New directions and principles for solvent extraction for recovery of lithium from aqueous brines and mineral leachates: A brief review

Evans, Barbara R.; Jayanthi, Kumar; Popovs, Ilja; Moyer, Bruce A.; Paranthaman, M. Parans

doi:10.1016/j.susmat.2025.e01724

Title: New directions and principles for solvent extraction for recovery of lithium from aqueous brines and mineral leachates: A brief review

Journal Article · Wed Oct 22 00:00:00 UTC 2025 · Sustainable Materials and Technologies

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susmat.2025.e01724 · OSTI ID:3002661

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Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States). Chemical Sciences Division

Increasing demand for lithium for manufacturing of batteries is fueling the unprecedented search for improved recovery and alternative sources. Wider source distribution, lower energy consumption, and greater sustainability make extraction of lithium from brines, both natural and process-derived, an attractive alternative to mineral ores. Solvent extraction, used industrially for production of metals, salts, and pharmaceuticals, has been investigated as a methodology for lithium recovery for several decades. However, industrial application of solvent extraction for lithium recovery has so far been limited. In contrast, direct lithium extraction using adsorbents based on inorganic minerals has rapidly advanced from research to commercialization. A comparison of solvent extraction processes to adsorption highlights these issues and explains the preference for adsorbents. Although the application of solvent extraction has been criticized for use of large amounts of acid, alkali, and organic solvents, steady progress has been made to improve its potential for industrial lithium production, spurred on generally by the advantages of solvent extraction in selectivity and throughput. Previously developed beta-diketone, organophosphate, and crown ether ligands are being adapted and improved. Their novel use with ionic liquids, deep eutectic solvents, and membrane technologies promises to expand capabilities for extraction of lithium from dilute aqueous sources while improving sustainability. Possibilities for further discovery and innovation abound. In this review, we provide a unique perspective from the field of solvent extraction starting with fundamentals such as ion-transfer theory and apply them to understanding lithium selectivity and extraction behavior. In conclusion, the results are cast in the light of the practical realities of developing economical solvent extraction processes.

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Research Organization:: Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Energy Efficiency Office. Advanced Materials & Manufacturing Technologies Office (AMMTO); USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Renewable Power Office. Geothermal Technologies Office; USDOE Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management (FECM); USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES). Chemical Sciences, Geosciences & Biosciences Division (CSGB)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC05-00OR22725

OSTI ID:: 3002661

Journal Information:: Sustainable Materials and Technologies, Journal Name: Sustainable Materials and Technologies Vol. 46; ISSN 2214-9937

Publisher:: ElsevierCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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Recent Advances in Lithium Iron Phosphate Battery Technology: A Comprehensive Review Chen, Tao; Li, Man; Bae, Joonho Batteries, Vol. 10, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10120424	journal	December 2024
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Challenges and Opportunities for Lithium Extraction from Geothermal Systems in Germany—Part 3: The Return of the Extraction Brine Goldberg, Valentin; Dashti, Ali; Egert, Robert Energies, Vol. 16, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.3390/en16165899	journal	August 2023
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Solid Wastes from Geothermal Energy Production and Implications for Direct Lithium Extraction Stringfellow, William T.; Camarillo, Mary Kay Energies, Vol. 18, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.3390/en18061359	journal	March 2025
Synthesis of Manganese Oxide Sorbent for the Extraction of Lithium from Hydromineral Raw Materials Karshyga, Zaure; Yersaiynova, Albina; Yessengaziyev, Azamat Materials, Vol. 16, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16247548	journal	December 2023
Lithium Production and Recovery Methods: Overview of Lithium Losses Marcinov, Vladimír; Klimko, Jakub; Takáčová, Zita Metals, Vol. 13, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.3390/met13071213	journal	June 2023
Global Lithium Sources—Industrial Use and Future in the Electric Vehicle Industry: A Review Kavanagh, Laurence; Keohane, Jerome; Garcia Cabellos, Guiomar Resources, Vol. 7, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.3390/resources7030057	journal	September 2018
New Concept for the Study of the Fluid Dynamics of Lithium Extraction Using Calix[4]arene Derivatives in T-Type Microreactor Systems Kurniawan, Yehezkiel; Sathuluri, Ramachandra; Ohto, Keisuke Separations, Vol. 8, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.3390/separations8050070	journal	May 2021
Thenoyltrifluoroacetone: Preferable Molecule for Solvent Extraction of Metals—Ancient Twists to New Approaches Atanassova, Maria Separations, Vol. 9, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.3390/separations9060154	journal	June 2022

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