Perspectives and challenges of ultra-high temperature ceramics for fusion plasma-facing applications

Lin, Yan-Ru; Koyanagi, Takaaki; Zinkle, Steven J.; Snead, Lance L.; Katoh, Yutai

doi:10.1016/j.cossms.2025.101223

Title: Perspectives and challenges of ultra-high temperature ceramics for fusion plasma-facing applications

Journal Article · Mon Apr 28 00:00:00 UTC 2025 · Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cossms.2025.101223 · OSTI ID:2573392

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^[1]; Zinkle, Steven J. ^[2]; Snead, Lance L. ^[3];

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Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)
Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States); Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (United States)
Stony Brook Univ., NY (United States)

Ultra-high temperature ceramics (UHTCs) offer several potential advantages as plasma-facing components (PFCs) in fusion reactors due to their extreme melting points, tailorable thermal conductivity, and attractive unirradiated mechanical properties including fracture toughness comparable or superior to tungsten. Here, recent developments and material properties of UHTCs are briefly reviewed, along with an overview of limited studies on their responses to neutron irradiation and an evaluation of plasma-surface interactions. Five key research pathways, primarily focused on irradiation effects, for advancing UHTCs in PFC applications are discussed: (1) assessing irradiation effects on the coupled thermal–mechanical performance (2) addressing the lack of studies on irradiation, plasma-surface interactions, and their synergistic effects; (3) investigating high-temperature (>1000 °C) neutron irradiation effects critical for PFC performance; (4) optimizing multi-component UHTC compositions or composites to improve thermal or mechanical properties; (5) enhancing radiation resistance to mitigate microcracking and void swelling through strategies such as increasing sink strength by reducing grain size, introducing fine particles, and leveraging complex concentrated alloy concepts.

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Research Organization:: Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Fusion Energy Sciences (FES)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC05-00OR22725; SC0023293

OSTI ID:: 2573392

Journal Information:: Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science, Journal Name: Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science Vol. 36; ISSN 1359-0286

Publisher:: ElsevierCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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Analysis of Homogenization and Solute Interdiffusion Kinetics of ZrC, NbC, TaC Refractory Carbides as Surrogate Fuels for Nuclear Thermal Propulsion Systems Nadermann, Alexander; Kessing, Jonas; Shaver, Brandon Nuclear and Emerging Technologies for Space (NETS 2024) https://doi.org/10.13182/NETS24-43769	conference	January 2024
Threshold Irradiation Dose for Amorphization of Silicon Carbide Snead, L. L.; Zinkle, S. J. MRS Proceedings, Vol. 439 https://doi.org/10.1557/PROC-439-595	journal	January 1996
Fusion materials modeling: Challenges and opportunities Wirth, B. D.; Nordlund, K.; Whyte, D. G. MRS Bulletin, Vol. 36, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1557/mrs.2011.37	journal	March 2011
Neutron Irradiation Behavior of Tungsten Hasegawa, Akira; Fukuda, Makoto; Tanno, Takashi MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS, Vol. 54, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.2320/matertrans.MG201208	journal	January 2013
Physical Challenges and Limitations Confronting the Use of UHTCs on Hypersonic Vehicles Glass, David 17th AIAA International Space Planes and Hypersonic Systems and Technologies Conference https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2011-2304	conference	June 2012
Advanced Inorganic Nitride Nanomaterials for Renewable Energy: A Mini Review of Synthesis Methods Ma, Yin; Xiong, Lijun; Lu, Yao Frontiers in Chemistry, Vol. 9 https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2021.638216	journal	July 2021
Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Carbide Reinforced TiC-Based Ultra-High Temperature Ceramics: A Review Mao, Haobo; Shen, Fuqiang; Zhang, Yingyi Coatings, Vol. 11, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11121444	journal	November 2021
Synthesis of Binary Transition Metal Nitrides, Carbides and Borides from the Elements in the Laser-Heated Diamond Anvil Cell and Their Structure-Property Relations Friedrich, Alexandra; Winkler, Björn; Juarez-Arellano, Erick A. Materials, Vol. 4, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.3390/ma4101648	journal	September 2011
Comparison of Reactive and Non-Reactive Spark Plasma Sintering Routes for the Fabrication of Monolithic and Composite Ultra High Temperature Ceramics (UHTC) Materials Orrù, Roberto; Cao, Giacomo Materials, Vol. 6, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.3390/ma6051566	journal	April 2013

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