Review on phase change materials and thermoelectric generators for ocean thermal gradient applications

Saini, Prashant; Osorio, Julian D.

doi:10.1016/j.rser.2025.115851

Title: Review on phase change materials and thermoelectric generators for ocean thermal gradient applications

Journal Article · Wed May 21 00:00:00 UTC 2025 · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2025.115851 · OSTI ID:2567597

^[1];

^[1]

National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)

Ocean thermal energy has the potential to address the challenge of balancing long-term operation and high-frequency monitoring due to the limited energy storage capacity of batteries for unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs). Several emerging technologies to power UUV, profiling floats, and other ocean applications, including the thermoelectric generators (TEGs), phase change materials (PCMs), and memory shape alloys have been proposed. However, most of these technologies are still in an early stage of development and have not been deployed on a commercial scale. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive review on TEGs and PCMs to harness ocean thermal gradients. This review is focused on TEGs' and PCMs' characteristics, properties, and progress to address technical limitations to advance towards the deployment in ocean power applications, such as ocean thermal energy-powered UUVs at a commercial scale. First, the paper provides a thorough review of the different PCMs, TEGs, focusing on enhancing their thermophysical properties. Then, based on their technical attributes and the ocean thermal gradient potential in the United States, a selection of PCMs and TEGs is proposed for different locations and seasons. The ocean thermal gradient offers a stable annual storage potential of approximately 1.09 x 10¹⁹ MJ, with about 7.63 x 10¹⁷ MJ being harnessable with an efficiency of 7 %. Despite PCM-based UUVs is one the most promising alternatives for ocean thermal gradient applications, the low heat transfer rates, low energy conversion efficiency (between 0.14 % and 0.6 %), and low energy storage density (around 0.26 Wh/kg) are the main challenges for effective commercial scale applications. This study identifies key PCMs suitable for ocean thermal applications, including organic, inorganic, and eutectic PCMs, with melting enthalpies ranging from 100 to 250 kJ/kg. It also evaluates various TEGs for different oceanic locations and seasonal variations. Recent advancements in integrating PCMs with TEGs, through enhanced materials and innovative designs, have significantly improved energy conversion performance, increasing thermal conductivity by up to 15 times using metal foams and 10 times using nanomaterials. The integration of PCMs and TEGs offers a feasible alternative to power future UUVs, profiling floats, and other ocean power technologies, including aquaculture farming and water desalination.

View Journal Article

Cite

Export

Save

Research Organization:: National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Renewable Power Office. Water Power Technologies Office

Grant/Contract Number:: AC36-08GO28308

OSTI ID:: 2567597

Report Number(s):: NREL/JA--5700-89229; NREL/JA--5700-96853

Journal Information:: Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Journal Name: Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews Vol. 219; ISSN 1364-0321

Publisher:: Elsevier BVCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

References (236)

Zintl Phases as Thermoelectric Materials: Tuned Transport Properties of the Compounds CaxYb1-xZn2Sb2 Gascoin, F.; Ottensmann, S.; Stark, D. Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 15, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.200500043	journal	November 2005
Flame Retardant Strategies and Applications of Organic Phase Change Materials: A Review Liu, Mingyong; Qiao, Jiaxin; Zhang, Xiaoguang Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 35, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202412492	journal	November 2024
Environmentally Friendly Thermoelectric Materials: High Performance from Inorganic Components with Low Toxicity and Abundance in the Earth Caballero‐Calero, Olga; Ares, José R.; Martín‐González, Marisol Advanced Sustainable Systems, Vol. 5, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1002/adsu.202100095	journal	June 2021
Waste Recycling in Thermoelectric Materials Bahrami, Amin; Schierning, Gabi; Nielsch, Kornelius Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 10, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201904159	journal	March 2020
Emerging Applications of Phase-Change Materials (PCMs): Teaching an Old Dog New Tricks Hyun, Dong Choon; Levinson, Nathanael S.; Jeong, Unyong Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 53, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201305201	journal	January 2014
Preparation and properties of microencapsulated octadecane with waterborne polyurethane Kim, Eun Young; Kim, Han Do Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 96, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1002/app.21603	journal	March 2005
Methodological reviews and analyses on the emerging research trends and progresses of thermoelectric generators Selvan, Krishna Veni; Hasan, Md Nazibul; Mohamed Ali, Mohamed Sultan International Journal of Energy Research, Vol. 43, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1002/er.4206	journal	September 2018
Why are Clathrates Good Candidates for Thermoelectric Materials? Iversen, Bo B.; Palmqvist, Anders E. C.; Cox, David E. Journal of Solid State Chemistry, Vol. 149, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1006/jssc.1999.8534	journal	February 2000
d-lyxose isomerase and its application for functional sugar production Huang, Jiawei; Chen, Ziwei; Zhang, Wenli Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Vol. 102, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-018-8746-6	journal	February 2018
Preliminary design of a 100 MW-net ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) power plant study case: Mentawai island, Indonesia Adiputra, Ristiyanto; Utsunomiya, Tomoaki; Koto, Jaswar Journal of Marine Science and Technology, Vol. 25, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00773-019-00630-7	journal	February 2019
Feasibility study of a new energy scavenging system for an autonomous underwater vehicle Townsend, N. C.; Shenoi, R. A. Autonomous Robots, Vol. 40, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10514-015-9506-4	journal	October 2015
Electrochemical recovery of tellurium from metallurgical industrial waste Halli, Petteri; Wilson, Benjamin P.; Hailemariam, Taye Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, Vol. 50, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10800-019-01363-6	journal	November 2019
Thermal conductivity enhancement of Ag nanowires on an organic phase change material Zeng, J. L.; Cao, Z.; Yang, D. W. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, Vol. 101, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-009-0472-y	journal	September 2009
PW based phase change nanocomposites containing γ-Al2O3 Wang, Jifen; Xie, Huaqing; Li, Yang Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, Vol. 102, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-010-0850-5	journal	May 2010
An investigation of melting/freezing characteristics of nanoparticle-enhanced phase change materials Wu, S. Y.; Wang, H.; Xiao, S. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, Vol. 110, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-011-2080-x	journal	December 2011
Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Thermoelectric Power Generation Buckle, J. R.; Knox, A.; Siviter, J. Journal of Electronic Materials, Vol. 42, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-013-2584-1	journal	April 2013
Optimization of Thermoelectric Components for Automobile Waste Heat Recovery Systems Kumar, Sumeet; Heister, Stephen D.; Xu, Xianfan Journal of Electronic Materials, Vol. 44, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-015-3912-4	journal	July 2015
State-of-the-Art Reviews and Analyses of Emerging Research Findings and Achievements of Thermoelectric Materials over the Past Years Selvan, Krishna Veni; Hasan, Md Nazibul; Mohamed Ali, Mohamed Sultan Journal of Electronic Materials, Vol. 48, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-018-06838-4	journal	December 2018
Application of the finite element method to heat conduction analysis Wilson, Edward L.; Nickell, Robert E. Nuclear Engineering and Design, Vol. 4, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/0029-5493(66)90051-3	journal	October 1966
Integrated solar collector storage system based on a salt-hydrate phase-change material Rabin, Y.; Bar-Niv, I.; Korin, E. Solar Energy, Vol. 55, Issue 6, p. 435-444 https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-092X(95)00074-2	journal	December 1995
Fatty acids and their mixtures as phase-change materials for thermal energy storage Feldman, D.; Shapiro, M. M.; Banu, D. Solar Energy Materials, Vol. 18, Issue 3-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1633(89)90054-3	journal	March 1989
Obtaining an energy storing building material by direct incorporation of an organic phase change material in gypsum wallboard Feldman, D.; Banu, D.; Hawes, D. Solar Energy Materials, Vol. 22, Issue 2-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1633(91)90021-C	journal	July 1991
Prevention of supercooling and stabilization of inorganic salt hydrates as latent heat storage materials Ryu, Hee W.; Woo, Sung W.; Shin, Byung C. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Vol. 27, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/0927-0248(92)90117-8	journal	July 1992
Low chain esters of stearic acid as phase change materials for thermal energy storage in buildings Feldman, D.; Banu, D.; Hawes, D. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Vol. 36, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/0927-0248(94)00186-3	journal	March 1995
Thermal energy storage system using stearic acid as a phase change material Sari, Ahmet; Kaygusuz, Kamİl Solar Energy, Vol. 71, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0038-092X(01)00075-5	journal	December 2001
Thermal performance of palmitic acid as a phase change energy storage material Sari, Ahmet; Kaygusuz, Kamil Energy Conversion and Management, Vol. 43, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0196-8904(01)00071-1	journal	April 2002
A review on energy conservation in building applications with thermal storage by latent heat using phase change materials Khudhair, Amar M.; Farid, Mohammed M. Energy Conversion and Management, Vol. 45, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0196-8904(03)00131-6	journal	January 2004
Review on sustainable thermal energy storage technologies, Part I: heat storage materials and techniques Hasnain, S. M. Energy Conversion and Management, Vol. 39, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0196-8904(98)00025-9	journal	August 1998
Microencapsulated PCM thermal-energy storage system Hawlader, M. N. A.; Uddin, M. S.; Khin, Mya Mya Applied Energy, Vol. 74, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-2619(02)00146-0	journal	January 2003
Thermal performance of myristic acid as a phase change material for energy storage application Sarı, Ahmet; Kaygusuz, Kamil Renewable Energy, Vol. 24, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-1481(00)00167-1	journal	October 2001
Review on thermal energy storage with phase change: materials, heat transfer analysis and applications Zalba, Belén; Marı́n, José Ma; Cabeza, Luisa F. Applied Thermal Engineering, Vol. 23, Issue 3, p. 251-283 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-4311(02)00192-8	journal	February 2003
Thermoelectrics: a review of present and potential applications Riffat, S. B.; Ma, Xiaoli Applied Thermal Engineering, Vol. 23, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-4311(03)00012-7	journal	June 2003
Review on thermal energy storage with phase change materials (PCMs) in building applications Zhou, D.; Zhao, C. Y.; Tian, Y. Applied Energy, Vol. 92 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2011.08.025	journal	April 2012
Review on phase change materials (PCMs) for cold thermal energy storage applications Oró, E.; de Gracia, A.; Castell, A. Applied Energy, Vol. 99 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.03.058	journal	November 2012
Numerical modeling for solid–liquid phase change phenomena in porous media: Shell-and-tube type latent heat thermal energy storage Liu, Zhenyu; Yao, Yuanpeng; Wu, Huiying Applied Energy, Vol. 112 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.02.022	journal	December 2013
Preparation and thermal characterization of paraffin/metal foam composite phase change material Xiao, X.; Zhang, P.; Li, M. Applied Energy, Vol. 112 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.04.050	journal	December 2013
Recent development and application of thermoelectric generator and cooler He, Wei; Zhang, Gan; Zhang, Xingxing Applied Energy, Vol. 143 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.12.075	journal	April 2015
Melting heat transfer characteristics of a composite phase change material fabricated by paraffin and metal foam Zhang, P.; Meng, Z. N.; Zhu, H. Applied Energy, Vol. 185 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.10.075	journal	January 2017
Heat transfer enhancement in latent heat thermal storage systems: Comparative study of different solutions and thermal contact investigation between the exchanger and the PCM Merlin, Kevin; Delaunay, Didier; Soto, Jérôme Applied Energy, Vol. 166 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.01.012	journal	March 2016
Numerical prediction of the performance of radial inflow turbine designed for ocean thermal energy conversion system Nithesh, K. G.; Chatterjee, Dhiman Applied Energy, Vol. 167 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.01.033	journal	April 2016
Experimental study on enhancement of thermal energy storage with phase-change material Yang, Jialin; Yang, Lijun; Xu, Chao Applied Energy, Vol. 169 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.02.028	journal	May 2016
Thermal energy storage for low and medium temperature applications using phase change materials – A review Pereira da Cunha, Jose; Eames, Philip Applied Energy, Vol. 177 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.05.097	journal	September 2016
Experimental and numerical investigation of a tube-in-tank latent thermal energy storage unit using composite PCM Meng, Z. N.; Zhang, P. Applied Energy, Vol. 190 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.12.163	journal	March 2017
Microstructure and thermal properties of cetyl alcohol/high density polyethylene composite phase change materials with carbon fiber as shape-stabilized thermal storage materials Huang, Xiang; Alva, Guruprasad; Liu, Lingkun Applied Energy, Vol. 200 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.05.074	journal	August 2017
Thermal and economic analysis of charging and discharging characteristics of composite phase change materials for cold storage Yang, Xiaohu; Bai, Qingsong; Zhang, Qunli Applied Energy, Vol. 225 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.05.063	journal	September 2018
Investigation on the thermal performance of a high temperature packed bed thermal energy storage system containing carbonate salt based composite phase change materials Li, Chuan; Li, Qi; Ding, Yulong Applied Energy, Vol. 247 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.04.031	journal	August 2019
Performance assessment of engine exhaust-based segmented thermoelectric generators by length ratio optimization Ma, Xiaonan; Shu, Gequn; Tian, Hua Applied Energy, Vol. 248 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.04.103	journal	August 2019
Efficiency analysis and experimental validation of the ocean thermal energy conversion with phase change material for underwater vehicle Wang, Guohui; Yang, Yanan; Wang, Shuxin Applied Energy, Vol. 248 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.04.146	journal	August 2019
A scalable environmental thermal energy harvester based on solid/liquid phase-change materials Wang, Guangyao; Ha, Dong Sam; Wang, Kevin G. Applied Energy, Vol. 250 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.05.100	journal	September 2019
Ocean thermal energy application technologies for unmanned underwater vehicles: A comprehensive review Wang, Guohui; Yang, Yanan; Wang, Shuxin Applied Energy, Vol. 278 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.115752	journal	November 2020
A novel method to evaluate phase change materials' impact on buildings' energy, economic, and environmental performance via controlled natural ventilation Ahmad, Abrar; Memon, Shazim Ali Applied Energy, Vol. 353 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2023.122033	journal	January 2024
Thermal conductivity enhancement of phase change materials using a graphite matrix Mills, Andrew; Farid, Mohammed; Selman, J. R. Applied Thermal Engineering, Vol. 26, Issue 14-15 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2005.11.022	journal	October 2006
Experimental investigations on heat transfer in phase change materials (PCMs) embedded in porous materials Zhou, D.; Zhao, C. Y. Applied Thermal Engineering, Vol. 31, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2010.11.022	journal	April 2011
Experimental and numerical studies on melting phase change heat transfer in open-cell metallic foams filled with paraffin Li, W. Q.; Qu, Z. G.; He, Y. L. Applied Thermal Engineering, Vol. 37 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2011.11.001	journal	May 2012
Numerical study of PCM solidification in a finned tube thermal storage including natural convection Jmal, Imen; Baccar, Mounir Applied Thermal Engineering, Vol. 84 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2015.03.065	journal	June 2015
Thermal properties measurement and heat storage analysis of paraffinnanoparticles composites phase change material: Comparison and optimization Babapoor, Aziz; Karimi, Gholamreza Applied Thermal Engineering, Vol. 90 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2015.07.083	journal	November 2015
Lattice Boltzmann simulation on phase change heat transfer in metal foams/paraffin composite phase change material Tao, Y. B.; You, Y.; He, Y. L. Applied Thermal Engineering, Vol. 93 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2015.10.016	journal	January 2016
A review of car waste heat recovery systems utilising thermoelectric generators and heat pipes Orr, B.; Akbarzadeh, A.; Mochizuki, M. Applied Thermal Engineering, Vol. 101 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2015.10.081	journal	May 2016
A thermal engine for underwater glider driven by ocean thermal energy Yang, Yanan; Wang, Yanhui; Ma, Zhesong Applied Thermal Engineering, Vol. 99 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.01.038	journal	April 2016
Experimental study of a phase change thermal energy storage with copper foam Martinelli, Matthieu; Bentivoglio, Fabrice; Caron-Soupart, Adèle Applied Thermal Engineering, Vol. 101 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.02.095	journal	May 2016
Experimental investigation on the heat transfer enhancement in a novel latent heat thermal storage equipment Liu, Yang; Duan, Jianguo; He, Xiufen Applied Thermal Engineering, Vol. 142 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2018.07.009	journal	September 2018
Honeycomb carbon fibers strengthened composite phase change materials for superior thermal energy storage Sheng, Nan; Rao, Zhonghao; Zhu, Chunyu Applied Thermal Engineering, Vol. 164 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2019.114493	journal	January 2020
Nanoparticles enhanced phase change materials (NePCMs)-A recent review Tariq, Syeda Laraib; Ali, Hafiz Muhammad; Akram, Muhammad Ammar Applied Thermal Engineering, Vol. 176 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.115305	journal	July 2020
Evaluation of the thermal performance of frame walls enhanced with paraffin and hydrated salt phase change materials using a dynamic wall simulator Evers, Angela C.; Medina, Mario A.; Fang, Yuan Building and Environment, Vol. 45, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2010.02.002	journal	August 2010
Thermal charging study of compressed expanded natural graphite/phase change material composites Mallow, Anne; Abdelaziz, Omar; Graham, Samuel Carbon, Vol. 109 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2016.08.030	journal	November 2016
Preparation and characterization of nano-encapsulated n-tetradecane as phase change material for thermal energy storage Fang, Guiyin; Li, Hui; Yang, Fan Chemical Engineering Journal, Vol. 153, Issue 1-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2009.06.019	journal	November 2009
Thermal conductivity enhancement of polyethylene glycol/expanded vermiculite shape-stabilized composite phase change materials with silver nanowire for thermal energy storage Deng, Yong; Li, Jinhong; Qian, Tingting Chemical Engineering Journal, Vol. 295 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2016.03.068	journal	July 2016
Fabrication and thermoelectric properties of heavily rare-earth metal-doped SrO(SrTiO3)n (n=1, 2) ceramics Wang, Yi Feng; Lee, Kyu Hyoung; Ohta, Hiromichi Ceramics International, Vol. 34, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2007.09.034	journal	May 2008
Hybrids of carbon nanotubes and graphene/graphene oxide Kong, H. X. Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science, Vol. 17, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cossms.2012.12.002	journal	February 2013
Experimental investigation on thermal performance of phase change materials–metal foam composites in ocean thermal engine Muhammad, Gul; Yao, Zesheng; Chen, Yanhu Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, Vol. 60 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2024.104693	journal	August 2024
Waste heat recovery from thermo-electric generators (TEGs) Hewawasam, L. S.; Jayasena, A. S.; Afnan, M. M. M. Energy Reports, Vol. 6 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2019.11.105	journal	February 2020
Cesaro fins parametric optimization for enhancement in the solidification performance of a latent heat storage system with combined fins, foam, and nanoparticle Saini, Prashant; Dhar, Atul; Powar, Satvasheel Energy Reports, Vol. 9 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2023.04.375	journal	December 2023
Use of microencapsulated PCM in concrete walls for energy savings Cabeza, Luisa F.; Castellón, Cecilia; Nogués, Miquel Energy and Buildings, Vol. 39, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2006.03.030	journal	February 2007
Preparation and characterization of fatty acid ester/building material composites for thermal energy storage in buildings Karaipekli, Ali; Sarı, Ahmet Energy and Buildings, Vol. 43, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2011.04.002	journal	August 2011
Synthesis, characterization and applications of microencapsulated phase change materials in thermal energy storage: A review Alva, Guruprasad; Lin, Yaxue; Liu, Lingkun Energy and Buildings, Vol. 144 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.03.063	journal	June 2017
A review on enhancement of phase change materials - A nanomaterials perspective Shah, Kwok Wei Energy and Buildings, Vol. 175 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2018.06.043	journal	September 2018
A review on phase change energy storage: materials and applications Farid, Mohammed M.; Khudhair, Amar M.; Razack, Siddique Ali K. Energy Conversion and Management, Vol. 45, Issue 9-10, p. 1597-1615 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2003.09.015	journal	June 2004
Form-stable paraffin/high density polyethylene composites as solid–liquid phase change material for thermal energy storage: preparation and thermal properties Sarı, Ahmet Energy Conversion and Management, Vol. 45, Issue 13-14 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2003.10.022	journal	August 2004
Experimental study on melting/solidification characteristics of a paraffin as PCM Akgün, Mithat; Aydın, Orhan; Kaygusuz, Kamil Energy Conversion and Management, Vol. 48, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2006.05.014	journal	February 2007
Preparation and characterization of novel nanoencapsulated phase change materials Fang, Yutang; Kuang, Shengyan; Gao, Xuenong Energy Conversion and Management, Vol. 49, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2008.06.027	journal	December 2008
Analysis of thermoelectric energy conversion efficiency with linear and nonlinear temperature dependence in material properties Wee, Daehyun Energy Conversion and Management, Vol. 52, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2011.07.004	journal	November 2011
Influence of nanomaterials on properties of latent heat solar thermal energy storage materials – A review Raam Dheep, G.; Sreekumar, A. Energy Conversion and Management, Vol. 83 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2014.03.058	journal	July 2014
Developments in organic solid–liquid phase change materials and their applications in thermal energy storage Sharma, R. K.; Ganesan, P.; Tyagi, V. V. Energy Conversion and Management, Vol. 95 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2015.01.084	journal	May 2015
A review on thermophysical properties of nanoparticle dispersed phase change materials Kibria, M. A.; Anisur, M. R.; Mahfuz, M. H. Energy Conversion and Management, Vol. 95 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2015.02.028	journal	May 2015
Preparation and thermal properties characterization of carbonate salt/carbon nanomaterial composite phase change material Tao, Y. B.; Lin, C. H.; He, Y. L. Energy Conversion and Management, Vol. 97 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2015.03.051	journal	June 2015
Preparation and thermal properties of short carbon fibers/erythritol phase change materials Zhang, Qiang; Luo, Zhiling; Guo, Qilin Energy Conversion and Management, Vol. 136 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2017.01.023	journal	March 2017
Inconsistent phenomenon of thermoelectric load resistance for photovoltaic–thermoelectric module Li, Guiqiang; Zhou, Kai; Song, Zhiying Energy Conversion and Management, Vol. 161 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2018.01.079	journal	April 2018
Model and simulation of the energy retrieved by thermoelectric generators in an underwater glider Falcão Carneiro, J.; Gomes de Almeida, F. Energy Conversion and Management, Vol. 163 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2018.02.031	journal	May 2018
Comprehensive modeling for geometric optimization of a thermoelectric generator module He, Hailong; Wu, Yi; Liu, Weiwei Energy Conversion and Management, Vol. 183 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2018.12.087	journal	March 2019
Geometry optimization of thermoelectric modules: Simulation and experimental study Dongxu, Ji; Zhongbao, Wei; Pou, Josep Energy Conversion and Management, Vol. 195 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2019.05.003	journal	September 2019
Modified phase change materials used for thermal management of a novel solar thermoelectric generator Luo, Xiaohang; Guo, Quangui; Tao, Zechao Energy Conversion and Management, Vol. 208 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2019.112459	journal	March 2020
Thermoelectric device and optimum external load parameter and slenderness ratio Yilbas, B. S.; Sahin, A. Z. Energy, Vol. 35, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2010.07.019	journal	December 2010
Nano-encapsulated organic phase change material based on copolymer nanocomposites for thermal energy storage Tumirah, K.; Hussein, M. Z.; Zulkarnain, Z. Energy, Vol. 66 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.033	journal	March 2014
Comparison and parameter optimization of a segmented thermoelectric generator by using the high temperature exhaust of a diesel engine Tian, Hua; Sun, Xiuxiu; Jia, Qi Energy, Vol. 84 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2015.02.063	journal	May 2015
Model of a thermal driven volumetric pump for energy harvesting in an underwater glider Falcão Carneiro, J.; Gomes de Almeida, F. Energy, Vol. 112 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2016.06.008	journal	October 2016
A thermoelectric generator for scavenging gas-heat: From module optimization to prototype test Cheng, Fuqiang; Hong, Yanji; Li, Weiping Energy, Vol. 121 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.01.025	journal	February 2017
Protection and thermal management of thermoelectric generator system using phase change materials: An experimental investigation Atouei, S. Ahmadi; Rezania, A.; Ranjbar, A. A. Energy, Vol. 156 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.05.109	journal	August 2018
Preliminary experiment on a novel photovoltaic-thermoelectric system in summer Li, Guiqiang; Shittu, Samson; zhou, Kai Energy, Vol. 188 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2019.116041	journal	December 2019
Experimental study on a novel flat-heat-pipe heating system integrated with phase change material and thermoelectric unit Sun, Hongli; Lin, Borong; Lin, Zhirong Energy, Vol. 189 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2019.116181	journal	December 2019
A comprehensive review on latent heat and thermal conductivity of nanoparticle dispersed phase change material for low-temperature applications Eanest Jebasingh, B.; Valan Arasu, A. Energy Storage Materials, Vol. 24 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2019.07.031	journal	January 2020
Nano-enhanced phase change materials: A review of thermo-physical properties, applications and challenges Leong, Kin Yuen; Abdul Rahman, Mohd Rosdzimin; Gurunathan, Balamurugan A. Journal of Energy Storage, Vol. 21 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2018.11.008	journal	February 2019
Energy, Exergy, and Economic analysis of low thermal conductivity basin solar still integrated with Phase Change Material for energy storage Vigneswaran, V. S.; Kumar, P. Ganesh; Sakthivadivel, D. Journal of Energy Storage, Vol. 34 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2020.102194	journal	February 2021
A review on carbon-based phase change materials for thermal energy storage Mishra, Raghvendra Kumar; Verma, Kartikey; Mishra, Vinayak Journal of Energy Storage, Vol. 50 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2022.104166	journal	June 2022
Recent advances on the applications of phase change materials for solar collectors, practical limitations, and challenges: A critical review Mourad, Abed; Aissa, Abderrahmane; Said, Zafar Journal of Energy Storage, Vol. 49 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2022.104186	journal	May 2022
Parametric optimization of a cesaro fins employed latent heat storage system for melting performance enhancement Saini, Prashant; Dhar, Atul; Powar, Satvasheel Journal of Energy Storage, Vol. 51 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2022.104534	journal	July 2022
New potential applications of phase change materials: A review Ismail, Kamal A. R.; Lino, Fatima A. M.; Machado, Pedro Leineker Ochoski Journal of Energy Storage, Vol. 53 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2022.105202	journal	September 2022
Phase change materials for thermal management and energy storage: A review Lawag, Radhi Abdullah; Ali, Hafiz Muhammad Journal of Energy Storage, Vol. 55 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2022.105602	journal	November 2022
Numerical and experimental study of the ocean thermal energy capture process utilizing metal foam–phase-change material (PCM) composites Chen, Yanhu; Yao, Zesheng; Chen, Bingzhe Journal of Energy Storage, Vol. 67 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2023.107600	journal	September 2023
Sugar alcohol phase change materials for low-to-medium temperature thermal energy storage: A comprehensive review Shao, Xuefeng; Yang, Sheng; Fan, Liwu Journal of Energy Storage, Vol. 68 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2023.107848	journal	September 2023
A comprehensive review on solar to thermal energy conversion and storage using phase change materials Tripathi, Bhartendu Mani; Shukla, Shailendra Kumar; Rathore, Pushpendra Kumar Singh Journal of Energy Storage, Vol. 72 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2023.108280	journal	November 2023
Efficiency and power density analysis on phase change material-based ocean thermoelectric generator for underwater vehicle Chen, Yanhu; Yao, Zesheng; Chen, Bingzhe Journal of Energy Storage, Vol. 89 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2024.111686	journal	June 2024
Nanoparticle-enhanced phase change materials (NEPCM) with great potential for improved thermal energy storage Khodadadi, J. M.; Hosseinizadeh, S. F. International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 34, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2007.02.005	journal	May 2007
Thermoelectric generator (TEG) technologies and applications Jouhara, Hussam; Żabnieńska-Góra, Alina; Khordehgah, Navid International Journal of Thermofluids, Vol. 9 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijft.2021.100063	journal	February 2021
High temperature latent heat thermal energy storage using heat pipes Shabgard, H.; Bergman, T. L.; Sharifi, N. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 53, Issue 15-16 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2010.03.035	journal	July 2010
Enhancement of specific heat capacity of high-temperature silica-nanofluids synthesized in alkali chloride salt eutectics for solar thermal-energy storage applications Shin, Donghyun; Banerjee, Debjyoti International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 54, Issue 5-6, p. 1064-1070 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2010.11.017	journal	February 2011
Review on thermal transport in high porosity cellular metal foams with open cells Zhao, C. Y. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 55, Issue 13-14 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2012.03.017	journal	June 2012
Heat pipe-assisted melting of a phase change material Sharifi, Nourouddin; Wang, Shimin; Bergman, Theodore L. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 55, Issue 13-14 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2012.03.023	journal	June 2012
Numerical optimization of a PCM-based heat sink with internal fins Levin, Peleg P.; Shitzer, Avraham; Hetsroni, Gad International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 61 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2013.01.056	journal	June 2013
Experimental and theoretical analysis of an aluminum foam enhanced phase change thermal storage unit Fleming, Evan; Wen, Shaoyi; Shi, Li International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 82 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2014.11.022	journal	March 2015
Numerical analysis on thermal behavior of solid–liquid phase change within copper foam with varying porosity Yang, Jialin; Yang, Lijun; Xu, Chao International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 84 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2015.01.088	journal	May 2015
Effect of porosity of conducting matrix on a phase change energy storage device Atal, Aditya; Wang, Yuping; Harsha, Mayur International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 93 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2015.09.033	journal	February 2016
Experimental determination of temperature-dependent thermal conductivity of solid eicosane-based silver nanostructure-enhanced phase change materials for thermal energy storage Al Ghossein, Rabih M.; Hossain, Mohammad Sharif; Khodadadi, J. M. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 107 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2016.11.059	journal	April 2017
Thermal performance enhancement of composite phase change materials (PCM) using graphene and carbon nanotubes as additives for the potential application in lithium-ion power battery Zou, Deqiu; Ma, Xianfeng; Liu, Xiaoshi International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 120 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2017.12.024	journal	May 2018
A critical review on heat transfer augmentation of phase change materials embedded with porous materials/foams International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 135 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2019.02.001	journal	June 2019
Hybrid heat transfer enhancement for latent-heat thermal energy storage systems: A review Mahdi, Jasim M.; Lohrasbi, Sina; Nsofor, Emmanuel C. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 137 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2019.03.111	journal	July 2019
Experimental study of thermo-physical properties and application of paraffin-carbon nanotubes composite phase change materials Wu, XueHong; Wang, ChunXu; Wang, YanLing International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 140 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2019.06.008	journal	September 2019
Fuel cell systems for long-endurance autonomous underwater vehicles – challenges and benefits Weydahl, Helge; Gilljam, Martin; Lian, Torleif International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 45, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.05.035	journal	February 2020
A novel 24-h day-night operational solar thermoelectric generator using phase change materials Montero, Francisco J.; Lamba, Ravita; Ortega, Alfonso Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 296 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126553	journal	May 2021
Life-Cycle Assessment of phase-change materials in buildings: A review Struhala, Karel; Ostrý, Milan Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 336 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130359	journal	February 2022
Recyclability of novel energy harvesting and storage technologies for IoT and wireless sensor networks Di Persio, Franco; Blecua, María; Chaine, Ana Cecilia Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 435 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.140525	journal	January 2024
Ferroelectric-thermoelectricity and Mott transition of ferroelectric oxides with high electronic conductivity Lee, Soonil; Bock, Jonathan A.; Trolier-McKinstry, Susan Journal of the European Ceramic Society, Vol. 32, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2012.06.007	journal	December 2012
Thermoelectric materials: Energy conversion between heat and electricity Zhang, Xiao; Zhao, Li-Dong Journal of Materiomics, Vol. 1, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmat.2015.01.001	journal	June 2015
Harvesting of PEM fuel cell heat energy for a thermal engine in an underwater glider Wang, Shuxin; Xie, Chungang; Wang, Yanhui Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 169, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.03.043	journal	June 2007
Lifetime prediction of thermoelectric devices under thermal cycling Wang, P.; Li, J. E.; Wang, B. L. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 437 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2019.226861	journal	October 2019
Gallium composition dependence of crystallographic and thermoelectric properties in polycrystalline type-I Ba8GaxSi46−x (nominal x=14–18) clathrates prepared by combining arc melting and spark plasma sintering methods Anno, Hiroaki; Yamada, Hiroki; Nakabayashi, Takahiro Journal of Solid State Chemistry, Vol. 193 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssc.2012.03.069	journal	September 2012
Thermoelectric properties of fine-grained FeVSb half-Heusler alloys tuned to p-type by substituting vanadium with titanium Zou, Minmin; Li, Jing-Feng; Kita, Takuji Journal of Solid State Chemistry, Vol. 198 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssc.2012.09.043	journal	February 2013
News from the seabed – Geological characteristics and resource potential of deep-sea mineral resources Petersen, S.; Krätschell, A.; Augustin, N. Marine Policy, Vol. 70 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2016.03.012	journal	August 2016
New method to improve the grain alignment and performance of thermoelectric ceramics Ferreira, N. M.; Rasekh, Sh.; Costa, F. M. Materials Letters, Vol. 83 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2012.05.131	journal	September 2012
Combining biocatalysts to achieve new phase change materials. Application to non-edible animal fat Gallart-Sirvent, Pau; Martín, Marc; Solé, Aran Molecular Catalysis, Vol. 444 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcat.2017.10.037	journal	January 2018
Photovoltaic (PV) and thermo-electric energy harvesters for charging applications Saha, C. R.; Huda, M. N.; Mumtaz, A. Microelectronics Journal, Vol. 96 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mejo.2019.104685	journal	February 2020
Recent progress and futuristic development of PbSe thermoelectric materials and devices Gayner, Chhatrasal; Kar, Kamal K.; Kim, Woochul Materials Today Energy, Vol. 9 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtener.2018.06.010	journal	September 2018
Recent progress and future challenges on thermoelectric Zintl materials Shuai, Jing; Mao, Jun; Song, Shaowei Materials Today Physics, Vol. 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtphys.2017.06.003	journal	June 2017
Lead-free GeTe alloys with high thermoelectric performance for low-grade waste heat energy harvesting Li, Haiqi; Chen, Chen; Cheng, Jinxuan Nano Energy, Vol. 136 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2025.110690	journal	April 2025
Towards the optimal operation of a thermal-recharging float in the ocean Kim, Hyunsoon; Choi, Jae-Young; Park, Jangho Ocean Engineering, Vol. 156 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2018.02.043	journal	May 2018
A self-searching optimal ADRC for the pitch angle control of an underwater thermal glider in the vertical plane motion Huang, Zhijian; Liu, Yanji; Zheng, Huan Ocean Engineering, Vol. 159 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2018.04.010	journal	July 2018
Effect of the carbon nanotube type on the thermoelectric properties of CNT/Nafion nanocomposites Choi, Yongjoon; Kim, Yuhee; Park, Sung-Geun Organic Electronics, Vol. 12, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgel.2011.08.025	journal	December 2011
Widely variable Seebeck coefficient and enhanced thermoelectric power of PEDOT:PSS films by blending thermal decomposable ammonium formate Tsai, Tsung-Che; Chang, Hsiu-Cheng; Chen, Chun-Hua Organic Electronics, Vol. 12, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgel.2011.09.004	journal	December 2011
Nano-enhanced phase change materials: Fundamentals and applications Said, Zafar; Pandey, A. K.; Tiwari, Arun Kumar Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, Vol. 104 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2024.101162	journal	September 2024
Phase change materials for thermal energy storage Pielichowska, Kinga; Pielichowski, Krzysztof Progress in Materials Science, Vol. 65 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2014.03.005	journal	August 2014
Recent advances in thermoelectric materials Gayner, Chhatrasal; Kar, Kamal K. Progress in Materials Science, Vol. 83 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2016.07.002	journal	October 2016
Nanostructured thermoelectric materials: Current research and future challenge Chen, Zhi-Gang; Han, Guang; Yang, Lei Progress in Natural Science: Materials International, Vol. 22, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnsc.2012.11.011	journal	December 2012
Intelligent micro- and nanocapsules Sukhorukov, G.; Fery, A.; Möhwald, H. Progress in Polymer Science, Vol. 30, Issue 8-9 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2005.06.008	journal	August 2005
Heat transfer enhancement of phase change composite material: Copper foam/paraffin Wang, Changhong; Lin, Tao; Li, Na Renewable Energy, Vol. 96 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2016.04.039	journal	October 2016
Experimental studies on the supercooling and melting/freezing characteristics of nano-copper/sodium acetate trihydrate composite phase change materials Cui, Wenlong; Yuan, Yanping; Sun, Liangliang Renewable Energy, Vol. 99 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2016.08.001	journal	December 2016
A parametrical study on photo-electro-thermal performance of an integrated thermoelectric-photovoltaic cell Karami Lakeh, Hossein; Kaatuzian, Hassan; Hosseini, Reza Renewable Energy, Vol. 138 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.01.094	journal	August 2019
Review on micro/nano phase change materials for solar thermal applications Qiu, Lin; Ouyang, Yuxin; Feng, Yanhui Renewable Energy, Vol. 140 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.03.088	journal	September 2019
Review on thermal energy storage with phase change materials and applications Sharma, Atul; Tyagi, V. V.; Chen, C. R. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 13, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2007.10.005	journal	February 2009
A review of materials, heat transfer and phase change problem formulation for latent heat thermal energy storage systems (LHTESS) Agyenim, Francis; Hewitt, Neil; Eames, Philip Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 14, Issue 2, p. 615-628 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2009.10.015	journal	February 2010
High-temperature phase change materials for thermal energy storage Kenisarin, Murat M. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 14, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2009.11.011	journal	April 2010
Thermal conductivity enhancement of phase change materials for thermal energy storage: A review Fan, Liwu; Khodadadi, J. M. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 15, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2010.08.007	journal	January 2011
Reviews of power systems and environmental energy conversion for unmanned underwater vehicles Wang, Xiaoming; Shang, Jianzhong; Luo, Zirong Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 16, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2011.12.016	journal	May 2012
A review on effect of phase change material encapsulation on the thermal performance of a system Salunkhe, Pramod B.; Shembekar, Prashant S. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 16, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.05.037	journal	October 2012
Fatty acids as phase change materials: A review Yuan, Yanping; Zhang, Nan; Tao, Wenquan Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 29 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.08.107	journal	January 2014
Renewable energy resources: Current status, future prospects and their enabling technology Ellabban, Omar; Abu-Rub, Haitham; Blaabjerg, Frede Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 39 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.07.113	journal	November 2014
Review of solid–liquid phase change materials and their encapsulation technologies Su, Weiguang; Darkwa, Jo; Kokogiannakis, Georgios Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 48 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.04.044	journal	August 2015
Wave and tidal current energy – A review of the current state of research beyond technology Uihlein, Andreas; Magagna, Davide Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 58 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.12.284	journal	May 2016
A review on phase change material (PCM) for sustainable passive cooling in building envelopes Akeiber, Hussein; Nejat, Payam; Majid, Muhd Zaimi Abd. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 60 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.03.036	journal	July 2016
A comprehensive review of thermoelectric technology: Materials, applications, modelling and performance improvement Twaha, Ssennoga; Zhu, Jie; Yan, Yuying Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 65 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.07.034	journal	November 2016
A review of the state of the science on wearable thermoelectric power generators (TEGs) and their existing challenges Siddique, Abu Raihan Mohammad; Mahmud, Shohel; Heyst, Bill Van Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 73 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.01.177	journal	June 2017
A review of phase change material and performance enhancement method for latent heat storage system Tao, Y. B.; He, Ya-Ling Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 93 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.05.028	journal	October 2018
Organic phase change materials confined in carbon-based materials for thermal properties enhancement: Recent advancement and challenges Tong, Xuan; Li, Nianqi; Zeng, Min Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 108 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.03.031	journal	July 2019
Review on nanoporous composite phase change materials: Fabrication, characterization, enhancement and molecular simulation Feng, Daili; Feng, Yanhui; Qiu, Lin Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 109 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.04.041	journal	July 2019
Extracting energy from ocean thermal and salinity gradients to power unmanned underwater vehicles: State of the art, current limitations, and future outlook Jung, Hyunjun; Subban, Chinmayee V.; McTigue, Joshua Dominic Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 160 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2022.112283	journal	May 2022
High latent heat phase change materials (PCMs) with low melting temperature for thermal management and storage of electronic devices and power batteries: Critical review Liu, Yang; Zheng, Ruowei; Li, Ji Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 168 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2022.112783	journal	October 2022
Biobased phase change materials in energy storage and thermal management technologies Simonsen, Galina; Ravotti, Rebecca; O'Neill, Poppy Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 184 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2023.113546	journal	September 2023
An overview of environmental energy harvesting by thermoelectric generators Feng, Mengqi; Lv, Song; Deng, Jingcai Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 187 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2023.113723	journal	November 2023
Deep seawater cooling and desalination: Combining seawater air conditioning and desalination Hunt, Julian David; Weber, Natália de Assis Brasil; Zakeri, Behnam Sustainable Cities and Society, Vol. 74 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2021.103257	journal	November 2021
Fatty acid/poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) blends as form-stable phase change materials for latent heat thermal energy storage Alkan, Cemil; Sari, Ahmet Solar Energy, Vol. 82, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2007.07.001	journal	February 2008
Microencapsulated n-octacosane as phase change material for thermal energy storage Sarı, Ahmet; Alkan, Cemil; Karaipekli, Ali Solar Energy, Vol. 83, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2009.05.008	journal	October 2009
Heat transfer enhancement for thermal energy storage using metal foams embedded within phase change materials (PCMs) Zhao, C. Y.; Lu, W.; Tian, Y. Solar Energy, Vol. 84, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2010.04.022	journal	August 2010
Numerical study on performance of molten salt phase change thermal energy storage system with enhanced tubes Tao, Y. B.; He, Y. L.; Qu, Z. G. Solar Energy, Vol. 86, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2012.01.004	journal	May 2012
Thermophysical properties of some organic phase change materials for latent heat storage. A review Kenisarin, Murat M. Solar Energy, Vol. 107 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2014.05.001	journal	September 2014
Performance improvement of solar thermal systems integrated with phase change materials (PCM), a review Javadi, F. S.; Metselaar, H. S. C.; Ganesan, P. Solar Energy, Vol. 206 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2020.05.106	journal	August 2020
The experimental exploration of carbon nanofiber and carbon nanotube additives on thermal behavior of phase change materials Cui, Yanbin; Liu, Caihong; Hu, Shan Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Vol. 95, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2011.01.021	journal	April 2011
High-chain fatty acid esters of myristyl alcohol with odd carbon number: Novel organic phase change materials for thermal energy storage—2 Aydın, Ahmet Alper; Okutan, Hasancan Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Vol. 95, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2011.04.018	journal	August 2011
Fabrication and characterization of microencapsulated n-octadecane with different crosslinked methylmethacrylate-based polymer shells Qiu, Xiaolin; Li, Wei; Song, Guolin Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Vol. 98 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2011.11.018	journal	March 2012
Effects of copper nanowires on the properties of an organic phase change material Zeng, Ju-Lan; Zhu, Fu-Rong; Yu, Sai-Bo Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Vol. 105 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2012.06.013	journal	October 2012
High-chain fatty acid esters of 1-octadecanol as novel organic phase change materials and mathematical correlations for estimating the thermal properties of higher fatty acid esters' homologous series Alper Aydın, Ahmet Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Vol. 113 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2013.01.024	journal	June 2013
Salt hydrates as latent heat storage materials:Thermophysical properties and costs Kenisarin, Murat; Mahkamov, Khamid Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Vol. 145 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2015.10.029	journal	February 2016
Characterization of different sugar alcohols as phase change materials for thermal energy storage applications del Barrio, E. Palomo; Godin, A.; Duquesne, M. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Vol. 159 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2016.10.009	journal	January 2017
Thermal properties and thermal conductivity enhancement of composite phase change materials using myristyl alcohol/metal foam for solar thermal storage Huang, Xiang; Lin, Yaxue; Alva, Guruprasad Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Vol. 170 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2017.05.059	journal	October 2017
Hybrid network structure of boron nitride and graphene oxide in shape-stabilized composite phase change materials with enhanced thermal conductivity and light-to-electric energy conversion capability Yang, Jie; Tang, Li-Sheng; Bao, Rui-Ying Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Vol. 174 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2017.08.025	journal	January 2018
Facile approach to improve solar thermal energy storage efficiency using encapsulated sugar alcohol based phase change material Pethurajan, Vignesh; Sivan, Suresh; Konatt, Alan Johny Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Vol. 185 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2018.06.007	journal	October 2018
Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) as promising organic thermoelectric materials: A mini-review Yue, Ruirui; Xu, Jingkun Synthetic Metals, Vol. 162, Issue 11-12 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2012.04.005	journal	July 2012
Super-cooling prevention of microencapsulated phase change material Fan, Y. F.; Zhang, X. X.; Wang, X. C. Thermochimica Acta, Vol. 413, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2003.11.006	journal	April 2004
Characterisation and thermophysical properties of graphene nanoparticles dispersed erythritol PCM for medium temperature thermal energy storage applications Vivekananthan, Mayilvelnathan; Amirtham, Valan Arasu Thermochimica Acta, Vol. 676 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2019.03.037	journal	June 2019
Computational Analysis of Sugar Alcohols as Phase-Change Material: Insight into the Molecular Mechanism of Thermal Energy Storage Inagaki, Taichi; Ishida, Toyokazu The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 120, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.5b11999	journal	March 2016
Transesterification Otera, Junzo. Chemical Reviews, Vol. 93, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1021/cr00020a004	journal	June 1993
Enhanced Thermal Conductivity in a Nanostructured Phase Change Composite due to Low Concentration Graphene Additives Yavari, Fazel; Fard, Hafez Raeisi; Pashayi, Kamyar The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 115, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp200838s	journal	April 2011
Superior Thermal Conductivity of Single-Layer Graphene Balandin, Alexander A.; Ghosh, Suchismita; Bao, Wenzhong Nano Letters, Vol. 8, Issue 3, p. 902-907 https://doi.org/10.1021/nl0731872	journal	March 2008
Complex thermoelectric materials Snyder, G. Jeffrey; Toberer, Eric S. Nature Materials, Vol. 7, Issue 2, p. 105-114 https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat2090	journal	February 2008
Disorder-induced localization in crystalline phase-change materials Siegrist, T.; Jost, P.; Volker, H. Nature Materials, Vol. 10, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat2934	journal	January 2011
Thermal properties of graphene and nanostructured carbon materials Balandin, Alexander A. Nature Materials, Vol. 10, Issue 8, p. 569-581 https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat3064	journal	August 2011
SnSe: a remarkable new thermoelectric material Zhao, Li-Dong; Chang, Cheng; Tan, Gangjian Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 9, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1039/C6EE01755J	journal	January 2016
Nanoconfined phase change materials for thermal energy applications Aftab, Waseem; Huang, Xinyu; Wu, Wenhao Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 11, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1039/C7EE03587J	journal	January 2018
Synthesis, properties and applications of 3D carbon nanotube–graphene junctions Lin, Chun-Yu; Zhao, Zhenghang; Niu, Jianbing Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, Vol. 49, Issue 44 https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/49/44/443001	journal	October 2016
Feasibility of large-scale power plants based on thermoelectric effects Liu, Liping New Journal of Physics, Vol. 16, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/16/12/123019	journal	December 2014
The magneto-thermoelectric effect of graphene with intra-valley scattering Duan, Wenye; Liu, Junfeng; Zhang, Chao Chinese Physics B, Vol. 27, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1088/1674-1056/27/9/097204	journal	September 2018
SLOCUM: an underwater glider propelled by environmental energy Webb, D. C.; Simonetti, P. J.; Jones, C. P. IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering, Vol. 26, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1109/48.972077	journal	January 2001
Collective Motion, Sensor Networks, and Ocean Sampling Leonard, Naomi Ehrich; Paley, Derek A.; Lekien, Francois Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 95, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2006.887295	journal	January 2007
Optimal Pellet Geometries for Thermoelectric Power Generation Hodes, Marc IEEE Transactions on Components and Packaging Technologies, Vol. 33, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1109/TCAPT.2009.2039934	journal	June 2010
Multi-Source Energy Harvesting and Storage for Floating Wireless Sensor Network Nodes With Long Range Communication Capability Lee, Wai-Kong; Schubert, Martin J. W.; Ooi, Boon-Yaik IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, Vol. 54, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1109/TIA.2018.2799158	journal	May 2018
Outline Of The 100 kw Otec Pilot Plant In The Republic Of Naure Mitsui, Tsuneo; Ito, Fumio; Seya, Yutaka IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-102, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1109/TPAS.1983.318124	journal	September 1983
Marine renewable energy: potential benefits to biodiversity? An urgent call for research Inger, Richard; Attrill, Martin J.; Bearhop, Stuart Journal of Applied Ecology, Vol. 46, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2009.01697.x	journal	November 2009
Heat Transfer During Phase Change of Paraffin Wax Stored in Spherical Shells Ettouney, Hisham; El-Dessouky, Hisham; Al-Ali, Amani Journal of Solar Energy Engineering, Vol. 127, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1115/1.1850487	journal	July 2005
Mini-OTEC Operational Results Owens, W. L.; Trimble, L. C. Journal of Solar Energy Engineering, Vol. 103, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1115/1.3266245	journal	August 1981
High Temperature Thermal Energy Storage Utilizing Metallic Phase Change Materials and Metallic Heat Transfer Fluids Kotzé, Johannes P.; von Backström, Theodor W.; Erens, Paul J. Journal of Solar Energy Engineering, Vol. 135, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4023485	journal	May 2013
Modeling and Optimization of a Phase Change Material-Based Ocean Thermal Energy Harvester for Powering Uncrewed Underwater Vehicles Ouro-Koura, Habilou; Jung, Hyunjun; Borca-Tasciuc, Diana-Andra Journal of Solar Energy Engineering, Vol. 146, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4065553	journal	June 2024
Global Hydrological Cycles and World Water Resources Oki, T. Science, Vol. 313, Issue 5790 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1128845	journal	August 2006
High-Thermoelectric Performance of Nanostructured Bismuth Antimony Telluride Bulk Alloys Poudel, B.; Hao, Q.; Ma, Y. Science, Vol. 320, Issue 5876, p. 634-638 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1156446	journal	May 2008
Ocean Sciences in Relation to Living Resources Bakun, Andrew; Beyer, Jan; Pauly, Daniel Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Vol. 39, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1139/f82-142	journal	July 1982
Water Wave Mechanics for Engineers and Scientists Dean, Robert G.; Dalrymple, Robert A. Advanced Series on Ocean Engineering https://doi.org/10.1142/1232	book	January 1991
Influence of Interfacial Thermal Conduction on the Power Generation of Teg-Pcm System Liu, Anbang; Wu, Zihua; Xie, Huaqing https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5015531	preprint	November 2024
Recent Advances in Producing Sugar Alcohols and Functional Sugars by Engineering Yarrowia lipolytica Abbasi, Abdul Rahman; Liu, Jinle; Wang, Zhi Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Vol. 9 https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2021.648382	journal	March 2021
Experimental Devices to Investigate the Long-Term Stability of Phase Change Materials under Application Conditions Rathgeber, Christoph; Hiebler, Stefan; Bayón, Rocío Applied Sciences, Vol. 10, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.3390/app10227968	journal	November 2020
Synthesis and Investigation of Thermal Properties of Highly Pure Carboxylic Fatty Esters to Be Used as PCM Ravotti, Rebecca; Fellmann, Oliver; Lardon, Nicolas Applied Sciences, Vol. 8, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.3390/app8071069	journal	June 2018
Analysis of Bio-Based Fatty Esters PCM’s Thermal Properties and Investigation of Trends in Relation to Chemical Structures Ravotti, Rebecca; Fellmann, Oliver; Lardon, Nicolas Applied Sciences, Vol. 9, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3390/app9020225	journal	January 2019
Test and Analysis of the Heat Exchanger for Small Ocean Thermal Energy Power Generation Devices Wu, Xiao; Wang, Xiangnan; Wang, Bingzhen Energies, Vol. 16, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.3390/en16227559	journal	November 2023
Thermoelectric Generators on Satellites—An Approach for Waste Heat Recovery in Space von Lukowicz, Marian; Abbe, Elisabeth; Schmiel, Tino Energies, Vol. 9, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.3390/en9070541	journal	July 2016
The Potential Environmental and Social Influence of the Inorganic Salt Hydrates Used as a Phase Change Material for Thermal Energy Storage in Solar Installations Nartowska, Edyta; Styś-Maniara, Marta; Kozłowski, Tomasz International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol. 20, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20021331	journal	January 2023
Efficiency Enhancement in Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion: A Comparative Study of Heat Exchanger Designs for Bi2Te3-Based Thermoelectric Generators Chung, Yi-Cheng; Wu, Chun-I Materials, Vol. 17, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17030714	journal	February 2024
Review of Thermoelectric Generators at Low Operating Temperatures: Working Principles and Materials Zulkepli, Nurkhaizan; Yunas, Jumril; Mohamed, Mohd Ambri Micromachines, Vol. 12, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.3390/mi12070734	journal	June 2021
Investigation of Lactones as Innovative Bio-Sourced Phase Change Materials for Latent Heat Storage Ravotti, Rebecca; Fellmann, Oliver; Lardon, Nicolas Molecules, Vol. 24, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24071300	journal	April 2019
Energy Options for Wireless Sensor Nodes Knight, Chris; Davidson, Joshua; Behrens, Sam Sensors, Vol. 8, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.3390/s8128037	journal	December 2008
Environmental Assessment of Latent Heat Thermal Energy Storage Technology System with Phase Change Material for Domestic Heating Applications Chocontá Bernal, Daniel; Muñoz, Edmundo; Manente, Giovanni Sustainability, Vol. 13, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.3390/su132011265	journal	October 2021
Life Cycle Assessment of Thermoelectric Generators (TEGs) in an Automobile Application Kawajiri, Kotaro; Kishita, Yusuke; Shinohara, Yoshikazu Sustainability, Vol. 13, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.3390/su132413630	journal	December 2021

Similar Records

Extracting energy from ocean thermal and salinity gradients to power unmanned underwater vehicles: State of the art, current limitations, and future outlook

Journal Article · Sat Mar 05 00:00:00 UTC 2022 · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · OSTI ID:1856207

Jung, Hyunjun; Subban, Chinmayee V.; McTigue, Joshua Dominic; +5 more

MODELING AND OPTIMIZATION OF A PCM-BASED OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY HARVESTER FOR POWERING UNMANNED UNDERWATER VEHICLES

Conference · Tue Sep 26 04:00:00 UTC 2023 · OSTI ID:2332938

Ouro-Koura, Habilou; Jung, Hyunjun; Borca-Tasciuc, Diana-Andra; +2 more

Harnessing Ocean Thermal Gradients Using Thermoelectric Based Submersibles for Ocean Power Applications

Conference · Thu Jan 08 00:00:00 UTC 2026 · OSTI ID:3014920

Saini, Prashant; Osorio, Julian

Related Subjects

13 HYDRO ENERGY
16 TIDAL AND WAVE POWER
30 DIRECT ENERGY CONVERSION
energy harvesting
ocean thermal gradient
phase change material (PCM)
thermoelectric generator (TEG)
unmanned underwater vehicle (UUV)

Title: Review on phase change materials and thermoelectric generators for ocean thermal gradient applications

Citation Formats

References (236)

Similar Records

Related Subjects