Quantum computing universal thermalization dynamics in a (2 + 1)D Lattice Gauge Theory

Mueller, Niklas; Wang, Tianyi; Katz, Or; Davoudi, Zohreh; Cetina, Marko

doi:10.1038/s41467-025-60177-7

Title: Quantum computing universal thermalization dynamics in a (2 + 1)D Lattice Gauge Theory

Journal Article · Tue Jul 01 00:00:00 UTC 2025 · Nature Communications

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-60177-7 · OSTI ID:2571474

^[1]; Wang, Tianyi ^[2]; Katz, Or ^[3];

^[4];

^[2]

University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (United States); University of Washington, Seattle, WA (United States)
Duke University, Durham, NC (United States); University of Maryland, College Park, MD (United States)
Duke University, Durham, NC (United States); Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (United States)
University of Maryland, College Park, MD (United States)

Simulating non-equilibrium phenomena in strongly-interacting quantum many-body systems, including thermalization, is a promising application of near-term and future quantum computation. By performing experiments on a digital quantum computer consisting of fully-connected optically-controlled trapped ions, we study the role of entanglement in the thermalization dynamics of a Z₂ lattice gauge theory in 2+1 spacetime dimensions. Using randomized-measurement protocols, we efficiently learn a classical approximation of non-equilibrium states that yields the gap-ratio distribution and the spectral form factor of the entanglement Hamiltonian. These observables exhibit universal early-time signals for quantum chaos, a prerequisite for thermalization. Our work, therefore, establishes quantum computers as robust tools for studying universal features of thermalization in complex many-body systems, including in gauge theories.

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Research Organization:: Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA (United States); University of Maryland, College Park, MD (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: National Science Foundation (NSF); USDOE Office of Science (SC); USDOE Office of Science (SC), Nuclear Physics (NP)

Grant/Contract Number:: SC0020271; SC0020970

OSTI ID:: 2571474

Journal Information:: Nature Communications, Journal Name: Nature Communications Journal Issue: 1 Vol. 16; ISSN 2041-1723

Publisher:: Nature Publishing GroupCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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