Changing-look Active Galactic Nuclei from the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument. II. Statistical Properties from the First Data Release

Guo, Wei-Jian; Zou, Hu; Greenwell, Claire L.; Alexander, David M.; Fawcett, Victoria A.; Pan, Zhiwei; Siudek, Małgorzata; Aguilar, Jessica Nicole; Ahlen, Steven; Brooks, David; Claybaugh, Todd; Dawson, Kyle; de la Macorra, Axel; Doel, Peter; Font-Ribera, Andreu; Gaztañaga, Enrique; Gontcho A Gontcho, Satya; Gutierrez, Gaston; Kehoe, Robert; Kisner, Theodore; Landriau, Martin; Le Guillou, Laurent; Manera, Marc; Meisner, Aaron; Miquel, Ramon; Moustakas, John; Prada, Francisco; Rossi, Graziano; Sanchez, Eusebio; Schubnell, Michael; Sprayberry, David; Sui, Jipeng; Tarlé, Gregory; Weaver, Benjamin Alan; Xiao, Yun-Ao; Zou, Siwei

doi:10.3847/1538-4365/adc124

Title: Changing-look Active Galactic Nuclei from the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument. II. Statistical Properties from the First Data Release

Journal Article · Tue May 06 00:00:00 UTC 2025 · The Astrophysical Journal. Supplement Series

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/adc124 · OSTI ID:3009766

;

; Aguilar, Jessica Nicole;

;

; Claybaugh, Todd; Dawson, Kyle;

;

; Gaztañaga, Enrique;

; Gutierrez, Gaston;

;

We present the identification of changing-look active galactic nuclei (CL-AGNs) from the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument First Data Release and Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 16 at z ≤ 0.9. To confirm the CL-AGNs, we utilize spectral flux calibration assessment via an [O III]-based calibration, pseudophotometry examination, and visual inspection. This rigorous selection process allows us to compile a statistical catalog of 561 CL-AGNs, encompassing 527 Hβ, 149 Hα, and 129 Mg II CL behaviors. In this sample, we find (1) a 283:278 ratio of turn-on to turn-off CL-AGNs. (2) The median Eddington ratio for CL-AGNs in the dim state is approximately λ_Edd ∼ 0.01. (3) A strong correlation between the change in the luminosity of the broad emission lines (BELs) and variation in the continuum luminosity, with Mg II and Hβ displaying similar responses during CL phases. (4) The Baldwin–Phillips–Terlevich diagram for CL-AGNs shows no statistical difference from the general AGN catalog. (5) Five CL-AGNs are associated with asymmetrical mid-infrared flares, possibly linked to tidal disruption events. Given the large CL-AGN sample and the stochastic sampling of spectra, we propose that some CL phenomena are inherently due to typical AGN variability during low accretion rates, particularly for CL phenomenon only occurring on one BEL. Finally, we introduce a monotonically dimming CL phase for objects characterized by a gradual decline over decades in the light curve and the complete disappearance of entire BELs in faint spectra, indicative of a real transition in the accretion disk.

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Research Organization:: Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI (United States); Univ. of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES). Scientific User Facilities (SUF); USDOE Office of Science (SC), High Energy Physics (HEP)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-05CH11231; SC0009959; SC0019193

OSTI ID:: 3009766

Journal Information:: The Astrophysical Journal. Supplement Series, Journal Name: The Astrophysical Journal. Supplement Series Journal Issue: 1 Vol. 278; ISSN 1538-4365; ISSN 0067-0049

Publisher:: IOP PublishingCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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The Optical Corrector for the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument Miller, Timothy N.; Doel, Peter; Gutierrez, Gaston The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 168, Issue 2, 95 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/ad45fe	journal	July 2024
Identifying Missing Quasars from the DESI Bright Galaxy Survey Juneau, S.; Canning, R.; Alexander, D. M. The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 169, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/adabc9	journal	February 2025
OPTICAL VARIABILITY OF AGNs IN THE PTF/iPTF SURVEY Caplar, Neven; Lilly, Simon J.; Trakhtenbrot, Benny The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 834, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/834/2/111	journal	January 2017
iPTF Discovery of the Rapid “Turn-on” of a Luminous Quasar Gezari, S.; Hung, T.; Cenko, S. B. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 835, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/835/2/144	journal	January 2017
PS16dtm: A Tidal Disruption Event in a Narrow-line Seyfert 1 Galaxy Blanchard, P. K.; Nicholl, M.; Berger, E. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 843, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aa77f7	journal	July 2017
Mid-infrared Flare of TDE Candidate PS16dtm: Dust Echo and Implications for the Spectral Evolution Jiang, Ning; Wang, Tinggui; Yan, Lin The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 850, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aa93f5	journal	November 2017
A Mid-IR Selected Changing-look Quasar and Physical Scenarios for Abrupt AGN Fading Stern, Daniel; McKernan, Barry; Graham, Matthew J. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 864, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aac726	journal	August 2018
Discovery of 21 New Changing-look AGNs in the Northern Sky Yang, Qian; Wu, Xue-Bing; Fan, Xiaohui The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 862, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aaca3a	journal	July 2018
The QUEST–La Silla AGN Variability Survey: Connection between AGN Variability and Black Hole Physical Properties Sánchez-Sáez, P.; Lira, P.; Mejía-Restrepo, J. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 864, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aad7f9	journal	September 2018
Monitoring AGNs with H β Asymmetry. I. First Results: Velocity-resolved Reverberation Mapping Du, Pu; Brotherton, Michael S.; Wang, Kai The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 869, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aaed2c	journal	December 2018
Changing-look Quasar Candidates: First Results from Follow-up Spectroscopy of Highly Optically Variable Quasars MacLeod, Chelsea L.; Green, Paul J.; Anderson, Scott F. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 874, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab05e2	journal	March 2019
Rapid “Turn-on” of Type-1 AGN in a Quiescent Early-type Galaxy SDSS1115+0544 Yan, Lin; Wang, Tinggui; Jiang, Ning The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 874, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab074b	journal	March 2019
Supermassive Black Holes with High Accretion Rates in Active Galactic Nuclei. X. Optical Variability Characteristics Lu, Kai-Xing; Huang, Ying-Ke; Zhang, Zhi-Xiang The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 877, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab16e8	journal	May 2019
A New Class of Changing-look LINERs Frederick, Sara; Gezari, Suvi; Graham, Matthew J. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 883, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab3a38	journal	September 2019
The Analogous Structure of Accretion Flows in Supermassive and Stellar Mass Black Holes: New Insights from Faded Changing-look Quasars Ruan, John J.; Anderson, Scott F.; Eracleous, Michael The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 883, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab3c1a	journal	September 2019
Two New “Turn-off” Changing-look Active Galactic Nuclei and Implication on “Partially Obscured” AGNs Wang, J.; Xu, D. W.; Wang, Y. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 887, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab4d90	journal	December 2019
The Sloan Digital Sky Survey Reverberation Mapping Project: Mg ii Lag Results from Four Years of Monitoring Homayouni, Y.; Trump, Jonathan R.; Grier, C. J. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 901, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ababa9	journal	September 2020
Modeling Quasar UV/Optical Variability with the Corona-heated Accretion-disk Reprocessing (CHAR) Model Sun, Mouyuan; Xue, Yongquan; Guo, Hengxiao The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 902, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abb1c4	journal	October 2020
Light Curves of Tidal Disruption Events in Active Galactic Nuclei Chan, Chi-Ho; Piran, Tsvi; Krolik, Julian H. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 903, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abb776	journal	October 2020
High-redshift Extreme Variability Quasars from Sloan Digital Sky Survey Multiepoch Spectroscopy Guo, Hengxiao; Peng, Jiacheng; Zhang, Kaiwen The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 905, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abc2ce	journal	December 2020
Probing the Disk–Corona Systems and Broad-line Regions of Changing-look Quasars with X-Ray and Optical Observations Jin, Xiangyu; Ruan, John J.; Haggard, Daryl The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 912, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abeb17	journal	April 2021
A Systematic Analysis of Stellar Populations in the Host Galaxies of Changing-look AGNs Jin, Jun-Jie; Wu, Xue-Bing; Feng, Xiao-Tong The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 926, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac410c	journal	February 2022
Accretion Disk Size Measurements of Active Galactic Nuclei Monitored by the Zwicky Transient Facility Guo, Wei-Jian; Li, Yan-Rong; Zhang, Zhi-Xiang The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 929, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac4e84	journal	April 2022
The Host Galaxy and Rapidly Evolving Broad-line Region in the Changing-look Active Galactic Nucleus 1ES 1927+654 Li, Ruancun; Ho, Luis C.; Ricci, Claudio The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 933, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac714a	journal	July 2022
Spatially Resolved Ionized Outflows Extending to ∼ 2 kpc in Seyfert 1 Galaxy NGC 7469 Revealed by the Very Large Telescope/MUSE Xu 许, Xiaoyu 啸宇; Wang, Junfeng The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 933, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac7222	journal	July 2022
The Time Domain Spectroscopic Survey: Changing-look Quasar Candidates from Multi-epoch Spectroscopy in SDSS-IV Green, Paul J.; Pulgarin-Duque, Lina; Anderson, Scott F. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 933, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac743f	journal	July 2022
A Light in the Dark: Searching for Electromagnetic Counterparts to Black Hole–Black Hole Mergers in LIGO/Virgo O3 with the Zwicky Transient Facility Graham, Matthew J.; McKernan, Barry; Ford, K. E. Saavik The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 942, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aca480	journal	January 2023
The DESI Survey Validation: Results from Visual Inspection of Bright Galaxies, Luminous Red Galaxies, and Emission-line Galaxies Lan, Ting-Wen; Tojeiro, R.; Armengaud, E. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 943, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aca5fa	journal	January 2023
Probing the Origin of Changing-look Quasar Transitions with Chandra Yang, Qian; Green, Paul J.; MacLeod, Chelsea L. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 953, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/acdedd	journal	August 2023
The Seoul National University AGN Monitoring Project. IV. Hα Reverberation Mapping of Six AGNs and the Hα Size–Luminosity Relation Cho, Hojin; Woo, Jong-Hak; Wang, Shu The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 953, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ace1e5	journal	August 2023
Are “Changing-look” Active Galactic Nuclei Special in the Coevolution of Supermassive Black Holes and Their Hosts? I. Wang, J.; Zheng, W. K.; Brink, T. G. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 956, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/acf5e0	journal	October 2023
Magnetized Accretion Disks with Outflows for Changing-look AGNs Wu, Wen-Biao; Gu, Wei-Min The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 958, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/acf839	journal	November 2023
Exploring Changing-look Active Galactic Nuclei with the Sloan Digital Sky Survey V: First Year Results Zeltyn, Grisha; Trakhtenbrot, Benny; Eracleous, Michael The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 966, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad2f30	journal	April 2024
Identifying Changing-look AGNs Using Variability Characteristics Wang, Shu; Woo, Jong-Hak; Gallo, Elena The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 966, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad3049	journal	April 2024
Instability of Circumnuclear Gas Supply as an Origin of the “Changing-look” Phenomenon of Supermassive Black Holes Wang, J.; Xu, D. W.; Cao, Xinwu The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 970, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad4d89	journal	July 2024
Galaxies Lighting Up: Discovery of Seventy New Turn-on Changing-look Active Galactic Nuclei Yang, Qian; Green, Paul J.; Wu, Xue-Bing The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 980, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad94ed	journal	February 2025
The 16th Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Surveys: First Release from the APOGEE-2 Southern Survey and Full Release of eBOSS Spectra Ahumada, Romina; Prieto, Carlos Allende; Almeida, Andrés The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 249, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/ab929e	journal	June 2020
Spectral Properties of Quasars from Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 14: The Catalog Rakshit, Suvendu; Stalin, C. S.; Kotilainen, Jari The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 249, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/ab99c5	journal	July 2020
The Sloan Digital Sky Survey Quasar Catalog: Sixteenth Data Release Lyke, Brad W.; Higley, Alexandra N.; McLane, J. N. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 250, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/aba623	journal	August 2020
Mid-infrared Outbursts in Nearby Galaxies (MIRONG). I. Sample Selection and Characterization Jiang, Ning; Wang, Tinggui; Dou, Liming The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 252, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/abd1dc	journal	February 2021
Changing-look Active Galactic Nuclei from the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument. I. Sample from the Early Data Guo, Wei-Jian; Zou, Hu; Fawcett, Victoria A. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 270, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/ad118a	journal	January 2024
Mid-infrared Variability of Changing-look AGNs Sheng, Zhenfeng; Wang, Tinggui; Jiang, Ning The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 846, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aa85de	journal	August 2017
Accretion-modified Stars in Accretion Disks of Active Galactic Nuclei: Gravitational-wave Bursts and Electromagnetic Counterparts from Merging Stellar Black Hole Binaries Wang, Jian-Min; Liu, Jun-Rong; Ho, Luis C. The Astrophysical Journal Letters, Vol. 916, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ac0b46	journal	July 2021
A Transient “Changing-look” Active Galactic Nucleus Resolved on Month Timescales from First-year Sloan Digital Sky Survey V Data Zeltyn, Grisha; Trakhtenbrot, Benny; Eracleous, Michael The Astrophysical Journal Letters, Vol. 939, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ac9a47	journal	October 2022

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