Data Release 1 of the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument

Journal Article · Mon Apr 13 00:00:00 UTC 2026 · Astron.J.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/ae4c43 · OSTI ID:2550642

Abdul Karim, M.  ^[1]; Adame, A. G.  ^[2]; Aguado, D.  ^[3]; Aguilar, J.  ^[4]; Ahlen, S.  ^[5]; Alam, S.  ^[6]; Aldering, G. ^[4]; Alexander, D. M.  ^[7]; Alfarsy, R. ^[8]; Allen, L. ^[9]; Allende Prieto, C.  ^[10]; Alves, O. ^[11]; Anand, A.  ^[4]; Andrade, U.  ^[12]; Armengaud, E.  ^[1]; Avila, S.  ^[13]; Aviles, A.  ^[14]; Awan, H.  ^[15]; Bailey, S.  ^[4]; Baleato Lizancos, A.  ^[4] ; Ballester, O.  ^[16]; Bault, A.  ^[4]; Bautista, J.  ^[17]; Bean, R.; Behera, J. ; BenZvi, S.  ^[18]; Beraldo e. Silva, L.  ^[19]; Bermejo-Climent, J. R.  ^[20]; Beutler, F.  ^[21]; Bianchi, D.  ^[22]; Blake, C.  ^[23]; Blum, R.  ^[9]; Bolton, A. S.  ^[15]; Bonici, M.  ^[24]; Brieden, S.  ^[21]; Brodzeller, A.  ^[4]; Brooks, D.  ^[25]; Buckley-Geer, E.  ^[26]; Burtin, E. ^[1]; Byström, A. ; Canning, R.  ^[8]; Carnero Rosell, A.  ^[10]; Carr, A.  ^[27]; Carrilho, P.  ^[21]; Casas, L. ^[16]; Castander, F. J.  ^[28]; Cereskaite, R. ^[29]; Cervantes-Cota, J. L.  ^[30]; Chaussidon, E.  ^[4]; Chaves-Montero, J.  ^[16]; Chen, S.  ^[31]; Chen, X.  ^[32]; Circosta, C.; Claybaugh, T.  ^[4]; Cole, S.  ^[33]; Cooper, A. P.  ^[34]; Cousinou, M.-C. ^[17]; Cuceu, A.  ^[35]; Davis, T. M.  ^[36]; Dawson, K. S.  ^[37]; de Belsunce, R.  ^[4]; de la Cruz, R.  ^[38]; de la Macorra, A.  ^[39]; de Mattia, A.  ^[1]; Deiosso, N.  ^[13]; Della Costa, J.  ^[40]; Demina, R. ^[18]; Demirbozan, U.  ^[16]; DeRose, J.  ^[41]; Dey, A.  ^[9]; Dey, B.  ^[42]; Ding, J. ^[43]; Ding, Z.  ^[44]; Doel, P.  ^[25]; Douglass, K.  ^[18]; Dowicz, M.  ^[45]; Ebina, H. ^[46]; Edelstein, J. ^[47]; Eisenstein, D. J. ^[48]; Elbers, W.  ^[33]; Emas, N. ^[23]; Escoffier, S.  ^[17]; Fagrelius, P. ^[9]; Fan, X.  ^[49]; Fanning, K.  ^[50]; Favole, G. ; Fawcett, V. A.  ^[51]; Fernández-García, E.  ^[52]; Ferraro, S.  ^[53]; Findlay, N.  ^[8]; Font-Ribera, A.  ^[16]; Forero-Romero, J. E.  ^[54]; Forero-Sánchez, D.  ^[55]; Frenk, C. S.  ^[33]; Gänsicke, B. T.  ^[56]; Galbany, L.  ^[28]; García-Bellido, J.  ^[2]; Garcia-Quintero, C.  ^[57]; Garrison, L. H.  ^[58]; Gaztañaga, E. ^[59]; Gil-Marín, H.  ^[60]; Gloudemans, A.; Gnedin, O. Y.  ^[61]; Gontcho A. Gontcho, S.  ^[4]; Gonzalez, D.; Gonzalez-Morales, A. X.  ^[62]; Gonzalez-Perez, V.  ^[2]; Gordon, C.  ^[16]; Graur, O.  ^[8]; Green, D.  ^[45]; Gruen, D.  ^[63]; Gsponer, R.  ^[55]; Guandalin, C. ^[21]; Gutierrez, G.  ^[64]; Guy, J.  ^[4]; Hahn, C.  ^[49]; Han, J. J.  ^[48]; Han, J. ^[65]; He, S. ^[55]; Herrera-Alcantar, H. K.  ^[66]; Heydenreich, S. ; Honscheid, K.  ^[67]; Hou, J.  ^[68]; Howlett, C.  ^[36]; Huterer, D.  ^[69]; Iršič, V.  ^[70]; Ishak, M.  ^[71]; Jacques, A. ^[9]; Jiang, L. ; Jimenez, J.  ^[16]; Jing, Y. P.  ^[65]; Joachimi, B.  ^[25]; Joudaki, S.  ^[13]; Joyce, R.  ^[9]; Jullo, E.  ^[72]; Juneau, S.  ^[9]; Karaçaylı, N. G.  ^[73]; Karim, T.  ^[74]; Kehoe, R.  ^[75]; Kent, S.  ^[26]; Khederlarian, A.  ^[76]; Kirkby, D.  ^[45]; Kisner, T.  ^[4]; Kitaura, F.-S.  ^[10]; Kizhuprakkat, N. ^[34]; Kong, H.  ^[77]; Koposov, S. E.  ^[78]; Kremin, A.  ^[4]; Krolewski, A.  ^[79]; Lahav, O.  ^[25]; Lai, Y. ^[36]; Lamman, C.  ^[48]; Lan, T.-W.  ^[80]; Landriau, M.  ^[4]; Lang, D. ^[24]; Lange, J. U.  ^[81]; Lasker, J.  ^[82]; Le Goff, J. M. ^[1]; Le Guillou, L.  ^[83]; Leauthaud, A.  ^[84]; Levi, M. E.  ^[4]; Li, S.  ^[65]; Li, T. S.  ^[85]; Liu, W.; Lodha, K.  ^[86]; Lokken, M. ^[16]; Luo, Y.  ^[4]; Luo, Y. ; Magneville, C. ^[1]; Manera, M.  ^[87]; Manser, C. J.  ^[88]; Margala, D.  ^[4]; Martini, P.  ^[73]; Maus, M.  ^[46]; McCullough, J.  ^[15]; McDonald, P.  ^[4]; Medina, G. E.  ^[85]; Medina-Varela, L.  ^[71]; Meisner, A.  ^[9]; Mena-Fernández, J.  ^[89]; Menegas, A. ^[33]; Meneses-Rizo, J. ; Mezcua, M.  ^[28]; Miquel, R.  ^[90]; Montero-Camacho, P.  ^[91]; Moon, J. ^[92]; Moustakas, J.  ^[93]; Muñoz-Gutiérrez, A. ^[39]; Muñoz-Santos, D. ^[72]; Santos, D.Mu noz-; Myers, A. D. ^[94]; Myles, J. ^[95]; Nadathur, S.  ^[8]; Najita, J. ^[9]; Napolitano, L.  ^[94]; Newman, J. A.  ^[76]; Nikakhtar, F.  ^[32]; Nikutta, R. ^[9]; Niz, G.  ^[96]; Noriega, H. E.  ^[97]; Nugent, P. ; Padmanabhan, N.  ^[32]; Paillas, E.  ^[98]; Palanque-Delabrouille, N.  ^[99]; Palmese, A.  ^[100]; Pan, J.  ^[11]; Pan, Z.  ^[101]; Parkinson, D.  ^[27]; Peacock, J. A.  ^[21]; Ibanez, M. P. ; Percival, W. J.  ^[79]; Pérez-Fernández, A.  ^[92]; Pérez-Ràfols, I.  ^[102]; Peterson, P. ^[9]; Piat, J. ^[21]; Pieri, M. M.  ^[72]; Pinon, M.  ^[1]; Poppett, C.  ^[103]; Porredon, A.  ^[104]; Prada, F.  ^[52]; Pucha, R.  ^[105]; Qin, F.  ^[17]; Rabinowitz, D. ^[32]; Raichoor, A.  ^[4]; Ramírez-Pérez, C.  ^[16]; Ramirez-Solano, S. ^[39]; Rashkovetskyi, M.  ^[48]; Ravoux, C.  ^[106]; Ried Guachalla, B. ; Riley, A. H.  ^[33]; Rocher, A.  ^[107]; Rockosi, C.  ^[108]; Rohlf, J.  ^[5]; Rosado-Marín, A. J. ; Ross, A. J.  ^[73]; Ross, C. ; Rossi, G. ^[109]; Ruggeri, R.  ^[23]; Ruhlmann-Kleider, V.  ^[1]; Sabiu, C. G.  ^[110]; Said, K.  ^[36]; Sailer, N.; Saintonge, A.  ^[25]; Hernandez, Y. Salcedo; Samushia, L.  ^[111]; Sanchez, E.  ^[13]; Sanders, N.  ^[112]; Sandford, N.; Satyavolu, S.; Saulder, C.  ^[92]; Saydjari, A. K. ; Schlafly, E. F.  ^[113]; Schlegel, D.  ^[4]; Scholte, D.  ^[21]; Schubnell, M.  ^[69]; Semenaite, A.; Seo, H.  ^[112]; Shafieloo, A.  ^[86]; Sharples, R.  ^[7]; Silber, J.  ^[4]; Sinigaglia, F. ; Siudek, M.  ^[114]; Slepian, Z.; Smith, A.  ^[33]; Soumagnac, M.; Sprayberry, D.  ^[9]; Suárez-Pérez, J.  ^[54]; Swanson, J. ^[112]; Tan, T.  ^[1]; Tarlé, G.  ^[11]; Taylor, P. ^[115]; Thomas, G. ^[3]; Tojeiro, R. ^[116]; Turner, R. J.  ^[23]; Turner, W.  ^[73]; Ureña-López, L. A.  ^[38]; Vaisakh, R.  ^[75]; Valluri, M.  ^[117]; Valogiannis, G. ; Vargas-Magaña, M.  ^[39]; Verde, L.  ^[118]; Vielzeuf, P.; Walther, M.  ^[63]; Wang, B.  ^[119]; Wang, M. S.  ^[21]; Wang, W.  ^[65]; Weaver, B. A. ^[9]; Weaverdyck, N.  ^[4]; Wechsler, R. H.  ^[120]; Weinberg, D. H. ; White, M.  ^[121]; Whitford, A. ; Wolfson, M. ^[115]; Yang, J.  ^[122]; Yèche, C.  ^[1]; Youles, S.  ^[8]; Yu, J.  ^[55]; Yuan, S.  ^[15]; Zaborowski, E. A.  ^[67]; Zarrouk, P.  ^[83]; Zhang, H.  ^[123]; Zhao, C.  ^[91]; Zhao, R.  ^[124]; Zheng, Z.  ^[37]; Zhou, C.; Zhou, R.  ^[4]; Zhou, Y.; Zou, H.  ^[125]; Zou, S.  ^[91]; Zu, Y.  ^[126]

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1. IRFU, Saclay
2. Madrid, IFT
3. IAC, La Laguna; Laguna U., Tenerife
4. LBL, Berkeley
5. Boston U.
6. TIFR, Mumbai, DHEP
7. Durham U.; Durham U., ICC
8. Portsmouth U., ICG
9. Natl. Solar Observ., Tucson
10. Laguna U., Tenerife; IAC, La Laguna
11. U. Michigan, Ann Arbor
12. Michigan U., MCTP; U. Michigan, Ann Arbor
13. Madrid, CIEMAT
14. UNAM, CCF; Mexico U., ICN
15. SLAC
16. Barcelona, IFAE
17. Marseille, CPPM
18. Rochester U.
19. U. Michigan, Dept. Astron.; Clemson U.; LSST, Tucson
20. Rochester U.; IAC, La Laguna; Laguna U., Tenerife
21. Edinburgh U., Inst. Astron.
22. Milan U.; Brera Observ.
23. Swinburne U., Ctr. Astrophys. Supercomput.
24. Perimeter Inst. Theor. Phys.
25. University Coll. London
26. Chicago U., Astron. Astrophys. Ctr.; Fermilab
27. KASI, DaeJeon
28. Barcelona, IEEC; ICE, Bellaterra
29. Sussex U.
30. CINVESTAV, IPN
31. Princeton, Inst. Advanced Study
32. Yale U.
33. Durham U., ICC
34. Taiwan, Natl. Tsing Hua U.
35. LBL, Berkeley; NASA, Goddard
36. Queensland U.
37. Utah U.
38. Guanajuato U.
39. UNAM, Mexico
40. San Diego State U.; Natl. Solar Observ., Tucson
41. Brookhaven
42. Toronto U., Astron. Dept.; Pittsburgh U.
43. Lick Observ.
44. Beijing, GUCAS
45. UC, Irvine
46. UC, Berkeley, Math. Dept.
47. UC, Berkeley, Space Sci. Dept.; UC, Berkeley, Math. Dept.
48. Harvard-Smithsonian Ctr. Astrophys.
49. Clemson U.; LSST, Tucson; Arizona U., Astron. Dept. - Steward Observ.
50. KIPAC, Menlo Park; SLAC
51. Newcastle U., United Kingdom, Sch. Math. Stat.
52. Granada U., Theor. Phys. Astrophys.
53. LBL, Berkeley; UC, Berkeley, Math. Dept.
54. Andes U., Bogota
55. LASTRO Observ.
56. Warwick U.
57. Harvard-Smithsonian Ctr. Astrophys.; NASA, Goddard
58. Flatiron Inst., New York; Fermilab
59. Barcelona, IEEC; Portsmouth U., ICG; ICE, Bellaterra
60. ICC, Barcelona U.; U. Barcelona (main); Barcelona, IEEC
61. U. Michigan, Dept. Astron.
62. Conacyt, Mexico; Guanajuato U.
63. Munich, Tech. U., Universe; Munich U.
64. Fermilab
65. Shanghai Jiaotong U.
66. Paris, Inst. Astrophys.; IRFU, Saclay
67. Chicago U., KICP; Ohio State U.
68. Florida U.
69. Michigan U.
70. Hertfordshire U.
71. U. Texas, Dallas
72. Marseille, Lab. Astrophys.
73. Chicago U., KICP; Ohio State U., Dept. Astron.; Ohio State U.
74. Harvard-Smithsonian Ctr. Astrophys.; Toronto U., Astron. Dept.
75. Southern Methodist U.
76. Pittsburgh U.
77. Barcelona, IFAE; Ohio State U.
78. Edinburgh U., Inst. Astron.; Cambridge U., Inst. of Astron.
79. Waterloo U.; Perimeter Inst. Theor. Phys.
80. Taiwan, Natl. Taiwan U.
81. American U.
82. New York U., Courant Inst.
83. LPNHE, Paris
84. Lick Observ.; UC, Santa Cruz (main); UC, Santa Cruz, Inst. Part. Phys.
85. Toronto U., Astron. Dept.
86. KASI, DaeJeon; Taejon, Elect. Telecomm. Res. Inst.
87. Barcelona, IFAE; Barcelona, Autonoma U.
88. Imperial Coll., London; Warwick U.
89. LPSC, Grenoble
90. ICREA, Barcelona; Barcelona, IFAE
91. Tsinghua U., Beijing
92. Unlisted, DE
93. Siena Coll., Loudonville
94. Wyoming U.
95. Princeton U.
96. Guanajuato U.; Mexico U., ICN
97. UNAM, CCF; UNAM, Mexico
98. Waterloo U.; Clemson U.; LSST, Tucson
99. IRFU, Saclay; LBL, Berkeley
100. Carnegie Mellon U.
101. Tsinghua U., Beijing, CHEP
102. Barcelona, Polytechnic U.
103. LBL, Berkeley; UC, Berkeley, Space Sci. Dept.; UC, Berkeley, Math. Dept.
104. Madrid, CIEMAT; Edinburgh U., Inst. Astron.; Ruhr U., Bochum; Ohio State U.
105. Utah U.; Clemson U.; LSST, Tucson
106. LPC, Clermont-Ferrand
107. LASTRO Observ.; IRFU, Saclay
108. Lick Observ.; UC, Santa Cruz (main); UC, Santa Cruz, Inst. Part. Phys.; UC, Santa Cruz
109. Sejong U.
110. Seoul U.
111. Kansas State U.; Ilia State U.
112. Ohio U., Athens
113. Baltimore, Space Telescope Sci.
114. ICE, Bellaterra; IAC, La Laguna; Laguna U., Tenerife
115. Ohio State U.
116. St. Andrews U.
117. U. Michigan, Dept. Astron.; Michigan U.; KEK, Tsukuba; Hiroshima Shudo U.
118. ICREA, Barcelona; ICC, Barcelona U.; Barcelona, IEEC
119. Beihang U.; Tsinghua U., Beijing
120. KIPAC, Menlo Park; Stanford U., Phys. Dept.; SLAC
121. UC, Berkeley; UC, Berkeley, Math. Dept.
122. Michigan U.; KEK, Tsukuba; Hiroshima Shudo U.
123. Waterloo U.
124. Portsmouth U., ICG; Beijing Observ.
125. Beijing Observ.
126. Chicago U., KICP; Shanghai Jiaotong U.; Shanghai Jiao Tong U.

In 2021 May the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) collaboration began a 5 yr spectroscopic redshift survey to produce a detailed map of the evolving three-dimensional structure of the Universe between z = 0 and z ≈ 4. DESI’s principal scientific objectives are to place precise constraints on the equation of state of dark energy, the gravitationally driven growth of large-scale structure, and the sum of the neutrino masses, and to explore the observational signatures of primordial inflation. We present DESI DR1, which consists of all data acquired during the first 13 months of the DESI main survey, as well as a uniform reprocessing of the DESI Survey Validation data, which were previously made public in the DESI Early Data Release. The DR1 main survey includes high-confidence redshifts for 18.7M objects, of which 13.1M are spectroscopically classified as galaxies, 1.6M as quasars, and 4M as stars, making DR1 the largest sample of extragalactic redshifts ever assembled. We summarize the DR1 observations, the spectroscopic data-reduction pipeline and data products, large-scale structure catalogs, value-added catalogs, and describe how to access and interact with the data. In addition to fulfilling its core cosmological objectives with unprecedented precision, we expect DR1 to enable a wide range of transformational astrophysical studies and discoveries.

• Research Organization: American U.; Andes U., Bogota; Arizona U., Astron. Dept. - Steward Observ.; Baltimore, Space Telescope Sci.; Barcelona, Autonoma U.; Barcelona, IEEC; Barcelona, IFAE; Barcelona, Polytechnic U.; Beihang U.; Beijing Observ.; Beijing, GUCAS; Boston U.; Brera Observ.; Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY (United States); CINVESTAV, IPN; Cambridge U., Inst. of Astron.; Carnegie Mellon U.; Chicago U., Astron. Astrophys. Ctr.; Chicago U., KICP; Clemson U.; Conacyt, Mexico; Durham U.; Durham U., ICC; Edinburgh U., Inst. Astron.; Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (FNAL), Batavia, IL (United States); Flatiron Inst., New York; Florida U.; Granada U., Theor. Phys. Astrophys.; Guanajuato U.; Harvard-Smithsonian Ctr. Astrophys.; Hertfordshire U.; Hiroshima Shudo U.; IAC, La Laguna; ICC, Barcelona U.; ICE, Bellaterra; ICREA, Barcelona; IRFU, Saclay; Ilia State U.; Imperial Coll., London; KASI, DaeJeon; KEK, Tsukuba; Kansas State U.; LASTRO Observ.; LPC, Clermont-Ferrand; LPNHE, Paris; LPSC, Grenoble; LSST, Tucson; Laguna U., Tenerife; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States); Lick Observ.; Madrid, CIEMAT; Madrid, IFT; Marseille, CPPM; Marseille, Lab. Astrophys.; Mexico U., ICN; Michigan U.; Michigan U., MCTP; Milan U.; Munich U.; Munich, Tech. U., Universe; NASA, Goddard; Natl. Solar Observ., Tucson; New York U., Courant Inst.; Newcastle U., United Kingdom, Sch. Math. Stat.; Ohio State U.; Ohio State U., Dept. Astron.; Ohio U., Athens; Paris, Inst. Astrophys.; Perimeter Inst. Theor. Phys.; Pittsburgh U.; Portsmouth U., ICG; Princeton U.; Princeton, Inst. Advanced Study; Queensland U.; Rochester U.; Ruhr U., Bochum; SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States); San Diego State U.; Sejong U.; Seoul U.; Shanghai Jiao Tong U.; Shanghai Jiaotong U.; Siena Coll., Loudonville; Southern Methodist U.; St. Andrews U.; Stanford U., Phys. Dept.; Sussex U.; Swinburne U., Ctr. Astrophys. Supercomput.; TIFR, Mumbai, DHEP; Taejon, Elect. Telecomm. Res. Inst.; Taiwan, Natl. Taiwan U.; Taiwan, Natl. Tsing Hua U.; Toronto U., Astron. Dept.; Tsinghua U., Beijing; Tsinghua U., Beijing, CHEP; U. Barcelona (main); U. Michigan, Ann Arbor; U. Michigan, Dept. Astron.; U. Texas, Dallas; UC, Berkeley; UC, Berkeley, Math. Dept.; UC, Berkeley, Space Sci. Dept.; UC, Irvine; UC, Santa Cruz; UC, Santa Cruz (main); UC, Santa Cruz, Inst. Part. Phys.; UNAM, CCF; UNAM, Mexico; University Coll. London; Unlisted, DE; Utah U.; Warwick U.; Waterloo U.; Wyoming U.; Yale U.
• Sponsoring Organization: US Department of Energy
• Grant/Contract Number: 89243024CSC000002
• OSTI ID: 2550642
• Report Number(s): FERMILAB-PUB-25-0163-PPD; oai:inspirehep.net:2902292; arXiv:2503.14745
• Journal Information: Astron.J., Journal Name: Astron.J. Journal Issue: 5 Vol. 171
• Country of Publication: United States
• Language: English