansas State University
University of Rochester
Università degli Studi di Milano; INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera
Swinburne University of Technology
University of Edinburgh
University College London
University of Chicago; Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory
Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences
University of Portsmouth
Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE)
Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC); Institute of Space Sciences
The Ohio State University
Durham University
National Tsing Hua University
The University of Utah
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
CIEMAT
San Diego State University; NSF NOIRLab
University of Toronto; University of Pittsburgh
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
University of California; University of California
Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian
Stanford University; SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory
Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (CSIC)
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; University of California
Universidad de los Andes; Universidad de los Andes
Flatiron Institute; Flatiron Institute
Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC); University of Portsmouth; Institute of Space Sciences
Universitat de Barcelona; Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC); Universitat de Barcelona (UB)
Universidad de Guanajuato
University of California
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory
University of Cambridge; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; University of California
University of Arizona
Institute of Physics
Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris; Université Paris-Saclay
The Ohio State University; The Ohio State University; The Ohio State University
University of Queensland
The University of Texas at Dallas
The Ohio State University; The Ohio State University; The Ohio State University; The Ohio State University
Southern Methodist University
University of Edinburgh; University of Cambridge
University of Waterloo; Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics; University of Waterloo
Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics
Astrophysics and Space Institute
Sorbonne Université
University of Toronto
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute; University of Science and Technology
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE)
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie
Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats; Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE)
Siena College
Aix Marseille Univ
University of Wyoming
University of Pittsburgh
Universidad de Guanajuato; Instituto Avanzado de Cosmología A. C.
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
Université Paris-Saclay; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics
Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; University of California; University of California
Université Clermont-Auvergne
Université Paris-Saclay; Sorbonne Université
Institute of Physics; Université Paris-Saclay
University of California; University of California; University of California Observatories
Sejong University
Queensland University of Technology
Abastumani Astrophysical Observatory; Kansas State University; Ilia State University
Ohio University
Durham University; Durham University
Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats; Universitat de Barcelona (UB)
Excellence Cluster ORIGINS; University Observatory
The Ohio State University; The Ohio State University
Shanghai Jiao Tong University
University of Waterloo; University of Waterloo
Tsinghua University
Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
Chinese Academy of Sciences

We present baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) measurements from more than 14 million galaxies and quasars drawn from the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) Data Release 2 (DR2), based on three years of operation. For cosmology inference, these galaxy measurements are combined with DESI Lyman-𝛼 forest BAO results presented in a companion paper (M. Abdul-Karim et al., companion paper, Phys. Rev. D 112, 083514 2025.). The DR2 BAO results are consistent with DESI DR1 and the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, and their distance-redshift relationship matches those from recent compilations of supernovae (SNe) over the same redshift range. The results are well described by a flat Λ cold dark matter (Λ⁢CDM) model, but the parameters preferred by BAO are in mild, 2.3⁢𝜎 tension with those determined from the cosmic microwave background (CMB), although the DESI results are consistent with the acoustic angular scale 𝜃_* that is well measured by Planck. This tension is alleviated by dark energy with a time-evolving equation of state parametrized by 𝑤0 and 𝑤𝑎, which provides a better fit to the data, with a favored solution in the quadrant with 𝑤₀ >−1 and 𝑤_𝑎 <0. This solution is preferred over Λ ⁢CDM at 3.1⁢𝜎 for the combination of DESI BAO and CMB data. When also including SNe, the preference for a dynamical dark energy model over Λ⁢ CDM ranges from 2.8 − 4.2⁢𝜎 depending on which SNe sample is used. We present evidence from other data combinations which also favor the same behavior at high significance. From the combination of DESI and CMB we derive 95% upper limits on the sum of neutrino masses, finding ∑𝑚_𝜈 < 0.064 eV assuming Λ ⁢CDM and ∑𝑚_𝜈 < 0.16 eV in the 𝑤0⁢𝑤𝑎 model. Unless there is an unknown systematic error associated with one or more datasets, it is clear that Λ⁢ CDM is being challenged by the combination of DESI BAO with other measurements and that dynamical dark energy offers a possible solution.

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Research Organization:: Boston University, MA (United States); Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (FNAL), Batavia, IL (United States); Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (United States); Ohio University, Athens, OH (United States); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: National Science Foundation (NSF); U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF), Division of Astronomical Sciences; USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES). Scientific User Facilities (SUF); USDOE Office of Science (SC), High Energy Physics (HEP)

Contributing Organization:: DESI Collaboration

Grant/Contract Number:: 89243024CSC000002; AC02-05CH11231; SC0007881; SC0016021; SC0019193; SC0023241

OSTI ID:: 3011041

Report Number(s):: FERMILAB-PUB--25-0169-PPD

Journal Information:: Physical Review. D., Journal Name: Physical Review. D. Journal Issue: 8 Vol. 112; ISSN 2470-0010; ISSN 2470-0029

Publisher:: American Physical Society (APS)Copyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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The Dark Energy Survey: Cosmology Results with ∼1500 New High-redshift Type Ia Supernovae Using the Full 5 yr Data Set Abbott, DES Collaboration: T. M. C.; Acevedo, M.; Aguena, M. The Astrophysical Journal Letters, Vol. 973, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ad6f9f	journal	September 2024
Uniting the Observed Dynamical Dark Energy Preference with the Discrepancies in Ω_m and H ₀ across Cosmological Probes Tang, Xianzhe TZ; Brout, Dillon; Karwal, Tanvi The Astrophysical Journal Letters, Vol. 983, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/adc4da	journal	April 2025

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